title: Презентация на тему: The River Thames

text:
Places you will see on the river from Westminster to Greenwich
The River Thames
In comparison with major rivers of the world, the Thames is a very small river. It has a total length of just 346 km (215 miles) and is the longest river wholly in England.
The Thames begins in the gentle countryside of the Cotswold Hills in Gloucestershire, meandering eastwards through picturesque villages and towns before passing through the vibrant heart of the city of London, and ending in the busy waterborne traffic of the North Sea.
The importance of the Thames can be seen in the settlements that line its banks. Royal palaces, government buildings, great trading houses, market squares and river crossings all provide links with the past. Many of these settlements have changed little in hundreds of years.
The Thames flows through London, the capital city, and has played a central role in British history for some 2000 years.
The river runs from west to east, beginning life as a gentle stream.
Near the source
Looking across the mouth of the Thames.
A trip down the Thames is a lovely way to see many of the attractions close to the river.
A voyage of discovery from source to sea for children of all ages!
Start of Voyage down the Thames
Contents Page
Introduction
Facts about the Thames
Flooding
Thames Basin
Pollution
Erosion
Tributaries
Industries
Rivers Homework Help pages
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/riverthames/index.htm
Did you like your trip?
Here is a brief summary from source to Sea.
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/riverthames/end.htm


title: Презентация на тему: The role of English language in people’s life.

text:
 to chat on the Internet

 to get new information
 to have an English-speaking pen-friend

 to watch video
To phone my friends and parents

To send messages

To listen to music

Language
60% of all international telephones calls are made in English
More than 60% of all scientific journals are written in English.
ENGLISH
To find
new friends
To earn
a lot of money
To watch films
in the original
To find a job
abroad
To travel
everywhere
in the
world
To go abroad
on an exchange
programme
What does Ann find the most
difficult  in learning English?
What advice does Ann give to
people who are just beginning
             to learn English?

             TRUE

           FALSE

             TRUE

           FALSE
 1. Ann is planning to become an interpreter.
 4. The most difficult part of pronunciation is intonation.
6. Ann looks words up in the dictionary.
8. The most difficult feature of any language is learning the elements for which there are no written rules.
learning grammar;

2. learning vocabulary (words and idioms);

3. learning pronunciation;

4. reading;

5. listening to pop music, the radio, watching videos and educational TV programmes.
http://s50.radikal.ru/i127/1102/39/995a595edc85.jpg
http://s54.radikal.ru/i145/1102/f0/926b843f965c.jpg
http://i028.radikal.ru/1102/e7/8161b9a69c1b.jpg
http://s59.radikal.ru/i165/1102/6c/61d613b6960a.jpg
http://s51.radikal.ru/i133/1102/e6/5320a0fe28f7.jpg


title: Презентация на тему: The role of sport in our life

text:
The role of sport in our life.

Sport is a very important part of human life.
It is very popular among people of all ages.
It makes people healthy and keeps them fit.
You know that physical training is a compulsory subject in our schools.
Many schools have different playgrounds where children can play and do exercises.
Many people do their morning exercises.
There are different kinds of sports:
I like swimming and volleyball.
Sport helps people to be happy, healthy, more organized and strong.
I like to dive very much.
I like to swim in a swimming – pool which I attend every winter.

Thank you for your attention!


title: Презентация на тему: The Roman army in Ancient period of History

text:
Муниципальное общеобразовательноеучреждение “Гимназия №13”г.НовомосковскThe Roman army in Ancient period of History
Суслов Глеб- 8б класс
 Руководитель проекта –
 Авраменко  М. Н.
 учитель английского языка
Plan.
 1.The history of the Roman army
            2.The organisation of the Roman army
              1.Contubernium
   2.Centuria
   3. Legioen
3. The life of a Roman soldier.
4. Camps, Forts and Fortresses
   1.Marching Camps
2. Auxiliary Forts
            3. Legionary Fortresses

1.The history of the Roman army
During the first 5 centuries, the Roman Empire had no army. That is: the empire had no standing army (an army that is permanently established at a tactical place). When the authorities in Rome thought it was necessary to take military action, they called up the citizens who had subscribed to a list. When these citizens were called up, they took their own armour with them and formed a temporary army.
When the Roman Empire became bigger and bigger, and the military actions took place further from Rome and Italy, the people weren't satisfied with the citizen-army anymore. About 100 B.C. the Roman general and consul Gaius Marius had made a regular army out of the Citizen-army. Because the army was regular now, it became much better and stronger, because the soldiers were better trained and armed. A disadvantage of such a regular army was, that it could be used as a personal political means of power
2.The organisation of the Roman army
A legion consisted of a few parts. In sequence from small to large:
Contubernium
Centuria
Cohort
Legion
Here follows an explanation of de subdivisions of a legion:

 1.Contubernium
A contubernium consisted of eight legionarii (pl. of legionarius, soldier). The eight men of a contubernium shared a tent in a camp together. Such a tent wasn't very spacious: about 4 by 3 meters, with a tiny front room. Each contubernium had a mule, to carry the heavy stuff when the army was marching.
 2.Centuria
10 contubernia formed a centuria (80 men) together. Every centuria had his own fieldsigncarrier, a signifer. The leader of such a centuria was the centurio. When you were a good soldier, you could become, via the rank of optio (assistent of a centurio), a centurio. When you were centurio, you were the leader of a low ranked centuria. Sons of senators and other rich persons in Rome became the commander of the high ranked centuria. They became this because they needed military experience for a good political career. The centurio of the highest centuria (the first centuria of the first cohort) was the primipilus. A skilled centurio had also a good chance to become commander of a camp (prefects castrorum).
 3. Legioen
10 cohorts were a legion together (4800 men). The leader of a legion was the legatus. Very often, he was helped by 5 or 6 tribuni, lads who needed military experience for their career. A legion had more than 4800 infantry: it had the disposal of about 60 catapultae en ballistae. A catapulta shot arrows, and a ballista shot rocks. A legion had also the disposal of a lot of doctors, trumpeters, bakers, executioners, veterinary surgeons, novelist, writers, carpenters and blacksmiths. The legion could provide for itself like this. Altogether a legion counts about 5500 to 6000 men.
3. The life of a Roman soldier
A lad who wanted to serve in the Roman army as a legionarius, became a tiro, soldier in training, when he was about 17-18 years old. After he was trained for legionarius he was put in a centuria. When the legionarius was trying to do the best he could do, and he had talent, he could become an optio. When the optio was good and had succes, and a centurio died or resigned, the optio could be promoted to the rank of centurio. When the centurio was very good, and was respectedhe could even be promoted to primipilus. A normal soldier couldn't reach any higher rank then that. It wasn't easy to make such a career, and it almost never succeeded. So the most soldiers became after their 22 years of serving a veteranus, veteran. He was about 45 years old then.
4. Camps, Forts and Fortresses
There are traditionally three main types of Roman fortification; the Marching Camp, the Auxiliary Fort and the Legionary fortress. To these three basic types there has been recently added a fourth classification, that of Vexillation Fortress.
There are also smaller fortifications such as Fortlets, Signal Stations, Light Houses and Watch Towers. Of these types, the Fortlets may be viewed simply as small forts posessed of an unorthodox interior layout and with no administrative buildings, but these latter classes which, in general, are localised in thei

