title: Презентация на тему: Realism

text:
Realism
(arts)
Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet, 1854. A Realist painting by Gustave Courbet.
Realism in the arts may be generally defined as the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

The term originated in the 19th century, and was used to describe the work of Gustave Courbet and a group of painters who rejected idealization, focusing instead on everyday life
Realism or naturalism as the depiction of ordinary, everyday subjects
Realism and Naturalism were major points in which Americans began to industrialize themselves.
Realism began to move towards images of contemporary life and society 'as they were'.
Marketplace during the Occupation (1942), Fernando Cueto Amorsolo, Philippines, Oil on canvas, Collection of National Heritage Board, Singapore
Engineering Corps Constructing a Bridge in Malaya (c. 1944), Shimizu Toshi, Japan, Oil on canvas, Collection of National Museum of Modern Art, Japan
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot was a French landscape painter and Portrait painter as well as a printmaker in etching. Corot was the leading painter of the Barbizon school of France in the mid-nineteenth century. He is a pivotal figure in landscape painting and his vast output simultaneously references the Neo-Classical tradition and anticipates the plein-air innovations of Impressionism.
Woman with a Pearl, 1868-70, Paris: Musée du Louvre.
Ville d'Avray, ca. 1867, oil on canvas. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art.
Bornova, İzmir, 1873
La Trinité-des-Monts, seen from the Villa Medici, 1825-1828 oil on canvas. Paris: Musée du Louvre.
Jean-François Millet  was a French painter and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers; he can be categorized as part of the movements of Realism and Naturalism.
Jean-François Millet
In this painting by Millet, the waning moon throws a mysterious light across the plain between the villages of Barbizon and Chailly. The Walters Art Museum.
Woman Baking Bread, 1854. Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo.
The Sower, 1850. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins was an American realist painter, photographer,sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important artists in American art history.
Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins
Max Schmitt in a single scull (1871), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Miss Amelia Van Buren, ca. 1891, The Phillips Collection, Washington DC
Wrestlers, 1899, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California.
Mykola Kornylovych Pymonenko
was a Ukrainian painter. One of the most eminent Ukrainian genre painters Pymonenko was widely acclaimed in the Russian Empire; A member of the Imperial Academy of Arts since 1904 and of a progressive Peredvizhniki artistic movement and the turn of the century.
Mykola Pymonenko. Fortune-Telling on Christmastide. 1888. The State Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg

Harvester, Oil on canvas. 1889, National Art Museum of Ukraine, Kiev
Konstiantyn Trutovsky
Konstiantyn Trutovsky was a Russian-Ukrainian realist painter and graphic artist.
His artistic heritage includes numerous genre screens on Ukrainian themes. He was interested in ethnography and depicted colorful Ukrainian folk customs, not shying away from "a dash of good humour". Like Taras Shevchenko, Ukraine's foremost bard, Trutovsky described the miserable and hopeless life of the peasant.
By the water well by Trutovsky
The Gleaners (Jean-Francois Millet)
This painting is a great example of realism. It shows three peasant women gleaning a field for some scraps of wheat. They are bent over in hard work in the hope of finding a tiny bit of food. This painting was not well received by the French upper class when it was first exhibited in 1857 as it showed the harsh reality of poverty.
Young Women from the Village (Gustave Courbet)

 The reality of this painting is in stark contrast to Romanticism. The three women are dressed in their country clothes and the landscape is rough and a little ugly. Even the cows are scraggly looking. The rich lady is handing some money to the poor girl while the others look on. Courbet was criticized for the "reality" of this painting, but that was what he found beautiful and was trying to capture.
The Fox Hunt (Winslow Homer)

 In this painting Winslow Homer shows a hungry fox hunting in the snow for food. At the same time there are ravens which are so driven to hunger they are hunting the fox. There is nothing heroic or romantic about this painting, just the reality of what happens in the winter to hungry animals.
Realism vs Fauvism: How will you paint?
There is a big difference between Realism and Fauvism.
Realist painting is an art form that requires copying every single detail from the hair on the farmer to the wrinkles on the tree. It’s making sure that the sky stays blue and the sea stays green. Thus, someone capable of following the rules – imitating every single detail and colour onto the canvas will be successful.
Fauvist painting on the other hand requires much less physical skill but will take much more creativity. Artists of this style emphasize strong colour over the representation of realistic subjects. This is when the sky can be red and the sea can be aquamarine. A much deeper level of skill is needed– the ability to creatively interpret the subject using colours to communicate an emotional response to a scene.
Ufa. Alexandrovskaya Street
Kazan. Tukaevskaya Street
Prague
Kazan Kremlin. View of the Kul-Sharif Mosque
Raifsky Monastery
Forest lake
Charles Bridge (Prague)
Under the shady willows
Interesting Facts about Realism

•  The Realism movement started in France after the 1848 revolution.

• Unlike some other artistic movements, there was little sculpture or architecture as part of this movement.

• Near the end of the Realism movement, a school of art called the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood immerged. This was a group of English poets, artists, and critics. They felt the only true art was the High Renaissance.

• The invention of photography in 1840 likely helped to spur on the realism movement.
http://www.orgsites.com/de/english11story/_pgg8.php3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)
http://opencontours.com/2010/05/19/realism-in-asia/
http://www.ducksters.com/history/art/realism.php
http://col0urblind.wordpress.com/2011/05/08/realism-vs-fauvism-how-will-you-paint/
http://www.arthit.ru/realism/0153/realism.html
http://shelf3d.com/i/realism%20(art)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-François_Millet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eakins
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/realism.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykola_Pymonenko
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstiantyn_Trutovsky


title: Презентация на тему: Religions in China and Japan

text:
Religions of China and Japan
Confucianism
 The tomb of Confucius is one of the holiest places in China and there are temples in every city, which are dedicated to him.
Temple of Confucius in China
Taoism
Unlike Confucius Lao-tse holds that injury should be recompensed with kindness.
The ideology of early Taoism
Lao-tse thought that China suffered from over- government and so he said that the best government was that which governed the least. He regarded war as a great calamity and was opposed to capital punishment. He was for a return to the state of nature, in which the way of salvation of the state as well as the individual according to him.
The essence of Taoism
BuddhismIt is a religion about suffering and the need to get rid of it.

