UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.


IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.


We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.


Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.


Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.


Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.


Underground temperatures control climate.


Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.


Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.


In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.


97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.


The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.


Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.


Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.


Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.


Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.


Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.


Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.


Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.


A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.


Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.


The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.


The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.


Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.


Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.


The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.


Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.


Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.


Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.


The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.


Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.


Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.


The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.


Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.


Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.


There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.


Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.


Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.


When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.


Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.


The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.


A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.


No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.


The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.


The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.


Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.


Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.


Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.


That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.


Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.


The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.


Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.


Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.


CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.


Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.


Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.


CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.


The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.


Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.


The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.


The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.


Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.


Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.


If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.


The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.


When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.


Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.


Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.


Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.


The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research


A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.


Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.


Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming - if anything, a cooling effect.


Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.


The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.


The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.


An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.


Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.


Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.


Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.


Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.


Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.


That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.


CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.


Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.


Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.


The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.


The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.


Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.


If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.


Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.


Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.


Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.


Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.


CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.


CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.


Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.


Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.


While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.


Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.


Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.


A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.


Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.


The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.


The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.


CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.


Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.


The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.


Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and


Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.


HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.


In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.


The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.


Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.


94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.


Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.


Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.


Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.


"the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.


Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.


(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.


A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.


A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."


A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.


After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."


Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."


Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.


Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.


Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.


Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."


Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."


Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.


As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.


Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.


Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.


California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.


Carbon dioxide is not "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see."


Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."


Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020," but observed temperatures have been only half as high.


Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."


Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.


Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."


Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese."


Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax


Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat "both to the economy and national security."


Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C


During "the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person."


During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.


During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.


Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.


Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.


Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.


Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.


Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .


Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.


Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.


If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.


If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped


If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."


In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.


In South Florida, "we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s."


It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.


Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.


May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.


Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.


Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.


Miami Congressman Carlos "Curbelo supports drilling offshore" and "repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change."


More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."


More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry â three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.


NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,


New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."


Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change


Newt Gingrich "teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming."


No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.


Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.


Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.


Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.


Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.


President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.


President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.


President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.


Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to "the evaporation of our Great Lakes."


Scientists are "questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. "


Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.


Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world


Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.


Solar panels drain the sun's energy.


Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."


Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.


The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.


The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.


The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.


The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.


The claim that 97 percent of scientists believe humans are causing climate change has been debunked by the "head" of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.


The climate-change agreement between the United States and China "requires the Chinese to do nothing at all for 16 years."


and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.


The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.


the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."


The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.


The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.


The Obama administration "has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem."


The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."


The Obama administration's "own Environmental Protection Agency" has said its Clean Power Plan "will have a marginal impact on climate change."


The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."


There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.


There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.


There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.


there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]


There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.


They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).


Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.


Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption


U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing


U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."


U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit "unlimited carbon pollution into our air"


Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax


Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.


Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.


You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.


cutting speed limits could slow climate change


Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped


Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.


The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.


Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.


The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.


The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.


Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.


Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.


There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.


Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.


contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.


CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.


The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.


Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.


During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.


Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.


The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.


Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.


Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.


Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.


Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.


Global warming is causing snow to disappear.


Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.


Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.


Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.


When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.


Carbon pollution is a health hazard.


The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.


Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.


The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.


Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels


Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.


Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy


Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming


Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming


Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle


Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas


Polar bear numbers are increasing


Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant


We're coming out of the Little Ice Age


2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory


IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers


Clouds provide negative feedback


IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests


Greenland ice sheet won't collapse


Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years


Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature


They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'


'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.


IPCC overestimate temperature rise


Peer review process was corrupted


Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.


Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate


Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity


Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995


Infrared Iris will reduce global warming


Dropped stations introduce warming bias


Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960


Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project


Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming


Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels


Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored


Tuvalu sea level isn't rising


Renewables can't provide baseload power


Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures


Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature


97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven


An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature


Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it


Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect


Water levels correlate with sunspots


CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused


Renewable energy investment kills jobs


CO2 limits won't cool the planet


The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.


Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass


Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report


Royal Society embraces skepticism


IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading


Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs


UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong


We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution


Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming


Humans survived past climate changes


We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.


Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.


This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.


The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."


In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.


The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.


The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".


That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.


More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.


All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.


"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.


No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.


Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.


Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.


"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.


While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.


The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.


"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.


We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.


Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.


The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.


Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.


A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.


Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.


Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.


but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.


[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.


The majority of peer reviewed research at the time predicted warming due to increasing CO2.


"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.


When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.


The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.


The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.


So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.


Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.


"His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate –  the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify  any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the  warming they are supposed to enhance.


His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC."


Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.


Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.


And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…" (Ice Age Now)


The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.


'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.


The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.


Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH


Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.


They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.


A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.


Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.


“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.


It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.


[…] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.”


It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.


Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.


While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.


While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.


In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.


Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.


By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...


While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.


In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.


Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.


Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.


As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.


(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.


"Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.


Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.


However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.


We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.


Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.


"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma


Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...


Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'


What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.


A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.


While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.


While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.


Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.


Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.


"In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.


What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.


We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."


Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.


"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....


Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.


Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.


This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.


The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.


Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.


In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.


The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).


Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.


In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.


"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.


The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.


Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.


Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming


The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.


If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.


Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.


“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population


The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.


Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.


Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.


The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago


There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today


Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.


(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”


While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.


Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.


While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.


While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.


'To suddenly label CO2 as a "pollutant" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.


Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'


Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.


This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.


Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.


"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.


Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence."


Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.


Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.


Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system."


The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.


As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."


Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.


Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.


"Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.


By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.


It was the post war  industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions,  but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase  that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.


With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."


Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.


Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.


The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.


The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.


Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.


Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.


There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).


When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.


The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.


"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.


"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.


When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.


"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.


That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."


Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.


Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.


While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well.


"Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.


Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.


The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.


(Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.


The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.


"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.


The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.


A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.


The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years."


The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.


However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.


"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.


Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.


There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.


'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.


Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry.


First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.


Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'


The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.


Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.


The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.


"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.


In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.


In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.


In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.


When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.


The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.


According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."


The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.


The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.


This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.


Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.


"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.


But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.


Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.


"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.


In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.


The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'


The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."


"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.


The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.


The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance."


Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.


For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.


Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.


In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone."


Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.


When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.


This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.


Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.


"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.


The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.


The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.


On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.


Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.


"Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims  that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse  gases." (World Climate Report)


Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.


Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.


"Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.


Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.


If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.


However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.


This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.


We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.


"A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...


[T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...


Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.


"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!


If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ..."


While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.


"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...


...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.


Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.


And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.


Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.


The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.


[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.


CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.


"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.


To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.


It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.


"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.


(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."


Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.


"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.


The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.


At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"


Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.


In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


The "decline" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.


"Mike's Nature trick" has nothing to do with "hide the decline", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.


The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.


The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.


Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.


Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.


"...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)


Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.


Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.


Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.


There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".


They changed the name from “global warming” to “climate change” after the term global warming just wasn’t working (it was too cold)!


Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.


"The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is listed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics as a declining function of temperature. ...


The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.


It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."


Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.


Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).


There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.


Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.


While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.


The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.


The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.


While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.


Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.


Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.


The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.


When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.


[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.


'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.


The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'


The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.


“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.


Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.


89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.


A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.


It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).


The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.


When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend


'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.


"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.


Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.


Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.


Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.


There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"


The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is "too hard" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,


However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.


"There are many urgent priorities that need the attention of Congress, and it is not for me as an invited guest in your country to say what they are.


Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.


One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.


The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.


"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.


The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.


The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.


Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.


Actual reconstructions "diverge" from the instrumental series in the last part of 20th century.


For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.


Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.


The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.


"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.


The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.


A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.


Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.


'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.


At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.


That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).


But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.


Had he used the currently accepted value of approximately 3°C warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Hansen would have correctly projected the ensuing global warming.


Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.


While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.


satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).


Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).


When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.


Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.


When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.


The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.


In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.


A new peer-reviewed study on Surface Warming and the Solar Cycle found that times of high solar activity are on average 0.2°C warmer than times of low solar activity, and that there is a polar amplification of the warming.


The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".


The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.


More importantly, the OISM list only contains 39 scientists who specialise in climate science.


The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).


Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.


A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.


However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.


When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.


Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.


Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.


In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.


The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).


Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.


Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.


The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.


Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.


The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.


The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.


"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.


The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.


At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'


Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.


The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.


Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.


"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)


Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.


Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.


'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.


Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).


Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.


For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.


Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.


Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".


As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.


He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."


But Trenberth’s "lack of warming at the moment" has been going on at least a decade.


Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.


Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.


"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.


The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.


But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.


A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.


The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.


Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.


"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.


The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.


Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.


The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.


temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures


Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'


"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.


If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it


Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.


"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.


The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages."


Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.


The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.


CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.


Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.


Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".


"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.


Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather."


It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion.


But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.


Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.


There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).


The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.


In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.


Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.


Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer


When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.


Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'


The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.


"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.


Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability


According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.


The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.


Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.


Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.


Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.


Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.


As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.


While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.


Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)


The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.


'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.


The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.


The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.


Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.


"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...


About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)


There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.


However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.


Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.


A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).


Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.


Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.


Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.


Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.


Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."


Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.


Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level


There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.


The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).


There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.


that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...


Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.


"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years" (Judith Curry and David Rose)


"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...


Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."


Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.


This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.


'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.


No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.


The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.


for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average


Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.


So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.


"a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.


Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)


Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.


This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)


"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.


"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)


A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.


Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.


Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level


"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.


...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.


"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)


the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.


Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)


In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'


Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.


It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).


'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”


CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.


"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.


Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.


Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."


the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle


About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...


"Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...


"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.


We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.


Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.