1.Marching Camps
These are characterized by a single narrow ditch and interior rampart, are generally rectangular in outline, but can vary widely in size. These camps generally represent the entrenchments made by a single Roman army unit for an overnight stop in field conditions, when the enemy is close at hand and there is chance of an attack. The size of the army unit on the march would obviously dictate the actual dimensions of the camp.
2. Auxiliary Forts
These were generally rectangular or square in outline, posessed of a substantial rampart and may have several ditch systems. They were constructed at first mainly of timber but later in stone, and housed troops from allied and Romanized nations, who would become full Roman citizens on discharge, the Auxilia. These troops were not as highly trained (or as well paid) as were the citizen troops of the Roman Legions, and although they made their own Marching Camps, their Garrison Forts were actually built by the legionaries.
 3. Legionary Fortresses
These were, as the name implies, the permanent strategic military encampments of the Roman legions, which were occupied for any period between tens of years like Viroconium (Wroxeter) or even centuries like Eburacum (York). As they were built to house an entire legion, where the number of soldiers did not vary (i.e. c.5,200 legionaries), their size is fairly uniform at around fifty acres. Their defences are massive, generally of stone, although the Fortress at Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) was occupied for only a short period


title: Презентация на тему: The Russian Federation

text:
The Russian Federation
.
The Goal
Territory
Its area is about 17 million square kilometers
It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia
. Russia is washed by the seas of the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Arctic oceans
Poets and writers
A.S. Pushkin
F.M. Dostoevskiy,
A. Solgzhenitsin
Nobel Prize
     Pyotr Kapiza won the Nobel Prize in Physics (in 1978)
A.Sakharov(1975)
M.Gorbachev(1990)
resources
Coal
Ores
Oil
Gas
Gold
Baikal
The President D. Medvedev
 The capital Moscow
The Tzar-Bell and The Tzar-Cannon
The result


title: Презентация на тему: The Rockefeller center

text:
THE ROCKEFELLER CENTER.
THE ROCKEFELLER CENTER OR ROCKEFELLER PLAZA IS A COMPLEX OF 19 COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
The Rockefeller Center was named after John D. Rockefeller, Jr.

 Principal architect was Raymond Hood.
ROOF GARDEN OF ROCKEFELLER PLAZA BUILDINGS
A BRONZE STATUE OF ATLAS WAS INSTALLED IN 1937.
The famous Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree
THE ROCKEFELLER CENTER  IS HOME TO THE LEGENDARY NBC STUDIOS AND SATURDAY NIGHT LIFE.
The Rockefeller Center is also a popular destination for art enthusiasts


title: Презентация на тему: Terra Australis lncognita

text:
    1. National colors and symbols.
    2. Geography and climate.
    3. The Agriculture.
    4.Industry.
    5. The Strange World of Australian Animals.
    6.Quiz.
Australia has several different climatic regions, from warm to subtropical and tropical. There are tropical forest in the north-east because the winds from the sea bring heavy rainfalls, especially in tropical summer. The climate in the west is very dry and more than half of Australia gets very little rain. In the south-west and east the winds bring rain in winter.
   The flag of Australia is the only one to fly over a whole continent. The small Union Jack represents the historical link with Britain, the large sever-pointed star represents the six States and the Territories, and the small stars form the Southern Cross-a prominent feature of the southern hemisphere  night sky.
The strange world of Australian Animals
200
5
20
75
quiz
Spring
Autumn
Winter
Summer
quiz
Kangaroo and Dingo.
Koala and Parrot.
Kangaroo and Emu.

Kangaroo and Koala
quiz


title: Презентация на тему: The Russian Federation The politics of Russia

text:
The Russian Federation
The politics of Russia
Russia is a federal presidential republic.
According to the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state
The head of government, the prime minister, is appointed by the president and confirmed by the State Duma.
The President is the head of state and is elected by popular vote every six years for a maximum of two consecutive terms. The original constitution had four-year presidential terms, but this was amended to six years by parliament late in 2008.
The Federal Assembly of Russia is the Parliament of Russia
It consists of the State Duma, which is the lower house, and the Federation Council, which is the upper house. Both houses are located in Moscow
.
The Federation Council (the upper house)
The State Duma (the lower house)
The 450 deputies are elected each five years following constitutional amendments.
All bills, even those proposed by the Federation Council, must first be considered by the State Duma. Once a bill is passed by a majority in the Duma, a draft law is sent back to the Federation Council. If the Council rejects it, the two houses may form a commission to work out a compromise.
The State Duma and the Federation Council usually meet separately. Joint sessions are organized when the President of Russia delivers his annual address to the Federal Assembly and in some other very rare occasions.


text:
Russia is the largest country in the world. Its area is 17.075.400 sq kilometer . The population of this country 145.600 million people.

The Russian Federation occupies two continents: Europe and Asia.
The capital of Russia is Moscow
In Russia there are also many other big cities such as St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Ekaterinburg, Rostov-na-Donu, Nizhny Novgorod.
Russian is the official language in Russia. But the population of this country is mixed. So people speak different languages.
Russia is one of the most powerful and advanced countries in the world.