Meditation
Buddhists try to reach Nirvana by following the Buddha's teaching and by meditating. Meditation means training the mind to empty it all of thoughts. When this happens what is important comes clear.
Shintoism
Shintoism originated from the ancient cult of the spiritualization of nature and the deification of dead ancestors.


title: Презентация на тему: report

text:
report
About: Rules of the disaster
I. RULES OF CONDUCT AND POPULATIONDuring a disaster
Earthquakes:
Earthquakes - tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface arising from sudden shifts and breaks in the crust or upper mantle, which are transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic waves.Earthquakes are always called in different people mental disorder that is manifested in the correct behavior. Following the acute motor response often occurs with depression in general motor inhibition. Consequently, as the statistics show, most of the injuries among the population due to the actions of unconscious victims, caused panic and fear as.Alert earthquake impossible, but in the case of opposition-vischennya the threat of an earthquake or the appearance of its features should act quickly but calmly, confidently and without panic.Stay alerted about the threat of earthquakes before they leave the apartment (house), you must turn off the heaters and gas if topylasya oven - to extinguish it, and then be put on children, the elderly, dress himself, take the necessary goods, supply of food, medicines , and exit to the street. The street should be as fast as possible away from the buildings in the area, wide streets, parks, playgrounds, undeveloped land, strictly adhering to the established social order.If the earthquake began abruptly when come and go from the apartment (house) is impossible to take place (stand) in a door or window opening, only blows first earthquake aftershocks - quickly go outside.In the future, should act in accordance with circumstance-novkoyu The prevailing fulfill all orders bodies of management of emergencies and civil protection of the population.
Hurricane (tornado, thunderstorm, rainstorm):
Hurricane - a wind of great destructive force and a significant three-valosti speed is 33 m / s or more.Tornado - a rising vortex of air that quickly chief nated that looks like dark pole with a diameter of several tens to hundreds of meters of vertical, sometimes curved axis of rotation.Chance - this atmospheric phenomenon, due to the development of powerful Cumulonimbus clouds, accompanied with zhuyetsya repeated electrical discharges between clouds and the earth's surface, sound effects, heavy precipitation, often with hail.Rain - intermittent precipitation great intensity.On receipt storm warning should immediately resort to conduct preventive work: strengthen not quite lasting design, shut the door, the room in the attic, skylights, vents. Large windows and showcases to upholster boards. Window glass seal strips of paper or cloth, and if possible, removed. Doors and windows on the leeward side exposed to balance the internal pressure in the building. On the roof, ball-Laws, loggias remove items that a fall could cause injury to people.If possible and necessary, turn off utility power network, open auxiliary lights to pass water. With lightweight construction people translate into stronger building or shelter in the defenses DPP.Stop outdoor use. Arm yourself with electric lamps, kerosene lamps, candles. Consider creating water supplies for 2-3 days, prepare derivative tiles hasivky, coercion. Do not forget to stock up on food Har vigil and medicines, especially dressing mate-rials, radios and televisions to keep permanently enabled.While in the house, you should beware of shrapnel wounds glass that shatters. To do this, move away from windows and get up close to the piers. Can be used as solid-ing furniture. The safest place is the repository CO, basements or interior rooms first floor brick and stone houses. You can not go out immediately after the weakening of the wind, so that in a few minutes gust could happen again. If it is still necessary, should stay away from buildings, high fences, posts, trees, masts, poles, wires.Do not be on the overpasses, approach the storage of flammable or highly toxic substances.Remember that more often in such circumstances, people suffer injuries from broken glass, slate, tile, roofing iron ripped off road signs on the detail finishes facades and cornices, of items stored on balconies and loggias.If a hurricane (tornado) you found in open areas, better than all hide in the ditch, pit, ravine, any seizure: lie on the bottom of the recess and pull tight to the ground. Be in the damaged building is dangerous: it can collapse under the pressure of new wind.Especially be careful of broken electrical wires: do not exclude the possibility that they are under stress.Hurricane (tornado) may be accompanied by thunder (bu-Ray). Uhylyaytes from situations in which increases the probability of lightning: not ukryvaytesya under trees, standing alone, do not come to the power lines, etc.The main condition - not to panic. Act wisely and consciously refrain from the foolish actions, assist victims.

1.5. Flooding (flood, flooding, catastrophic flooding):
   When you receive a warning about the threat of flooding as a result of exit channels of large and small rivers or due to destruction of dams and reservoirs of catastrophic flooding should follow established procedures without delay go to safe and improved scheniem place. When rescue-essary to display restraint and composure, strictly adhere to you, Natalya rescuers. Do not overfill rescue vehicles (boats, rafts, etc.), because it threatens the safety of rescuers and those subject to salvage.   Once in the water, you should reset itself with heavy clothes and shoes, look around floating or elevated above the water objects, use them to help.   If you have time, it is necessary to take measures to ryatuvan-tion of property and wealth: move them to safe places, and thus occupy the upper floors (loft) rooftops.With enough time flood warning carries-sterile preparations for and conduct of Advance Eva-vice, evacuation of population and farm animals, the export of wealth from areas of possible over-melting, as announced special instruction lost Jenny local administrations. The population of the launch and order evacuation opovischayetsya using local radio broadcasting networks and television, through the administration entities. Population bal-domlyayutsya place deployment teams evacuation points, time of arrival at these points, routes during the evacuation on foot, as well as other information that relate to the local environment, the anticipated magnitude of the event, sometimes it biases.   If there is sufficient time, the population of the dangerous areas are evacuated, along with the property. To this end, each family is car or other trans-port indicating its filing.In case of sudden flood warning people carried all available technical means shrouded-tion, among them - speaker and mobile settings.   The suddenness of the flood necessitates specific actions and behaviors of the population.If people living in the village, watching water rise on the first floor or other floors and on the street, you must leave the apartment, to rise to the upper floors, if the one-story house - take a room in the attic. When staying at work according to the order of administration entity shall, to comply installed on-line, take a higher place. While in the field, the sudden flooding should take place increasing or wood, use various floating means that you have at hand and build them with logs, boards, truck steadily chambers, barrels, cans and other improvised the materials that are lighter than water .


title: Презентация на тему: Remembrance day

text:
Remembrance day
Новикова Дарья, 9а класс,
 МБОУ СОШ №6,
г. Радужный, ХМАО-Югра
Every year during the week before 11 November, people all over Britain wear a little red paper poppy.
Каждый год за неделю до 11 ноября, люди всей Великобритании носят маленький красный бумажный мак.
They do this to commemorate Remembrance Day, or Poppy Day, which take place each year on 11’November  to remember the millions who died for their country. Poppy Day is on this date, because  World War I ended in the 11 hour of the 11 day, 11 months in 1918.
Они делают это, чтобы отметить день памяти, или День Мака, который проводится каждый год в ноябре, дабы помянуть миллионы людей, которые погибли за свою страну. День Мака проводится именно в эту дату, потому что первая мировая война закончилась в 11 часов, 11-го дня, 11 месяца в 1918 году.
Poppy is a symbol of Remembrance Day because they are the only flowers that grew on the battlefields after World War I. They are very delicate flowers, too, and live for a short time.
Мак является символом Дня памяти, потому что это единственные цветы, которые росли на полях сражений после Первой мировой войны. Это также и очень нежные цветы, и живут в течение короткого времени.
Some people have also pointed out that fields of bright red poppies look like  fields of blood. There are many poems about Remembrance Day many of them mention  poppies. One of the most famous of these poems is In Flanders Fields.
Некоторые люди также считают, что ярко-красные маки выглядят так  поля красные от крови. Есть много стихов о Дне памяти и многие из них упоминают мак. Один из самых известных из этих стихов «В полях Фландрии».