title: Презентация на тему: The Royal Family

text:
	Elizabeth II's full name is Elizabeth Alexandra Mary. She was born on April 21, 1926. She never went to school and was taught by home tutors. In 1947 she married Prince Philip; he was created Duke of Edinburgh. A year later she gave birth to a son, Charles. In 1950 she gave a birth to a daughter, Anne. Elizabeth succeeded to the throne after the death of her father in February in 1952. Her second son, Andrew, was born in 1960 and the third, Edward, in 1964.
The Queen
Prince Philip
The Duke of Edinburgh
Prince
Charles
Prince
of
Wales
Lady
Diana
Spencer
Princess
Anne
The
Royal
Princess
Captain
Mark
Phillips
Prince
Andrew
The Duke
Of
York
Sarah
Ferguson
Sophie
Rhys-
Jones
Prince
Edward
Earl of
Wessex
Prince
William
Prince
Henry
Peter
Phillips
Zara
Phillips
Princess
Beatrice
Princess
Eugenie
Louise
James
The order of succession to the British Throne
1. HRH The Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales (1948)
2. HRH Prince William of Wales, eldest son of The Prince Charles (1982)
3. HRH Prince Henry of Wales, younger son of The Prince Charles (1984)
4. HRH The Prince Andrew, The Duke of York, second son of HM Queen Elizabeth II (1960)
5. HRH Princess Beatrice of York, elder daughter of The Prince Andrew (1988)
6. HRH Princess Eugenie of York, younger daughter of The Prince Andrew (1990)
7. HRH The Prince Edward, The Earl of Wessex, youngest son of HM Queen Elizabeth II (1964)
8. James Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten Windsor, Viscount Severn, son of HRH The Prince Edward, The Earl of Wessex (2007)
9. Lady Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Mountbatten Windsor, daughter of HRH The Prince Edward, The Earl of Wessex (2003)
10. HRH The Princess Anne, The Princess Royal, only daughter of HM Queen Elizabeth II (1950)
11. Peter Phillips, son of The Princess Anne (1977)
12. Zara Phillips, daughter of The Princess Anne (1981)
	The Queen celebrates her actual birthday on 21
April. She also celebrates her official birthday on either
the first or the second, and sometimes the third, Saturday
in June.
	King Edward VII, who was born on 9 November, was
the first Sovereign to mark his official birthday on a
separate day to his actual birthday throughout his reign,
holding celebrations in either May or June.
Trooping the Colour
Afterwards the Royal Family gathers
on the balcony of Buckingham Palace
to watch a Red Arrows fly-past.
Thousands of spectators watch
as the Queen marks her official
birthday with Trooping the
Colour.
The Queen's Role
Head of State
As Head of State, the Queen goes on official State visits abroad. She also
invites other world leaders to come to the United Kingdom. During their
visit, Heads of State usually stay at Buckingham Palace  or sometimes at
Windsor Castle or Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh.
Head of the Armed Forces
The Queen is also the Head of the Armed Forces. She is the only person
who can declare when the country is at war and when war is over.
Head of the Church of England
The Queen is Head of the Church of England - a position that all British
monarchs have held since it was founded by Henry VIII in the 1530s.
The Queen appoints archbishops and bishops on the advice of the Prime
Minister. The spiritual leader of the Church of England is the Archbishop of
Canterbury.
Represents the Nation
The Queen represents the nation at times of great celebration or sorrow.
	Being the Queen is a really busy job. Elizabeth II gets up early and begins
her day by looking through the newspapers. The Queen has daily meetings with
her Private Secretary who helps her to go through her paperwork, and lots of
meetings with ambassadors, new judges, and bishops.
	She opens hospitals, bridges and factories. Once a week, the Queen has
a meeting with the Prime Minister and they discuss government business.
Elizabeth II has to work from early morning until late at night and people watch
her all the time.
Queen Elizabeth II is the 40th  monarch since William the Conqueror obtained the crown of England.
Tony Blair is the first Prime Minister to have been born during The Queen's reign. He was born in early May 1953 - a month before the Coronation.
During her reign, The Queen has undertaken over 256 official overseas visits to 129 different countries.
The Queen has opened 15 bridges in the United Kingdom during her reign.
The Queen has given over 91 State banquets during her reign.
The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh have sent about 37,500 Christmas cards during The Queen's reign.
The Queen learnt to drive in 1945 when she joined the Army.
In 1969 the first television film about the family life of the Royal Family was made, and shown on the eve of the Investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales.
In 2002, at 76 years of age, The Queen was the oldest monarch to celebrate a Golden Jubilee. The youngest was James I (James VI of Scotland) at 51 years.
The Queen has received over 3 million items of correspondence during her reign.
Over the reign, Her Majesty has given regular Tuesday evening audiences to 10 British Prime Ministers.
The Queen sent her first email in 1976 from an Army base.
In 1997, The Queen launched Buckingham Palace's first official website.
The Queen has opened Parliament every year except 1959 and 1963, when she was expecting Prince Andrew and Prince Edward respectively.
The Queen was the first British Monarch to visit China when she visited in 1986.
In summer 2005, The Queen opened the first "children's trail" in the Buckingham Palace garden for the Summer Opening.


title: Презентация на тему: The Role of Zabaikalskaya Junior Academy of Science in Motivating Schoolchildren To research Work

text:
I have been interested in research work for 4 years.
 Zabaikalskaya Junior Academy of Science was founded in 1975 by initiative of Konstantinova Vera Petrovna
Vasyak Lubov Vladimirovna, the graduator of  ZJSA. She had been working in  ZJSA for 4 years. Now she is the docent of pedagogical science of  ZabIRTE.
Our students take part in town and regional conferences, too.
Participation in conferences
Results
Where studies or works
1.  Baksheeva Yulia
Town conference
1st place
ZabSTTU
2.Sorochenko Dmitriy
Town and regional conferences
The 1st and 2nd places
University in Toronto (Canada)
3.Tarelkina Evgenia
Town and regional conferences
A certificate of  a participant
4. Zamyakina Olga
Town and regional conferences
-
An interpreter of Chinese
5.Stegaresku Maria
Town conference
-
State Technical University
6. Kulakova Olga
Town conference
A certificate of  a participant
Moscow State University of Economics
7.  Ufimtseva Daria
Town conference
-
University in Moscow
8. Melnikova Natalia
Town conference
3rd place
An interpreter of English
9.Fyodorova Ekaterina
Town and regional conferences
1st places
The Winners of Conferences in Other Sections
Bibliography


title: Презентация на тему: The royal family

text:
Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother -    King George VI
Prince Charles
Princess Anne
Prince Edward
Prince Andrew
Princess Diana
Prince Henry
Prince William
The Queen is Head of State of the UK and 15 other Commonwealth realms. The elder daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, she was born in 1926 and became Queen at the age of 25, and has reigned through more than five decades of enormous social change and development. The Queen is married to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and has four children and eight grandchildren
Prince Philip Mountbatten, the Duke of Edinburgh
Born 10 June 1921
Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George)
born 14 November 1948
 The eldest sonof Queen Elizabeth and Prince. He is concerned about the environment and about living conditions in  Britain's cities.He sometimes makes speeches which are critical of aspects of modern life.
Princess Diana married Prince  Charles in 1981 The couple separated in 1992 and later divorced Princess Diana died as the result of a car accident in 1997 She was a glamorous and popular figure during her lifetime
Prince William
 is the elder son of The Prince of Wales and the late Diana, Princess of Wales. On 16 November 2010, The Prince of Wales announced the engagement of Prince William to Miss Catherine Middleton. The wedding will take place in the Spring or Summer of 2011, in London.
Prince Harry
is the younger son of The Prince of Wales and the late Diana, Princess of Wales.
Princess Anne (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise)
August 15, 1950
She separated from her husband after they had one son and one daughter She married again in 1992 She is widely respected for her charity work, which she does in a spirit of realism
The Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
(Edward Antony Richard Louis)
born 10 March 1964
He is involved in theatrical production He married Sophie Rhys Jones in 1999 He and his wife are the Duke and Duchess of Wessex


title: Презентация на тему: Terrorism

text:
T E R R O R I S M
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim
The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that .draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause
The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing                                                   targets that                                               symbolize                                                what they                                                oppose.
For example, in 1972 at the Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. The Israelis were the immediate victims.
But the true target was the estimated 1 billion people watching the televised event.
Key criteria
Violence
Psychological impact and fear
Perpetrated for a political goal
Deliberate targeting of non-combatants
Unlawfulness or illegitimacy
T Y P E S
Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state
Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
Imposition of a particular form of government
Economic deprivation of a population
Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
Religious fanatism
Some famous terrorist organizations of the 20th century include:
the American Ku Klux Klan (founded in 1865 and revived several times since),
the Irish Republican Army (founded 1919),
the Pakistani Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad,
two pre-state Zionist groups: Irgun (founded 1931) and Lehi (founded 1940),
the Spanish ETA (founded 1959),
the Canadian Front de Libération du Québec (founded 1963),
the Palestine Liberation Organization (founded 1964),
the German Red Army Faction (also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang, founded 1967),
the Italian Red Brigade (founded 1969),
the American Weathermen (founded in 1969),
the Peruvian Shining Path (active since the late 1960s),
the Palestinian Black September (founded 1970),
Puerto Rico's Los Macheteros (founded 1976),
Hezbollah (founded 1982,
the Islamic Jihad (active in Egypt and Palestine since the late 1970s) and
internationaly acting al-Qaeda (founded in 1988).
List of terrorist incidents
2001 September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack ("9/11") kills thousands in New York, and hundreds in Washington, D.C. and Pennsylvania.
THE LEADERS
Civil disorder

Political terrorism

Non-Political terrorism

Quasi-terrorism

Limited political
   terrorism
Official or state terrorism
2000s
2002 Moscow theatre siege
May 12, 2003 - Riyadh Compound Bombings--bombings of United States expat housing compounds in Saudi Arabia kill 26 and injure 160. Al-Qaeda blamed.
2003 Borrowing a name from a 1996 book on the tactic, Shock and Awe, the U.S. president targeted the civil infrastructure of Iraq to terrorize supporters of Saddam Hussein.
T E R R O R I S M
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim
The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that .draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause
The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing                                                   targets that                                               symbolize                                                what they                                                oppose.
For example, in 1972 at the Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. The Israelis were the immediate victims.
But the true target was the estimated 1 billion people watching the televised event.
Key criteria
Violence
Psychological impact and fear
Perpetrated for a political goal
Deliberate targeting of non-combatants
Unlawfulness or illegitimacy
T Y P E S
Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state
Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
Imposition of a particular form of government
Economic deprivation of a population
Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
Religious fanatism
Some famous terrorist organizations of the 20th century include:
the American Ku Klux Klan (founded in 1865 and revived several times since),
the Irish Republican Army (founded 1919),
the Pakistani Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad,
two pre-state Zionist groups: Irgun (founded 1931) and Lehi (founded 1940),
the Spanish ETA (founded 1959),
the Canadian Front de Libération du Québec (founded 1963),
the Palestine Liberation Organization (founded 1964),
the German Red Army Faction (also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang, founded 1967),
the Italian Red Brigade (founded 1969),
the American Weathermen (founded in 1969),
the Peruvian Shining Path (active since the late 1960s),
the Palestinian Black September (founded 1970),
Puerto Rico's Los Macheteros (founded 1976),
Hezbollah (founded 1982,
the Islamic Jihad (active in Egypt and Palestine since the late 1970s) and
internationaly acting al-Qaeda (founded in 1988).
List of terrorist incidents
2001 September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack ("9/11") kills thousands in New York, and hundreds in Washington, D.C. and Pennsylvania.
THE LEADERS
Civil disorder

Political terrorism

Non-Political terrorism

Quasi-terrorism

Limited political
   terrorism
Official or state terrorism
2000s
2002 Moscow theatre siege
May 12, 2003 - Riyadh Compound Bombings--bombings of United States expat housing compounds in Saudi Arabia kill 26 and injure 160. Al-Qaeda blamed.
2003 Borrowing a name from a 1996 book on the tactic, Shock and Awe, the U.S. president targeted the civil infrastructure of Iraq to terrorize supporters of Saddam Hussein.
T E R R O R I S M
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim
The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that .draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause
The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing                                                   targets that                                               symbolize                                                what they                                                oppose.
For example, in 1972 at the Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. The Israelis were the immediate victims.
But the true target was the estimated 1 billion people watching the televised event.
Key criteria
Violence
Psychological impact and fear
Perpetrated for a political goal
Deliberate targeting of non-combatants
Unlawfulness or illegitimacy
T Y P E S
Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state
Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
Imposition of a particular form of government
Economic deprivation of a population
Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
Religious fanatism
Some famous terrorist organizations of the 20th century include:
the American Ku Klux Klan (founded in 1865 and revived several times since),
the Irish Republican Army (founded 1919),
the Pakistani Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad,
two pre-state Zionist groups: Irgun (founded 1931) and Lehi (founded 1940),
the Spanish ETA (founded 1959),
the Canadian Front de Libération du Québec (founded 1963),
the Palestine Liberation Organization (founded 1964),
the German Red Army Faction (also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang, founded 1967),
the Italian Red Brigade (founded 1969),
the American Weathermen (founded in 1969),
the Peruvian Shining Path (active since the late 1960s),
the Palestinian Black September (founded 1970),
Puerto Rico's Los Macheteros (founded 1976),
Hezbollah (founded 1982,
the Islamic Jihad (active in Egypt and Palestine since the late 1970s) and
internationaly acting al-Qaeda (founded in 1988).
List of terrorist incidents
2001 September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack ("9/11") kills thousands in New York, and hundreds in Washington, D.C. and Pennsylvania.
THE LEADERS


title: Презентация на тему: The shamrock and the red hand are the national symbols of Northern Ireland

text:
The shamrock and the red hand are the national symbols of Northern Ireland.
It is a very green country.
Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.
St. Patrick's Cathedral
Gosford Castle
Big Fish sculpture
Belfast castle
Irish dances
Ireland is the country of people with red hair.


text:
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world.
Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers.
 THE  PRESIDENT

THE FEDERAL
 ASSEMBLY
 the Federation Counsil
2 representatives from
each federal subject
the Duma
 450 deputies
THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
   the Chairman
  of the Government,
 Ministers

       THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

    THE PEOPLE
 All men and women over 18

Match these important dates in the history of Russia
with the events.
1147 1237 1613 1703

1812 1861 1917
1941

1980 1991
Napoleon tries to conquer Russia the USSR enters World War II Alexander II writes the decree abolishing serfdom Khan  Batyi of the Golden Horde  conquers Moscow, the Tartar yoke which lasted until the 16th century begins Peter the Great founds St Petersburg on 16 May the USSR breaks up Moscow hosts the XX Olympic Games Mikhail Romanov is elected Tsar of all Russia, the Romanov dynasty begins
the October Revolution takes place Yuri Dolgoruky founds Moscow
Make sure that you know the Russian national holidays and festivals and match the names of the holidays, the dates and their descriptions.
1 January 7 January February/March
23 February 8 March March/April 1 May 9 May 12 June 7 November 12 December
Medvedev is the third president of the Russian Federation
Alexander Pushkin
(1799-1837),

      the greatest poet and writer
Peter Tchaikovsky
(1840-1893),

a Russian composer
Georgy Zhukov
(1896-1974),

a famous Russian officer,
marshal of the USSR
Yuri Gagarin
(1934-1968),

the first Russian cosmonaut


title: Презентация на тему: The school uniform: in Great Britain, in the USA, in Canada

text:
The school uniform: in Great Britain,in the USA,in Canada.
The question of whether children should wear a uniform to school always makes for a lively debate, and not only among students! In some countries school uniform is normal and most schools make their students wear one. Britain is the most obvious example of this, but in many other countries with strong links to Britain uniform often has to be worn to school - examples include Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Africa and many other African countries. Uniform is also required at almost all schools in Japan. In other countries, particularly in continental Europe, the USA and Canada, uniform is very rare in state-funded schools, although private schools may have one.
This topic looks at a very large number of arguments about uniforms.
Arguments:
Pros
Cons
Making everyone wear the same school uniform goes against our rights.
Schools with uniforms obtain better educational results. This is because there is better discipline and so the school setting makes learning easier.
Uniform is often not practical or pleasant to wear. Designs are often old-fashioned and ugly.
Uniform is a social leveler - it makes all the children at a school equal no matter what their family background or income.
Forcing children to wear uniform can ignore their religious and cultural needs
Uniform is usually cheaper than letting children choose what they will wear to school.
Wearing a school uniform is not good preparation for working. Only a few jobs require uniforms, and many of these are low-paid service jobs
Wearing a uniform helps to prepare students for the world of work, where uniforms are often worn.