Memorial  services take place all over Britain on the second Sunday in November which is known as Remembrance Sunday.
Поминальные службы проходят по всей Великобритании на второе воскресенье ноября, которое известно как Памятное Воскресенье.
The Royal Family and top politicians attend a special service in London Cenotaph, which means "The Empty Tomb" in Greek. Old war veterans lay wreaths on the steps of the monument.
Королевская семья и ведущие политики присутствуют на специальном мероприятии в Лондоне, который называется «Кенотаф», что значит «пустая гробница» с греческого. Старые ветераны войны возлагают венки на ступеньки памятника.
At 11am, there is a two minutes silence. A lone soldier plays a piece of music called The Last Post on the bugle to introduce the two-minute silence. Soldiers  playing another piece, The Rouse, to single the end of it. Musicians also play traditional wartime songs  such as The While Cliffs of Dover and It's a Long Way to Tipperary.

В 11 утра-две минуты молчания. Один солдат играет на горне музыкальное произведение под названием «The Last Post» чтобы объявить две минуты молчания. Другие солдаты играют другие произведения. «Роуз» объявляет конец. Музыканты играют также традиционные песни военных лет, такие как «The While Cliffs of Dover» и «It's a Long Way to Tipperary».

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title: Презентация на тему: решение задач по теме "Законы кинематики"

text:
Решение задач
«кинематика»
Задача №1
Решение задачи №1

Задача №2
Чему равно центростремительное ускорение тела, если оно движется по окружности радиусом 64 см, со скоростью 8 м/с?

Решение задачи   №2
Задача №3
Решение задачи №3
Задача №4

Решение задачи №4
Необходимо найти площадь фигуры, ограниченной графиком и осями, то есть площадь трапеции. Путь численно совпадает со значением площади фигуры.
S= 0.5*(4+2)*2=6 м
Задача №5
Тело свободно падает из состояния покоя с высоты 50 м. На какой высоте окажется тело через 3 с падения? Сопротивлением воздуха пренебречь.
Решение задачи №5
Задача №6
За 2 с прямолинейного движения с постоянным ускорением тело прошло 20 м, не меняя направления движения и уменьшив свою скорость в 3 раза. Чему равна начальная скорость тела на этом интервале?

Решение задачи №6

Задача №7
Решение задачи №7
Задача №8
С каким ускорением движется тело без начальной скорости, если в шестую секунду движения оно прошло 12 м?
Решение задачи №8


Презентация на тему: релаксація


title: Презентация на тему: Resorts of the caucasian mineral waters

text:
    The Caucasian mineral waters is one of the most beautiful places in Russia. It is recognized as a resort of state value. For its structure and quality of the resources this resort has no analogues in Eurasian continent. The most beautiful parks, fountains, museums and showrooms create with anything not compare an atmosphere of a cosiness, attractive people to rest.
     Essentuky is a resort of allied value, with remarkable health resorts and medical establishments. It is well-known for its unique mineral waters. A mud baths named after N. A. Semashko is the main sight of a resort. For its equipment it is considered the best mud baths in the country.


title: Презентация на тему: Recombinant DNA Technology

text:
DNA,RNA, Recombinant DNA Technology
	Gene expression.
X-Ray structure of a complex of ethidium bromid with DNA.
Construction of a restriction map.
Restriction map for the 5243-bp circular DNA of SV40.
Construction of a recombinant DNA molecule through the use of synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors
Insertional inactivation
Insertional inactivation
Gene in cloning site:
Resistance marker -> pBR322 (cloning sites within antibiotica resistence marker)
			  -> plasmid into host -> resistance against 2 antibiotica
			  -> gene cloned within one resistance marker -> gene for antibiotica
			      resistance marker disrupted -> sensitive against one antibioticum

Bacteriophage T2 injecting its DNA into an E. coli
Creation of Libraries
Creation of Libraries
Sizes of Some DNA Molecules.
Fragmentation of genomic DNA
Bacterial host engineering
E.Coli K12 strain has been used for further engineering
Additional changes in K12 E.coli for ease of the laboratory practice
Additional changes in K12 E.coli for ease of the laboratory practice
Transformation of plasmid DNA to competent E. coli cells
Calcium/phosphate (heat shock) method
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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DNA + RNA
DNA + RNA
DNA + RNA
RNA
DNA
DNA structure -> sequence
What is a gene?
Page 93
The central dogma
Page 93
Page 95
Restrictionendonucleases
Page 84
Gel Electrophoresis
Page 104
Page 104
Page 107
Electron micrograph of the filamentous bacteriophage M13.
Bacteriophages
Page 107
Replication of bacteriophage upon infection of a cell
Recombinant DNA Technology
Clones -> Cells or organisms with identical DNA
Page 109
Plasmid Cloning Vectors
Page 110
Page 92
Page 1125
Recombinant DNA Technology
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis
Plasmid Cloning Vectors
Horizontal gene transfer
Transformation and Selection
Life Cycle of Bacteriophage
Genomic phage library
Cosmid = Cos - Plasmid
DNA Library
Clones -> genetically identical
Evaluation of library
cDNA synthesis
Different ways to clone a gene
Evaluation of library
Ordered library
Microarrays
Ordered library
What is a gene library ?
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/method/reporters.html
positive
negative
Blue/White Selection
Developmental biology......
Model organisms:  Cellular biology, biochemistry...
molecular biology
Jaenisch, R.Nat. Genet.  2001 27: 327-331
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a type of bacteria normally found in the intestines of people and animals.
Although most strains of E. coli are harmless,some can cause illness or even death.The most serious form is E. coli 0157:H7.
E. coli leads to about 73,000 cases of infection
and 61 deaths each year in the United States.
Genetic and physical maps
of the E. coli chromosome
Fig. 8.14
The K12 strain was first isolated in 1921
from the stool of a malaria patient and
it has been maintained in laboratory stocks
as a pure strain for the last 75 years.
Most strain in molecular biology are recA- endA- hsdR-
Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA (February 1975)
NIH Recombinant Advisory Committee (RAC) (1973)
1. Bacterial restriction modification systems have been removed.
(To prevent its interferention with the replication of foreign DNA in bacteria).
hsdR/hsdM/hsdS (EcoK)
 restriction system
mcrA/mcrB/mrr complex
Degrades DNA not methylated
at the sequence 5'-AAC-(N)5-GTGC-3'
hsdM recognises unmethylated DNA
hsdM is also involved in methylation of DNA
hsdR encodes an endonulease
hsdS encodes DNA sequence specific protein

hsdR- or hsdS-  mutants facilitate propagation of any foreign DNA
E.coli DNA is methylated
by dcm, dam and hsdM
mcrA-/mcrB-
strains are good for cloning
eukaryotic DNA
mcrA/mcrB/mrr cleaves DNA
methylated by other systems
Transformation of plasmid DNA in competent E. coli cells
Competent (here)
= able to uptake DNA
-- Electroporation and electroporation-competent cells
-- Heat shock transformation and chemically competent cells
Recovery in rich growing media
Electroporation
Chemical transformation
treating E. coli CaCl2
will batter the membranes
and essentially make
 the bacteria very unhappy.
CaCl2 is gaping holes
in the membrane
BRIEF HEAT SHOCK
www.bch.msu.edu/bchug/web/
stein
                  Conjugation
Lederberg                        Monod
F- to F+
100 minutes
4000 genes
45 Conjugation K12 Lederberg and Tatum
55 Waring Blender coitus interruptus Jacob: F- to F+
100 min, 4000 genes.  First genetic map
Definitions
Recombinant DNA, a DNA construct created by fusing different fragments of DNA
Genetic Engineering, the deliberate alteration of DNA through the creation of recombinant DNA
Genetically Modified Organism, a living entity modified through genetic engineering
Transgenic, a genetically modified organism containing DNA from another source
Molecular genetics and bacteriophage


title: Презентация на тему: Republic of Kazakhstan

text:
2,7 million square kilometers
9th largest country
Neighborhood:

Russia
China
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan

Caspian Sea.
Population: 16,9 million
Ethnic groups: 131
Density: 5,94/km2 =15,39/sq mi


title: Презентация на тему: Reported Speech

text:
Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?
Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Say the phrases using reported speech
Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Say the phrases using reported speech
Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Say the phrases using reported speech
Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Say the phrases using reported speech
Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Say the phrases using reported speech
Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?
How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?
Where have you been?

Say the phrases using reported speech
What did you  ask your friend after his / her last summer holidays?

How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Where have you been?
Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?

Say the phrases using reported speech
What did you  ask your friend after his / her last summer holidays?

How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Where have you been?
Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?

Say the phrases using reported speech
What did you  ask your friend after his / her last summer holidays?

How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Where have you been?
Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?

Say the phrases using reported speech
What did you  ask your friend after his / her last summer holidays?

How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?

Reported Speech
Direct and Reported Speech
Orders, requests, advices
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Affirmative and negative sentences
Say the phrases using reported speech
Say the phrases using reported speech
Questions
Say the phrases using reported speech
What do you always ask your friend after his / her summer holidays?

Where have you been?
Have you had a good rest?
Did you enjoy your holidays?
Have you made new friends?
Did you swim much during your holidays?
Did you sleep much during your holidays?
Did you read much during your holidays?
Were you happy not to go to school during your holidays?

Say the phrases using reported speech
What did you  ask your friend after his / her last summer holidays?

How long have you been there?
What did you do there?
When did you get up during your holidays?
When did you go to bed during your holidays?
What sports did you do during your holidays?
What films did you watch during your holidays?
What interesting places have you visited?
Why did you go there?
Who was there with you?


title: Презентация на тему: Research of versions and revelation of new facts about Stonehenge origin

text:
The project aim
To investigate various
versions, theories and
hypotheses of
Stonehenge origin and
to put forward our own
ones.
A project hypothesis
   Studying materials on the given question, we can offer our own hypothesis of the
   enigmatic stones origin.
Project problems.
Methods
sociological research and interrogation among school students;
systematization of the methodological, artistic, popular and scientific literature, Internet sites;
translation of articles and other materials into English language.
Result
The first written mention of  Stonehenge
The first written mention of  Stonehenge concerns 1136. British chronics, the author "Histories of Brittes" Galfrid Monmutsky, precisely knew both appointment, and history of huge construction. From times Galfrid Monmutsky numerous versions of an origin of this monument of an antiquity were put forward. As its builders suggested to consider Romans, Danes, Phoenicians, druids, inhabitants of Atlantis, and last years - space newcomers.  The modern science knows about an origin and appointment of a Stonehenge as the little more than the Old English writer.
Who Built Stonehenge?
Who Built Stonehenge?
      The question of who built Stonehenge is largely unanswered, even today. The monument's construction has been attributed to many ancient peoples throughout the years, but the most captivating and enduring attribution has been to the Druids. This erroneous connection was first made around 3 centuries ago by the antiquary, John Aubrey. Julius Caesar and other Roman writers told of a Celtic priesthood who flourished around the time of their first conquest (55 BC). By this time, though, the stones had been standing for 2,000 years, and were, perhaps, already in a ruined condition. Besides, the Druids worshipped in forest temples and had no need for stone structures
What was the purpose of Stonehenge?
Ways of transportation
      Once on site, a sarsen stone was prepared to accommodate stone lintels along its top surface. It was then dragged until the end was over the opening of the hole. Great levers were inserted under the stone and it was raised until gravity made it slide into the hole. At this point, the stone stood on about a 30° angle from the ground. Ropes were attached to the top and teams of men pulled from the other side to raise it into the full upright position. It was secured by filling the hole at its base with small, round packing stones. At this point, the lintels were lowered into place and secured vertically by mortice and tenon joints and horizontally by tongue and groove joints. Stonehenge was probably finally completed around 1500 BC.
Ways of transportation
About 2,000 BC, the first stone circle (which is now the inner circle), comprised of small bluestones, was set up, but abandoned before completion. The stones used in that first circle are believed to be from the Prescelly Mountains, located roughly 240 miles away, at the southwestern tip of Wales. The bluestones weigh up to 4 tons each and about 80 stones were used, in all. Given the distance they had to travel, this presented quite a transportation problem. Modern theories speculate that the stones were dragged by roller and sledge from the inland mountains to the headwaters of Milford Haven.
There they were loaded onto rafts, barges or boats and sailed along the south coast of Wales, then up the Rivers Avon and Frome to a point near present-day Frome in Somerset. From this point, so the theory goes, the stones were hauled overland, again, to a place near Warminster in Wiltshire, approximately 6 miles away. From there, it's back into the pool for a slow float down the River Wylye to Salisbury, then up the Salisbury Avon to West Amesbury, leaving only a short 2 mile drag from West Amesbury to the Stonehenge site.

Present Day Stonehenge.
Situated in a vast plain, surrounded by hundreds of round barrows, or burial mounds, the Stonehenge site is truly impressive, and all the more so, the closer you approach. It is a place where much human effort was expended for a purpose we can only guess at. Some people see it as a place steeped in magic and mystery, some as a place where their imaginations of the past can be fired and others hold it to be a sacred place. But whatever viewpoint is brought to it and whatever its original purpose was, it should be treated as the ancients treated it, as a place of honor .
The construction of outer ring
    The giant sarsen stones (which form the outer circle), weigh as much as 50 tons each. To transport them from the Marlborough Downs, roughly 20 miles to the north, is a problem of even greater magnitude than that of moving the bluestones. Most of the way, the going is relatively easy, but at the steepest part of the route, at Redhorn Hill, modern work studies estimate that at least 600 men would have been needed just to get each stone past this obstacle.
Version 1. Stonehenge was associated with Merlin and King Arthur.

The legend of King Arthur provides another story of the construction of Stonehenge. It is told by the twelfth century writer, Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his History of the Kings of Britain that Merlin brought the stones to the Salisbury Plain from Ireland. Sometime in the fifth century, there had been a massacre of 300 British noblemen by the treacherous Saxon leader, Hengest. Geoffrey tells us that the high king, Aurelius Ambrosius, wanted to create a fitting memorial to the slain men. Merlin suggested an expedition to Ireland for the purpose of transplanting the Giant's Ring stone circle to Britain. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, the stones of the Giant's Ring were originally brought from Africa to Ireland by giants (who else but giants could handle the job?).

The stones were located on "Mount Killaraus" and were used as a site for performing rituals and for healing. Led by King Uther and Merlin, the expedition arrived at the spot in Ireland. The Britons, none of whom were giants, apparently, were unsuccessful in their attempts to move the great stones. At this point, Merlin realized that only his magic arts would turn the trick. So, they were dismantled and shipped back to Britain where they were set up (see illus. at right) as they had been before, in a great circle, around the mass grave of the murdered noblemen. The story goes on to tell that Aurelius, Uther and Arthur's successor, Constantine were also buried there in their time*.
Version 2. Stonehenge is an astronomical calendar.
The moon, it has been a sight for all over time. Back long ago little was none of the reasons for an eclipses, it was thought to be a sign from the gods. In a society which worshiped gods for all the mysteries of the world, the eclipse must have been very special. The builders of Stonehenge must have been marveled at the sight of this holy event, which happened every four years. Most likely the great Stonehenge was built to be a prediction device for the eclipse. Many people have studied Stonehenge and many have found that the stones are mathematically placed to show when and eclipse might occur.
Version 3. Stonehenge is a horrid sacrificial temple?
And finally, the idea that it was used for ancient sacrifice by the druids to there gods. This is a logical idea, do to the facts presented by the construction of Stonehenge. The Alter Stone is the stone in the middle of the circle of stones this would have been ideal for a
sacrifice of any kind, and the alignment of the stones look like pillars in a temple which means this could just as well been a temple.
Version 4. Hedges are gateways to hell.
The story of Stonehenge wouldn't be complete without its legends. These mythical stories serve to explain the meaning of the monument, and maybe even the dangers. One such story says that the henges are gateways to where we originally came from. The legend goes on to suggest that every 5,000 years or so, someone attempts to open one of them, which brings about some horribly catastrophic event
Version 5. Stonehenge is an astronomical planetarium.
Edward Duke was the first person to associate astronomy with Stonehenge, describing it as a planetarium full of significant astronomical alignments - although he named none. Unfortunately most of his ideas on the subject were rather fanciful and over-imaginative, and not very scientific.
Back when Stonehenge was built people had no way of telling the time. Perhaps the Druids wished to keep records of events. Stonehenge is said by some to be one widespread sundial, a clock used in ancient times. When the sun rises it casts a shadow though an opening in the one side
of Stonehenge, the day passes and the shadow move across the middle showing the druids the time of day
Version 7. Stonehenge was an ancient computer.
	Controversially Gerald Hawkins went on to suggest that Stonehenge was an ancient computer. The 1960's were still early in the computer revolution, and the Harvard-Smithsonian IBM had produced some fantastic results for him. This was merely Hawkins' way of paying a high compliment to the architects and builders of Stonehenge (Castleden, 1993).
There are indeed a large number of astronomical alignments, prediction and measuring devices, and representative features to be found among the megalithic stones and holes of Stonehenge. Gerald Hawkins discovered many of them, and most of his discoveries are commonly accepted.
Version 9. Our own version.
We have studied all versions available at present about an origin and megalit appointment, and have come to our own version of treatment of an origin and appointment of the given construction.

 We consider that Stonehenge was the largest Neolithic Cemetery in England only during the period of the pre-stone earthworks and timber structures.
 We agree that the megalith was built by people of several formations throughout many thousand years, since a late neolith (about 3 thousand years ago).
 We consider that builders were the indigenous population in favour of what speak archeological finds, and immigrants from the continent, owning knowledge of building of similar constructions could be organizers.
 Similar constructions can be seen on continent, that  Stonehenge is not unique.
Than Stonehenge was reconstructed to serve as an astronomical calendar, for a prediction of eclipses of the moon and the sun, definition of days of a spring and autumn equinox, seasons, time of day and night.
Then the megalith was used as a temple for worship and sacrifice. In favour of this version the internal design of a construction with altar stone in the centre and numerous burial places around. All these points we tried to prove logically.
Our own version.
       So in conclusion, we believe the purpose of Stonehenge was to predict the appearance of eclipses, do to their         beliefs an eclipse was a sign from the gods that perhaps they had done something wrong and by worshiping it they could make it right.
       Stonehenge is truly the greatest mystery in the world, we hope they find out what it was truly for someday.

No travel around Britain should omit it.
The modern age has not been altogether kind to Stonehenge, despite the lip service it pays to the preservation of heritage sites. There is a major highway running no more than 100 yards away from the stones, and a commercial circus has sprung up around it, complete with parking lots, gift shops and ice cream stands. The organization, English Heritage, is committed to righting these wrongs, and in the coming years, we may get to see Stonehenge in the setting for which it was originally created. Despite all its dilapidation and the encroachment of the modern world, Stonehenge, today, is an awe-inspiring sight, and no travel itinerary around Britain should omit it.
Stonehenge - one of the great Seven Wonders of the World
     Stonehenge, one of the great Seven Wonders of the World, but what do we really know about it. What was its purpose, how was it built and by whom. A temple of the sun, a Pagan Cathedral, or a holy sanctuary in the midst of blessed ground, or maybe a clock or even a place to Predict Eclipses. No one really knows what it was used for; this is due to a great number of facts surrounding all of these ideas.
     Many ideas come up when talking about why this great structure was built along with an equal amount on who built it.
Conclusion
We have touched one of the most mysterious secrets in history of our planet. To work over a problem of researching versions of an origin of  Stonehendge it was very interesting also because we did it in two languages: English and Russian. The large quantity of material has been translated by us from the Internet and the literature to a theme. We have come to our own conclusions and we consider, that the given work will clear interest to regional geography of the Great Britain among pupils. Our brochure will help to differ lessons of English language and to stir up design activity in a subject.
Research of versions and revelation of new facts about Stonehenge origin.
Demchenko Olga
Tereshkina Katya
School 1693, Moscow.
The origin of the name
      The best guess seems to be that the Stonehenge site was begun by the people of the late Neolithic period (around 3000 BC) and carried forward by people from a new economy which was arising at this time. These "new" people, called Beaker Folk because of their use of pottery drinking vessels, began to use metal implements and to live in a more communal fashion than their ancestors. Some think that they may have been immigrants from the continent, but that contention is not supported by archaeological evidence. It is likely that they were indigenous people doing the same old things in new ways.