Young people in Britain often don't like their school uniform, especially the hats and shoes. Sometimes they do not wear the right clothes. Schools will often give them a warning the first time that this happens but then will punish them if they continue not to wear the correct uniform. Senior students don't have to wear their school uniform.
School uniform in the USA.
     During the 1990s state schools in the USA began to adopt uniforms. At first uniform rules were seen as a way of stopping children dressing in gang colours in troubled urban areas. Later, claims that introducing uniform leads to better discipline and educational results encouraged other school districts and schools to make a change. Both the Clinton and Bush administrations have been in favour of school uniforms.
     Until the early to mid 1970s, the uniform for girls almost always consisted of a skirt or jumper; but it is now common, in the United States, for female pupils to wear uniform shorts or slacks, especially in warmer weather. This is mainly the result of changing societal norms that resulted in a trend for women and girls in most levels of society to wear trousers and shorts, instead of skirts and dresses, for everyday life. Today, most schools require girls to wear skirts, others allow girls the choice of skirts or culottes and pants.
Boys typically wear a collared shirt, tie, and slacks of required colors, although polo shirts have to some extent replaced dress shirt.
Both sexes usually wear a sweater or blazer (or both) when required by regulations or weather.
Some schools have unisex uniforms--most often a distinctive shirt, and sometimes pants of a given color.
Uniforms may vary based on time of year. At many schools, students are excused from having to wear the fairly formal (and warm) uniforms described above during the hotter months of the school year in favor of lighter uniform clothing. However, at some schools appearance and formality prevail over comfort and students must suffer through the warm weather in their full uniform, which can include long sleeved dress shirts, ties, wool sweaters, blazers, wool skirts or jumpers, and knee socks or tights.

School uniform in Canada.A kilted skirt is sometimes worn, especially in schools with predominantly Celtic student populations. In some parts of Canada, the skirt has been modified to include an attached pair of shorts beneath, for modesty called a skort. Bike shorts are often worn under girls' skirts or jumpers for modesty. Culottes are also sometimes substituted for a skirt, especially at Episcopalian or non-parochial private schools.

The Catholic school uniform in Canada consists of a pleated plaid skirt or jumper (a sleeveless dress), Mary Jane or saddle shoes, a blouse, and a sweater, for girls; for boys, a button-down shirt, a necktie, and dark pants. Actual school uniforms vary widely by location and individual school.Nearly all Roman Catholic schools have some form of dress code, and most of them (especially those with students in the lower grade levels) have a mandatory uniform policy.
The girls' uniform has become an iconic figure in Western culture. The hit 1998 music video for Britney Spears' first single, "...Baby One More Time" featured Spears and a number of backup dancers wearing a modified version of the Catholic school uniform, making the video somewhat controversial, especially given Spears' young age at the time. This would not be the last time the iconic costume would be used or referenced in a music video in recent years, however.


title: Презентация на тему: The Shadow of Di’s Smile

text:
CHILDHOOD AND TEENAGE YEARS
Diana, Princess of Wales, formerly Lady Diana Frances	 Spencer, was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House near Sandringbam, Norfolk. She was the youngest daughter of the then Viscount and Viscountess Althorp, now the late (8th) Earl Spencer and the Hon. Mrs Shand-Kydd, daughter of the 4th Baron Fermoy. Earl Spencer was Equerry to George VI from 1950 to 1952, and to The Queen from 1952 to 1954. Lady Diana's parents, who had married in 1954, separated in 1967 and the marriage was dissolved in 1969. Ear! Spencer later married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth in 1976.
	Together with her two elder sisters Sarah (born 1955), Jane (born 1957) and her younger brother Charles (born 1964), Lady Diana continued to five with her father at Park House, Sandringham, until the death of her grandfather, the 7th Earl Spencer. In 1975, the family moved to the Spencer family seat at Althorp (a stately house dating from 1508) in Northamptonshire, in the English Midlands.

Lady Diana was educated first at a preparatory school, Riddlesworth Hail at Diss, Norfolk, and then in 1974 went as a boarder to West Heath, near Sevenoaks, Kent. At school she showed a particular tafent for music (as an accomplished pianist), dancing and domestic science, and gained the school's award for the girl giving maximum help to the school and her schoolfellows. She left West Heath in 1977 and went to finishing school at the Institut Alpin Videmanette in Rougemont, Switzerland, which she left after the Easter term of 1978. The following year she moved to a flat in Coleherne Court, London. For a while she looked after the child of an American couple, and she worked as a kindergarten teacher at the Young England School in Pimitco.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
On 24 February 1981 it was officially announced that Lady Diana was to marry The Prince of Wales. As neighbours at Sandringham until 1975, their families had known each other for many years, and Lady Diana and the The Prince had met again when he was invited to a weekend at Althorp in November 1977.
   They were married at St Paul's Cathedral in London on 29 July 1981, in a ceremony which drew a global television and radio audience estimated at around 1,000 million people, and hundreds of thousands of people lining the route from Buckingham Palace to the Cathedral. The wedding reception was at Buckingham Palace.

		The marriage was solemnised by the Archbishop of Canterbury Dr Runcie, together with the Dean of St Paul's; clergy from other denominations read prayers. Music included the hymns 'Christ is made the sure foundation', 'I vow to thee my country1, the anthem 'I was glad' (by Sir Hubert Parry), a specially composed anthem 'Let the people praise thee' by Professor Mathias, and Handel's 'Let the bright seraphim' performed by Dame Kiri te Kanawa. The lesson was read by the Speaker of the House of Commons, Mr George Thomas (the iate Lord Tonypandy).
	The Princess was the first Englishwoman to marry an heir to the throne
      for 300 years (when Lady Anne Hyde married the future James II from whom the Princess was descended). The bride wore a silk taffeta dress with a 25-foot train designed by the Emanuels, her veil was held in place by the Spencer family diamond tiara, and she carried a bouquet of gardenias, !ilies-of-the-valley, white freesia, golden roses, white orchids and stephanotis. She was attended by five bridesmaids including Princess Margaret's daughter Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones (now Lady Sarah Chatto); Prince Andrew (now The Duke of York) and Prince Edward were The Prince of Waies's supporters (a Royal custom instead of a best man).
	The Prince and Princess of Waies spent part of their honeymoon at the Mountbatten family home at Broadlands, Hampshire, before flying to Gibraltar to join the Royal Yacht HMY BRITANNIA for a 12-day cruise through the Mediterranean to Egypt. They finished their honeymoon with a stay at Balmoral.
The Prince and Princess made their principal home at Highgrove House nearTetbury, Gloucestershire, and shared an apartment in Kensington Palace.
	The Princess of Wales had two sons. Prince William Arthur Philip Louis was born on 21 June 1982 and Prince Henry (Harry) Charles Albert David on 15 September 1984, both at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, in London. The Princess had seventeen godchildren.
		In December 1992 it was announced that The Prince and Princess of Wales had agreed to separate. The Princess based her household and her office at Kensington Palace, while The Prince was based at St James's Palace and continued to live at Highgrove.
	In November 1995, the Princess gave a television interview during which she spoke of her unhappiness in her personal life and the pressures of her public role. The Prince and Princess were divorced on 28 August 1996.
	The Prince and Princess continued to share equal responsibility for the upbringing of their children. The Princess, as the mother of Prince William (second in line to the throne), continued to be regarded as a member of the Royal family. The Queen, The Prince and The Princess of Wales agreed that the Princess was to be known after the divorce as Diana, Princess of Wales, without the style of 'Her Royal Highness1 (as the Princess was given the style 'HRH1 on marriage she would therefore be expected to give it up on divorce). The Princess continued to live at Kensington Palace, with her office based there.
PUBLIC ROLE
	After her marriage, The Princess of Wales quickly became involved in the official duties of the Royal family. Her first tour with The Prince was a three-day visit to Wales in October 1981. In 1983 she accompanied The Prince on a tour of Australia and New Zealand, and they took the infant Prince William with them. Prince William, with Prince Harry, again joined The Prince and Princess at the end of their tour to Italy in 1985. Other official overseas visits undertaken with The Prince included Australia (for the bicentenary celebrations in 1988), Brazil, India, Canada, Nigeria, Cameroon, Indonesia, Spain, Italy, France, Portugal and Japan (for the enthronement of Emperor Akihito). Their last joint overseas visit was to South Korea in 1992.
	The Princess's first official visit overseas on her own was in September 1982, when she represented The Queen at the state funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco. The Princess's first solo overseas tour was in February 1984 when she travelled to Norway to attend a performance of Carmen by the London City Ballet, of which she was patron. The Princess subsequently visited many countries including Germany, the United States, Pakistan, Switzerland, Hungary, Egypt, Belgium, France, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Nepal.