       The moon, it has been a sight for all over time. Back long ago little was none of the reasons for an eclipses, it was thought to be a sing from the gods. In a society which worshiped gods for all the mysteries of the world, the eclipse must have been very special. The builders of Stonehenge must have been marveled at the sight of this holy event, which happened every four years. Most likely the great Stonehenge was built to be a prediction device for the eclipse. Many people have studied Stonehenge and many have found that the stones are mathematically placed to show when and eclipse might occur. "In favor of this solution - that the Aubrey holes were used as a computer are these facts: the number 56 is the smallest number that measures the swing o the moon with an over-all accuracy of better than 3 days, and lunar cycles provide the only method of long-range eclipse prediction related to the seasons of the year."
The project aim
To investigate various
versions, theories and
hypotheses of
Stonehenge origin and
to put forward our own
ones.
A project hypothesis
   Studying materials on the given question, we can offer our own hypothesis of the
   enigmatic stones origin.
Project problems.
Methods
sociological research and interrogation among school students;
systematization of the methodological, artistic, popular and scientific literature, Internet sites;
translation of articles and other materials into English language.
Result
The first written mention of  Stonehenge
The first written mention of  Stonehenge concerns 1136. British chronics, the author "Histories of Brittes" Galfrid Monmutsky, precisely knew both appointment, and history of huge construction. From times Galfrid Monmutsky numerous versions of an origin of this monument of an antiquity were put forward. As its builders suggested to consider Romans, Danes, Phoenicians, druids, inhabitants of Atlantis, and last years - space newcomers.  The modern science knows about an origin and appointment of a Stonehenge as the little more than the Old English writer.
Who Built Stonehenge?
Who Built Stonehenge?
      The question of who built Stonehenge is largely unanswered, even today. The monument's construction has been attributed to many ancient peoples throughout the years, but the most captivating and enduring attribution has been to the Druids. This erroneous connection was first made around 3 centuries ago by the antiquary, John Aubrey. Julius Caesar and other Roman writers told of a Celtic priesthood who flourished around the time of their first conquest (55 BC). By this time, though, the stones had been standing for 2,000 years, and were, perhaps, already in a ruined condition. Besides, the Druids worshipped in forest temples and had no need for stone structures
What was the purpose of Stonehenge?
Ways of transportation
      Once on site, a sarsen stone was prepared to accommodate stone lintels along its top surface. It was then dragged until the end was over the opening of the hole. Great levers were inserted under the stone and it was raised until gravity made it slide into the hole. At this point, the stone stood on about a 30° angle from the ground. Ropes were attached to the top and teams of men pulled from the other side to raise it into the full upright position. It was secured by filling the hole at its base with small, round packing stones. At this point, the lintels were lowered into place and secured vertically by mortice and tenon joints and horizontally by tongue and groove joints. Stonehenge was probably finally completed around 1500 BC.
Ways of transportation
About 2,000 BC, the first stone circle (which is now the inner circle), comprised of small bluestones, was set up, but abandoned before completion. The stones used in that first circle are believed to be from the Prescelly Mountains, located roughly 240 miles away, at the southwestern tip of Wales. The bluestones weigh up to 4 tons each and about 80 stones were used, in all. Given the distance they had to travel, this presented quite a transportation problem. Modern theories speculate that the stones were dragged by roller and sledge from the inland mountains to the headwaters of Milford Haven.
There they were loaded onto rafts, barges or boats and sailed along the south coast of Wales, then up the Rivers Avon and Frome to a point near present-day Frome in Somerset. From this point, so the theory goes, the stones were hauled overland, again, to a place near Warminster in Wiltshire, approximately 6 miles away. From there, it's back into the pool for a slow float down the River Wylye to Salisbury, then up the Salisbury Avon to West Amesbury, leaving only a short 2 mile drag from West Amesbury to the Stonehenge site.

Present Day Stonehenge.
Situated in a vast plain, surrounded by hundreds of round barrows, or burial mounds, the Stonehenge site is truly impressive, and all the more so, the closer you approach. It is a place where much human effort was expended for a purpose we can only guess at. Some people see it as a place steeped in magic and mystery, some as a place where their imaginations of the past can be fired and others hold it to be a sacred place. But whatever viewpoint is brought to it and whatever its original purpose was, it should be treated as the ancients treated it, as a place of honor .
The construction of outer ring
    The giant sarsen stones (which form the outer circle), weigh as much as 50 tons each. To transport them from the Marlborough Downs, roughly 20 miles to the north, is a problem of even greater magnitude than that of moving the bluestones. Most of the way, the going is relatively easy, but at the steepest part of the route, at Redhorn Hill, modern work studies estimate that at least 600 men would have been needed just to get each stone past this obstacle.
Version 1. Stonehenge was associated with Merlin and King Arthur.

The legend of King Arthur provides another story of the construction of Stonehenge. It is told by the twelfth century writer, Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his History of the Kings of Britain that Merlin brought the stones to the Salisbury Plain from Ireland. Sometime in the fifth century, there had been a massacre of 300 British noblemen by the treacherous Saxon leader, Hengest. Geoffrey tells us that the high king, Aurelius Ambrosius, wanted to create a fitting memorial to the slain men. Merlin suggested an expedition to Ireland for the purpose of transplanting the Giant's Ring stone circle to Britain. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, the stones of the Giant's Ring were originally brought from Africa to Ireland by giants (who else but giants could handle the job?).

The stones were located on "Mount Killaraus" and were used as a site for performing rituals and for healing. Led by King Uther and Merlin, the expedition arrived at the spot in Ireland. The Britons, none of whom were giants, apparently, were unsuccessful in their attempts to move the great stones. At this point, Merlin realized that only his magic arts would turn the trick. So, they were dismantled and shipped back to Britain where they were set up (see illus. at right) as they had been before, in a great circle, around the mass grave of the murdered noblemen. The story goes on to tell that Aurelius, Uther and Arthur's successor, Constantine were also buried there in their time*.
Version 2. Stonehenge is an astronomical calendar.
The moon, it has been a sight for all over time. Back long ago little was none of the reasons for an eclipses, it was thought to be a sign from the gods. In a society which worshiped gods for all the mysteries of the world, the eclipse must have been very special. The builders of Stonehenge must have been marveled at the sight of this holy event, which happened every four years. Most likely the great Stonehenge was built to be a prediction device for the eclipse. Many people have studied Stonehenge and many have found that the stones are mathematically placed to show when and eclipse might occur.
Version 3. Stonehenge is a horrid sacrificial temple?
And finally, the idea that it was used for ancient sacrifice by the druids to there gods. This is a logical idea, do to the facts presented by the construction of Stonehenge. The Alter Stone is the stone in the middle of the circle of stones this would have been ideal for a
sacrifice of any kind, and the alignment of the stones look like pillars in a temple which means this could just as well been a temple.
Version 4. Hedges are gateways to hell.
The story of Stonehenge wouldn't be complete without its legends. These mythical stories serve to explain the meaning of the monument, and maybe even the dangers. One such story says that the henges are gateways to where we originally came from. The legend goes on to suggest that every 5,000 years or so, someone attempts to open one of them, which brings about some horribly catastrophic event
Version 5. Stonehenge is an astronomical planetarium.
Edward Duke was the first person to associate astronomy with Stonehenge, describing it as a planetarium full of significant astronomical alignments - although he named none. Unfortunately most of his ideas on the subject were rather fanciful and over-imaginative, and not very scientific.
Back when Stonehenge was built people had no way of telling the time. Perhaps the Druids wished to keep records of events. Stonehenge is said by some to be one widespread sundial, a clock used in ancient times. When the sun rises it casts a shadow though an opening in the one side
of Stonehenge, the day passes and the shadow move across the middle showing the druids the time of day
Version 7. Stonehenge was an ancient computer.
	Controversially Gerald Hawkins went on to suggest that Stonehenge was an ancient computer. The 1960's were still early in the computer revolution, and the Harvard-Smithsonian IBM had produced some fantastic results for him. This was merely Hawkins' way of paying a high compliment to the architects and builders of Stonehenge (Castleden, 1993).
There are indeed a large number of astronomical alignments, prediction and measuring devices, and representative features to be found among the megalithic stones and holes of Stonehenge. Gerald Hawkins discovered many of them, and most of his discoveries are commonly accepted.
Version 9. Our own version.
We have studied all versions available at present about an origin and megalit appointment, and have come to our own version of treatment of an origin and appointment of the given construction.

 We consider that Stonehenge was the largest Neolithic Cemetery in England only during the period of the pre-stone earthworks and timber structures.
 We agree that the megalith was built by people of several formations throughout many thousand years, since a late neolith (about 3 thousand years ago).
 We consider that builders were the indigenous population in favour of what speak archeological finds, and immigrants from the continent, owning knowledge of building of similar constructions could be organizers.
 Similar constructions can be seen on continent, that  Stonehenge is not unique.
Than Stonehenge was reconstructed to serve as an astronomical calendar, for a prediction of eclipses of the moon and the sun, definition of days of a spring and autumn equinox, seasons, time of day and night.
Then the megalith was used as a temple for worship and sacrifice. In favour of this version the internal design of a construction with altar stone in the centre and numerous burial places around. All these points we tried to prove logically.
Our own version.
       So in conclusion, we believe the purpose of Stonehenge was to predict the appearance of eclipses, do to their         beliefs an eclipse was a sign from the gods that perhaps they had done something wrong and by worshiping it they could make it right.
       Stonehenge is truly the greatest mystery in the world, we hope they find out what it was truly for someday.

No travel around Britain should omit it.
The modern age has not been altogether kind to Stonehenge, despite the lip service it pays to the preservation of heritage sites. There is a major highway running no more than 100 yards away from the stones, and a commercial circus has sprung up around it, complete with parking lots, gift shops and ice cream stands. The organization, English Heritage, is committed to righting these wrongs, and in the coming years, we may get to see Stonehenge in the setting for which it was originally created. Despite all its dilapidation and the encroachment of the modern world, Stonehenge, today, is an awe-inspiring sight, and no travel itinerary around Britain should omit it.
Stonehenge - one of the great Seven Wonders of the World
     Stonehenge, one of the great Seven Wonders of the World, but what do we really know about it. What was its purpose, how was it built and by whom. A temple of the sun, a Pagan Cathedral, or a holy sanctuary in the midst of blessed ground, or maybe a clock or even a place to Predict Eclipses. No one really knows what it was used for; this is due to a great number of facts surrounding all of these ideas.
     Many ideas come up when talking about why this great structure was built along with an equal amount on who built it.
Conclusion
We have touched one of the most mysterious secrets in history of our planet. To work over a problem of researching versions of an origin of  Stonehendge it was very interesting also because we did it in two languages: English and Russian. The large quantity of material has been translated by us from the Internet and the literature to a theme. We have come to our own conclusions and we consider, that the given work will clear interest to regional geography of the Great Britain among pupils. Our brochure will help to differ lessons of English language and to stir up design activity in a subject.
Research of versions and revelation of new facts about Stonehenge origin.
Demchenko Olga
Tereshkina Katya
School 1693,
Moscow 2009
The origin of the name
      The best guess seems to be that the Stonehenge site was begun by the people of the late Neolithic period (around 3000 BC) and carried forward by people from a new economy which was arising at this time. These "new" people, called Beaker Folk because of their use of pottery drinking vessels, began to use metal implements and to live in a more communal fashion than their ancestors. Some think that they may have been immigrants from the continent, but that contention is not supported by archaeological evidence. It is likely that they were indigenous people doing the same old things in new ways.

       The moon, it has been a sight for all over time. Back long ago little was none of the reasons for an eclipses, it was thought to be a sing from the gods. In a society which worshiped gods for all the mysteries of the world, the eclipse must have been very special. The builders of Stonehenge must have been marveled at the sight of this holy event, which happened every four years. Most likely the great Stonehenge was built to be a prediction device for the eclipse. Many people have studied Stonehenge and many have found that the stones are mathematically placed to show when and eclipse might occur. "In favor of this solution - that the Aubrey holes were used as a computer are these facts: the number 56 is the smallest number that measures the swing o the moon with an over-all accuracy of better than 3 days, and lunar cycles provide the only method of long-range eclipse prediction related to the seasons of the year."


title: Презентация на тему: Revision: the verb ”have”, clothes, appearance

text:
Phonetic  drill
Socks and shoes,
And jeans and shirt,
Trousers, coat,
And blouse and skirt.

He
She
HAS
It
Appearance
Hair:
			long / short
          	blonde / dark
          	 curly / straight
Eyes: 	blue / grey / brown / green

Nose: 	small / big
PLAN:
TICO
This is a clown. His name is Tico.
He is 20.
He has long curly hair. His hair is red. He has big eyes.
His eyes are black.
His nose is big and round.
He has yellow trousers, a purple and yellow shirt. He has red shoes and an orange hat with a flower.
Name
Age
Hair
Eyes
Nose
Clothes