The Princess's first official visit overseas on her own was in September 1982, when she represented The Queen at the state funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco. The Princess's first solo overseas tour was in February 1984 when she travelled to Norway to attend a performance of Carmen by the London City Ballet, of which she was patron. The Princess subsequently visited many countries including Germany, the United States, Pakistan, Switzerland, Hungary, Egypt, Belgium, France, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Nepal.
	Although the Princess was renowned for her style and was closely associated with the fashion world, patronising and raising the profile of younger British designers, she was best known for her charitable work.
	During her marriage, the Princess was president or patron of over 100 charities. The Princess did much to publicise work on behalf of homeless and also disabled people, children and people with HIV/Aids.
In December 1993, the Princess announced that she would be reducing the extent of her public life in order to combine 'a meaningful public role with a more private life1.After her separation from The Prince, the Princess continued to appear With the Royal family on major national occasions, such as the commemorations of the 50th anniversary of VE (Victory in Europe) and VJ (Victory over Japan) Days in 1995.
	Following her divorce, the Princess resigned most of her charity and other patronages, and
	relinquished ail her Service appointments with military units. The Princess remained as patron of Centrepoint (homeless charity), English National	Ballet, Leprosy Mission and National Aids Trust, and as President of the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street and of the Royal Marsden Hospital. In June 1997, the Princess attended receptions in London and New York as previews of the sale of a number of dresses and suits worn by her on official engagements, with the proceeds going to charity.
	The Princess spent her 36th and last birthday on 1 July 1997 attending the Tate Gailery's 100th Anniversary celebrations. Her last official engagement in Britain was on 21 July, when she visited Northwick Park Hospital, London (children's accident and emergency unit).
	In the year before her death, the Princess was an active campaigner for a ban on the manufacture and use of land mines. In January 1997, she visited Angola as part of her campaign, in June, the Princess spoke at the landmines conference at the Royal Geographical Society in London, and this was followed by a visit to Washington DC in the United States on 17/18 June to promote the American Red Cross landmines campaign (separately, she also met Mother Teresa in The Bronx). The Princess's last public engagements were during her visit to Bosnia from 7 to 10 August, when she visited landmine projects in Travnic, Sarajevo and Zenezica,
	It was in recognition of her charity work that representatives of the charities with which she worked during her life were invited to walk behind her coffin with her family from St James's Palace to Westminster Abbey on the day of her funeral
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund
	In the wake of the Princess of Wales's premature death, a Memorial Fund was established to receive charitable donations from members of the public. Its goal is to commemorate the life of the Princess and to support the causes with which she was associated. The administration of the Fund, an independent charity, was initially coordinated by the Office ofDiana, Princess of Wales at Kensington Palace. The Fund's office is due to move to offices at County Hall, London, in the autumn.
	The first disbursements, totalling 313 million, were made from the Fund in March 1998. The six causes of which the Princess of Wales was either patron or president at the time of her death each received grants of about Jl million ($1.6 million). These were: Centrepoint, the English National Ballet, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, The Leprosy Mission, the National AIDS Trust and the Royal Marsden National Health Service Hospital Trust.

The Osteopathic Centre for Children, for whose new centre the Princess was to have launched the 'Sweet Pea Appeal' in September 1997, also received a grant of 31 million. A simitar amount will also be apportioned amongst organisations concerned with land mine issues.
	The Trustees further set aside around 35 million (38 million) to be shared between the 95 charitable causes with which the Princess had previously been involved. These organisations are being asked to submit proposals to the Fund based on projects for 'vulnerable young people', 'children', 'the socially excluded' and 'survivors'.
	In }une 1998, the Memorial Fund announced grants totalling over 3548,000 to 10 charity projects: Seeability (formerly the Royal School for the Blind), Disability Sports England, Chicken Shed Theatre Company, RELATE National, HEADWAY (National Head Injuries Association), the British Lung Foundation, Freshfield Service (street drug agency in Cornwall), Barnardos UK, Barnardos Australia and Barnardos New Zealand.
	A further series of grants totalling over 3532,000 were announced later in the same month for the following projects: the Aids charity London Lighthouse, the St Matthew Society (towards the building of a house for homeless people in Norfolk), the Passage (for refurbishing a building in London for homeless people), Refuge (for counselling women and child victims of domestic violence), British Youth Opera (for young people to perform in the 1998 Princess of Wales Summer Season), Gloucestershire County Cricket Club (for a sporting education centre to introduce cricket to disadvantaged young people), Childline, Scottish Pre-School Play Association, Chester Summer Music Festival (for its education outreach programme) and the Albany (for an arts education project for a deprived area of southeast London).
	The Memorial Fund has also awarded a 31 million grant to Park House in the surroundings of the Sandringham Estate in west Norfolk. Park House is a specially designed hotel for disabled people run by the Leonard Cheshire Foundation, and the grant will be used to develop a day care centre and a domiciliary care service for disabled people in the local community.

        The Memorial Fund has also awarded a 31 million grant to Park House in the surroundings of the Sandringham Estate in west Norfolk. Park House is a specially designed hotel for disabled people run by the Leonard Cheshire Foundation, and the grant will be used to develop a day care centre and a domiciliary care service for disabled people in the local community.
	The Memorial Fund has also awarded a 31 million grant to Park House in the surroundings of the Sandringham Estate in west Norfolk. Park House is a specially designed hotel for disabled people run by the Leonard Cheshire Foundation, and the grant will be used to develop a day care centre and a domiciliary care service for disabled people in the local community.
	Sinces its beginning in 1997, the memorial fund has continued to give grants to charities and similar organisations as a 'living memorial' to Diana, Princess of Wales.
	Money from the Fund is not being used to meet the costs of memorial projects for the Princess which have been approved by the Memorial Committee.
	For information on making a donation to the Fund, or for enquiries about proposed events,
	funding, naming requests and commercial products linked with the Princess's name or her
	image, please contact:

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Committee
	The Memorial Committee was established in December 1997 to advise the government as to how the life of the Princess of Wales can best be commemorated, complementing the work of the Memorial Fund. The Committee has taken into account the views of members of the public, and has regard to the charities and causes supported by the Princess. It received more than 10,000 suggestions for appropriate memorials to the life and work of the Princess.
	The Committee was chaired by the Chancellor of the Exchequer (the Minister responsible for the Treasury, the British equivalent of the Ministry of Finance) Gordon Brown. The other nine members were the Lord Chamberlain Lord Camoys, representing the Royal Household; the Princess's sister. Lady Sarah McCorquodale, representing Earl Spencer (who also attends when he is in Great Britain) and the Princess's family; the film producer Lord Attenborough; Paul Burrell, the Princess's butler; Baroness Chalker, the former Minister for Overseas Development; the television presenter Diane Louise Jordan; the solicitor Anthony Julius; The Hon. Rosa Monckton, one of the Princess's friends; and charities representative Jane Tewson.