title: Презентация на тему: Revision

text:
REVISION
UNIT 3
CIVILISATION AND PROGRESS
SECTION 1
LEARNING FROM            THE PAST
CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER TO EXPLAIN THESE GIVEN SITUATIONS
1. THE COAT YOU BOUGHT IS OF VERY GOOD QUALITY.
A) IT MUST HAVE BEEN VERY EXPENSIVE.
B) IT CAN'T HAVE BEEN VERY EXPENSIVE
2. MY FRIEND CHRISTINE WALKED PAST ME WITHOUT SPEAKING.
A) SHE MUST HAVE SEEN ME.
B) SHE CAN'T HAVE SEEN ME.
3. THE PHONE RANG BUT I DIDN'T HEAR IT.
A) I MUST HAVE BEEN ASLEEP.
B) I CAN'T HAVE BEEN ASLEEP.
4. I HAVEN'T SEEN OUR NEIGHBOURS FOR AGES.
A) THEY MUST HAVE GONE AWAY.
B) THEY CAN'T HAVE GONE AWAY.
PARAPHRASE THE WORDS USING                                THE QUALIFYING ADVERBS  BEFORE COMPARATIVES
1. NOT SO UNTIDY
2. NOT LONG ENOUGH
3. OF GREAT HEIGHT
4. HUGE
5. NOT SO FREEZING
FIND THE WORDS
ASDDFGHDESERTEDKLOIUYTREW
GHJKLDFFDSINSTANTLYMNBVCZX
ZXCVBNMCOLLAPSEQWERTYUYVB
NVBCVXZSDFGDROUGHTUYTHJKD
FGREWDSAINTENSEMNHYTGFRED
BVGTFREDWSACRUCIALCVBGTRFD
NBHGTRFHUNTERGATHERSHJUYTG
NMJUYHGTRFDESURVIVEXDSWERT
make
do
CIVILISATION
PROGRESS
make
do
MAKE CORRECT EXPRESSIONS WITH
AND
make
do
A MESS
THE WASHING UP
GOOD
make
HARM
PLANS
AN EFFORT
A DECISION
RESEARCH
do
WE USE THE MODAL VERBS:
HAVE+V 3/ V ED
skull
eyebrow
nose
ear
chin
mouth
cheek
eye
forehead
LABEL THE PARTS OF THE HUMAN HEAD
9
1
7
8
3
4
5
6
2
LABEL THE PARTS
OF THE HUMAN HEAD


title: Презентация на тему: Republic Street

text:
In the middle of the square there is a statue of Lenin
Tekutevsky Boulevard was built on the site of the cemetery of the same name. It is named after the merchant Tekutev. Now boulevard looks beautiful, nice to walk on it, but the pavement was laid on the grave.  Today there is a monument to the merchant on the boulevard.
Republic Street  is  the main street of Tyumen. Its length is about 10 kilometers. It starts at the Tura embankment  in the historic center of the city, runs from north-west to south-east. Republic Street  ends  Yalutorovsk tract -the federal highway P 402 "Tyumen - Yalutorovsk  - Ishim - Omsk".
Republic Street is the longest street in Tyumen. It is located in two administrative districts - the Central district and the Lenin district.  These  administrative districts are  divided with Kholodilnaya street.
Republic Street is renamed  on August 10, 1917 in honor of the victory of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution. It was the decision of the Tyumen City Council. After the Bolsheviks came to power in 1919, the street name was left unchanged.
Before that it was called Tsarskaya in memory of the Tyumen visit of the Crown Prince Alexander II in 1837.
    The main Tyumen street began to form in the XVII century. Its first name was Spasskaya street. In 1703, the construction of the Blagoveschensky Cathedral was completed and the street was renamed to Blagoveschenskaya. Name of the street served until 1837.
In Soviet times, the street has grown and radically changed its appearance.
After the reconstruction of the street.
The Street was expanded, new lights were installed and sidewalks were laid with stones. The underground passage is building now.
Many of the buildings
have been restored.
Historic square
 Historic square is the place where Tyumen was started to be built. On the square there is a memorial stone.  The Victory Monument is also on it. This Monument was erected by the Leningrad sculptors in 1968.
Embankment Since 2008 the Embankment of the river Tura is constructing actively.
Square Revolution Fighters  During the civil war the soldiers of the Red Army were buried in a mass grave on this square. After that, the square was called Square Revolution Fighters.
Central square In the XIX century it was the outskirts of the city, and the city authorities decided to make a commercial square there. Later on it was divided with the streets into several smaller ones. One of these "pieces" is the central square now.
The square has become a major political center of the Oblast. Today the seats of the Government of the Tyumen Oblast and the Regional Council (Tyumen Oblast Duma)  are here.
 In 2008 the  Tyumen Drama Theater was opened in a new building which constructed by Turkish builders in the classical style. Today, a new theater building is one of the visiting cards of our city.
Square  of the 400th anniversary of Tyumen First building of the square is the cinema "Jubileinuy".
 It was built in 1978.
Also by 1982, the high (13 floors) and most apartment (576 flats) house "Muraveinick" was built here. Originally, the first floor of the house was missing, and the house as is floating above the ground on poles.
The Gubkin Square  On the square  there are buildings of the Tyumen State Academy of Culture and Arts, the Chapel of Dmitry Donskoy and the hotel "Vostok"
Gubkin Square
The Chapel of Dmitry Donskoy
The College of Culture and Arts.
It was born in March, 1974.
 Republic Street is one of the main streets of Tyumen, which passes through the entire city. It has two-level interchange (Permyakova Street).  Main bus lines were routed along this street.
Monument to Lenin was opened in October, 1979
From the east to the square there is the Tyumen State Oil and Gas University.
Street Republic, 7. The Agricultural Academy.
In October, 1920 the Agricultural secondary school was organized in this building. Hero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Kuznetsov was studied here. In memory of this there is a monument to the hero.
Republic Street is the cultural center of the city. On it there are two cinemas - the oldest, built in 1930s - the "Temp"  and the "Kinomax-Kosmos".
Near the Agricultural Academy - the house of the Tyumen State University (opened in 1973).
Republic Street
Republic Street, 18. The former house of the merchant Kolokolnikova, where in August 1919, was the headquarters of V.K. Blucher, the Commander  of the 51st  Division.
There is Giprotyumenneftegaz, Tyumenneftegeofizika and other research institutes on the street  .
Monument to Raoul-Yuri Georgievich Erve - discoverer of the Tyumen Oil -  in the central part of Tyumen.
Hero of Socialist Labor Yuri Georgievich Erve who went from a simple working to the First Deputy of the Minister of Geology. On the monument you can read: " To Yuri Georgievich Erve  from grateful Tyumentsev ."
Thanks for attention!
   The Tekutevskoe cemetery was founded in 1885, closed in 1962. The cemetery is located on Republic street. At the cemetery more than 7,000 people were buried.
Famous people are buried in the cemetery,
among them Nikolai Masharov is a founder
of the Tyumen Shipyard, Vladimir Kuibyshev,
the Tyumen military chief, the father of the
Soviet party leader Valery Kuibyshev. In Tyumen was buried general secretary of the Communist Party of Greece Nikos Zachariadis (1903-1973). Later reburied in Athens.
Valerian Vladimirovich Kuybyshev, Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the Soviet Union.
Tyumen bus station

   The building of the bus station was built in 1974.
   Now it is a modern three-storey building.
   Tyumen is linking with Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg,
Novosibirsk region, the northern
district of the Tyumen region, the
Republic of Bashkortostan,
Tatarstan and Kazakhstan.
   Working day of bus station starts at half past five in the morning and ends at 22 o'clock .
Every day 8500 passengers began his way from the platforms.
Monument to Perished Graduates of Tyumen Schools
Tyumen philharmonic
Music has always attracted the attention of Tyumen's inhabitants. The town has its own philharmonic orchestra and the Tyumen Music hall has steady auditory.
 Monument to  Muravlenko
 Monument to Shcherbina


Презентация на тему: Революция в индустрии перевода - уникальный продукт PROMT Translation Suite