The Committee announced four commemoration projects, which are in varying stages of completion:
	Community children's nursing teams have been developed to support children with life-threatening and life-limiting illnesses, and their families, in their own homes (with the Government meeting the costs).
	The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Award for children aged 11 to 18 years recognises outstanding community service and children who have overcome personal problems.
	A commemorative 35 coin was issued on 1 July 1999, the anniversary of the Princess's birthday.
	A programme to commemorate the Princess in the Royal Parks is well underway. The children's playground to the north of Kensington Palace has been improved (particularly for disabled children). There is also a special 'Walk for Diana' linking four royal London parks: Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Green Park and St James's Park. The last component is a fountain in memory of Diana, Princess of Wales, which will be built on a site already selected in Hyde Park.

DEATH
	The tragic death of Diana, Princess of Wales occurred on Sunday, 31 August 1997 following a car accident in Paris, France. The vehicle in which the Princess was travelling was involved in a high-speed accident in the Place de I'Alma underpass in central Paris shortly before midnight on Saturday, 30 August. The Princess was taken to the La Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, where she underwent two hours of emergency surgery before being declared dead at 0300 BST. The Princess's companion, Mr Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the vehicle died in the accident, whilst a bodyguard was seriously injured.
	The Princess's body was subsequently repatriated to the United Kingdom in the evening of Sunday, 31 August by a BAe 146 aircraft of the Royai Squadron. The Prince of Wales and the Princess's elder sisters, Lady Sarah McCorquodale and Lady Jane Fellowes, accompanied the Princess's coffin on its return journey. Upon arrival at RAF Northolt, the coffin, draped with a Royal Standard, was removed from the aircraft and transferred to a waiting hearse by a bearer party from The Queen's Colour Squadron of the RAF. The Prime Minister was among those in the reception party.

     From RAF Northolt the coffin was taken to a private mortuary in London, so that the necessary legal formalities could be completed. Shortly after midnight, it was moved to the Chape! Royal in St James's Palace, where it lay privately until the funeral on Saturday, 6 September, in Westminster Abbey. The Princess's family and friends visited the Chapel to pay their respects.
	Following the funeral service, the coffin then was taken by road to the family estate at Althorp for a private interment. The Princess was buried in sanctified ground on an island in the centre of an ornamental lake.
THE FUNERAL
	The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales took place on Saturday, 6 September, in Westminster Abbey. It began at 11.00 a.m. and lasted for about one hour.
	Before moving in Procession to the Abbey for the service, the
	Princess's coffin had lain at the Chapel Royal, within St James's
	Palace, until the evening before the funeral. It was then moved to the Princess's apartment at Kensington Palace, where it remainedovernight. The Bishop of London and the Sub-Dean of the Chapeis Royal kept a candlelit vigil of prayer over the Princess's coffin throughout the night.
 	On the morning of the funeral her coffin was borne in Procession from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey. Her brother, Earl Spencer, Prince William, Prince Harry, The Prince of Wales and The Duke of Edinburgh, joined the Procession in The Mall and walked behind the coffin to the Abbey.
  	Following the service, the Princess's coffin was taken by road to the Spencer family home at Althorp for private burial in sanctified ground on an island in the centre of an ornamental lake. The grave faces east, towards the rising sun.
	The Althorp estate was opened to members of the public who wished to view the lake where the Princess is buried, from 1 July 1998 to 30 August 1998.
	Books of Condolence were opened for signing at St James's Palace and at Kensington Palace until 21 September. The Books were then offered to the Spencer family. Some 580,000 condolence messages sent electronically in the week after the Princess's death were also offered to the Princess's family.
	It was estimated that 31 miflion people in Britain and two and a half billion people around the worid watched the funeral on television,
The Althorp estate was opened to members of the public who wished to view the lake where the Princess is buried, from 1 July 1998 to 30 August 1998.
	Books of Condolence were opened for signing at St James's Palace and at Kensington Palace until 21 September. The Books were then offered to the Spencer family. Some 580,000 condolence messages sent electronically in the week after the Princess's death were also offered to the Princess's family.
	It was estimated that 31 miflion people in Britain and two and a half billion people around the worid watched the funeral on television,
OUTLINE OF FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS
	Movement of the coffin to St James's Palace
	Following completion of the coroner's formalities, the coffin was taken to the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace in the early hours of Monday, 1 September, where it remained until the night of Friday, 5 September. It was then moved to rest overnight in the Princess's apartment at Kensington Palace.
Procession to Westminster Abbey
	The Procession began from Kensington Palace on the morning of Saturday, 6 September at 9.08 a.m. The Princess's coffin, borne on a gun carnage of the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, and escorted on foot by a bearer party from the Welsh Guards and by mounted police, was taken to Westminster Abbey along a route lined by tens of thousands of mourners. The route passed Hyde Park, where many thousands more watched the Procession and service on two giant screens. At Hyde Park Corner, the Procession passed under Wellington Arch before moving into Constitution Hill. The Queen led members of the Royal family in paying their respects outside Buckingham Palace. Earf Spencer, Prince William, Prince Harry, The Prince of Wales and The Duke of Edinburgh joined the Procession in The Mall, together with 500 charity representatives, to walk behind the coffin on its journey to Westminster Abbey.
Westminster Abbey to Althorp
	The funeral cortnge travelled to Althorp by road. Family members travelled to Northamptonshire separately on board the Royal Train.
Committal and interment
	The coffin was subsequently interred in a private ceremony at Althorp in the afternoon of the same day as the funeral, in sanctified ground on a small island in the centre of a tranquil ornamental fake.
	The Althorp estate was opened to members of the public who wished to view the lake where the Princess is buried, from 1 July 1998 to 30 August 1998.
The Queen spoke to the nation live at 6.00 p.m. on Friday, 5 September, from the Chinese Dining Room at Buckingham Palace.
Since last Sunday's dreadful news we have seen, throughout Britain and around the world, an overwhelming expression of sadness at Diana's death.
We have ail been trying in our different ways to cope. It is not easy to express a sense of loss, since the initial shock is often succeeded by a mixture of other feelings: disbelief, incomprehension, anger - and concern for those who remain. We have all felt those emotions in these last few days. So what I say to you now, as your Queen and as a grandmother, I say from my heart.
First, I want to pay tribute to Diana myself. She was an exceptional and gifted human being. In good times and bad, she never lost her capacity to smile and laugh, nor to inspire others with her warmth and kindness. I admired and respected her - for her energy and commitment to others, and especially for her devotion to her two boys. This week at Balmoral, we have al! been trying to help William and Harry come to terms with the devastating loss that they and the rest of us have suffered.
First, I want to pay tribute to Diana myself. She was an exceptional and gifted human being. In good times and bad, she never lost her capacity to smile and laugh, nor to inspire others with her warmth and kindness. I admired and respected her - for her energy and commitment to others, and especially for her devotion to her two boys. This week at Balmoral, we have al! been trying to help William and Harry come to terms with the devastating loss that they and the rest of us have suffered.
    No-one who knew Diana will ever forget her. Millions of others who never met her, but felt they knew her, wil! remember her. I for one believe there are lessons to be drawn from her life and from the extraordinary and moving reaction to her death. I share in your determination to cherish her memory.
   This is also an opportunity for me, on behaff of my family, and especially Prince Charles and William and Harry, to thank all of you who have brought flowers, sent messages and paid your respects in so many ways to a remarkable person. These acts of kindness have been a huge source of help and comfort.
	Our thoughts are also with Diana's family and the families of those who died with her. I know that they too have drawn strength from what has happened since last weekend, as they seek to heal their sorrow and then to face the future without a loved one.
	I hope that tomorrow we can all, wherever we are, join in expressing our grief at Diana's loss, and gratitude for her all-too-short life. It is a chance to show to the whole world the British nation united in grief and respect.
	May those who died rest in peace and may we, each and every one of us, thank God for someone who made many, many people happy.


title: Презентация на тему: Terrorism

text:
TERRORISM
Made: Bambaeva Gilyana
             student of  9th grade
Checked: Guspanova L
Terrorism
            HIJACKING
           SHOOTING
       HOSTAGE CAPTURE
         BOMBING
    MURDER OF ALEXANDER II
       GRINEVICKII ASSASSINATED RUSSIAN TZAR
Nowadays
       INNOCENT PEOPLE SUFFER FROM TERRORISTIC ACTS
29.03.10. TRAGEDY IN THE MOSCOW METRO
NO TERRORISM
THE YOUTH IS AGAINST TERRORISM
            WE HONOUR AND REMEMBER VICTIMS OF TERRORISM


title: Презентация на тему: «There are a lot of cities Beautiful and fine But the city I like best Is, no doubt, mine!»

text:
«There are a lot of cities
Beautiful and fine
But the city I like best
Is, no doubt, mine!»
Polohy is a pleasant small town on the left bank of the river Konca.

The total area of the town is 1.3 thousand square km. The population is about  20 thousand people. Polohy  was founded at the end of the XIX th century as a village, but in 1937 it got its present name “Polohy” and in 1938 it became a town.

Oil Extracting Plant is one of the largest in Europe.
«Bublyc»
Our town is also a rail junction.
There is a great and comfortable railway station and a Locomotive Depot.
We have some schools, a Professional lyceum, a Gymnasium and, of course, our Collegium.

If you are interested in the history of our town, its traditions and famous people, visit our Local Museum!

 “Man travels the world over in
 search of what he needs
and returns home to find it”


title: Презентация на тему: The school in my dreams is not very big, but very comfortable.

text:
The school in my dreams is not very big, but very comfortable.

It has many beautiful classrooms,
with TV. tape-recorders,
 computers,many interesting
 pictures and other modem
 conveniences

With the help of computers we can carry out exercises and receive marks. That is very interesting
Now 1 want to tell 'you about the furniture in our classrooms. All the tables are new with computer in it, comfortable. with shelves and vases for pens
One of the parts of our cloak-room is a shower. The corridors in our school are light-filled.

In the classroom I want to sec big bookcases with many interesting books and magazines


title: Презентация на тему: The Russian National Emblem

text:
The Russian National Emblem

   The Russian National Emblem is the golden DOUBLE-HEADED eagle with a horseman ( St George) on a shield on eagle’s breast with a red background.

    Above the two heads of the eagle there is an historical crown.

It was at the time of establishment of the Russian state system and the emblem which symbolised the supreme power and sovereignty  of the of the state.
The first emblem of the double-headed
   eagle was introduced  in 1480 by Prince Ivan III.
   Since then, the double-headed eagle has been the main part of the emblem of our country.
   But the crown is the symbol of sovereignty both of the Russian Federation ( as a whole ) and of its parts (subject of the Federation).

    The state emblem shows our patron saint George, who helped our country at times of war.
The state emblem appeared in Russia in 1480.
   It is the оldest state emblem in history and contributes to our country’s traditions.
В презентации использованы материалы:
kartinki-na-rabochiy-stol.ru
ai-cdr.ucoz.ru
wwwboards.auto.ru
gr.neftegaz.ru
vse-foto.ru
art-teks.ru
peoples.ru
clubs.ya.ru
old.stjag.ru


title: Презентация на тему: The Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko

text:
YABLOKO
Yabloko Russian United Democratic Party

YABLOKO


title: Презентация на тему: The Sandwich Celebrates 250th Birthday

text:
The Sandwich Celebrates 250th Birthday
                                                    Автор презентации:                                                Королева   Наталья Анатольевна                                                       учитель английского языка                                                                             ГБОУ СОШ №79                                                                          Санкт-Петербурга                                                                                2012г
Sandwich celebrates 250th anniversary of the sandwich
                                      When John Montagu, the fourth                                 Earl of Sandwich, ordered beef                                 served between slices of bread                                about 250 years ago he probably did not think his request  would become a global convenience meal.
The story goes that the Earl asked for the particular serving so that he could eat while continuing to play cards and his friends asked "to have the same as Sandwich", according to the British Sandwich Association.
The first written record of the sandwich was in 1762 and the Kent town of Sandwich, which is the earldom of the Montagu family, is celebrating the 250th anniversary of the meal.

SANDWICHES…

Which of these topics or words from the article are most interesting and which are most boring?

 sandwich / residents / celebrating / culinary history / playing cards / port town / ancestor / contribution / fast food / roast beef / historic event / global food / bizarre
                         CULINARY HISTORY
                -  Pizza
          Considered a peasant's meal in Italy for centuries we cannot say who invented the very first pizza pie. Food historians agree that pizza like dishes were eaten by many peoples in the Mediterranean including the Greeks and Egyptians.       However, modern pizza has been attributed to baker Raffaele Esposito of Naples. In 1889, Esposito who owned a restaurant called the Pizzeria di Pietro baked what he called "pizza" especially for the visit of Italian King Umberto I and Queen Margherita.

                       CULINARY HISTORY - French fries
    The original name for French fries was "potatoes, fried in the French manner" that is how Thomas Jefferson first described the dish. Jefferson introduced French fries to the colonies in the late 1700s.
   (Tater Tots: On October 21, 1958, Tater Tots were trademark registered and eating potatoes was never the same.
    George Crum invented potato chips in 1853.)
                          CULINARY HISTORY -- Pasta

There is some evidence of an Etrusco-Roman noodle made from the same durum wheat as modern pasta called "lagane .However this food, first mentioned in the 1st century AD was not boiled like pasta, it was cooked in an oven. The next culinary leap in the history of pasta would take place a few centuries later. Like so much of southern Italian life, the Arab invasions of the 8th century heavily influenced the regional cuisine and is the most accepted theory for the introduction of pasta. The dried noodle-like product they introduced to Sicily is most likely the origins of dried pasta .

                            CULINARY HISTORY -  Kebabs

                               It is written that Christopher  Columbus     was fond of Portuguese espetadas, a beef  kebab marinated in wine and roasted on an open fire. The term  kebab comes from Turkish words literally meaning "skewer" and "roast meat," and it is a signature Turkish meal. Kebabs were a natural solution for nomadic tribes. Unusual meats were marinated not only to tenderize, but also to get rid of some of the gamey flavor.
                                 CULINARY HISTORY            - Hamburgers
    The origin of the hamburger is clouded by history and controversy. In Medieval times the Tartars, a band of warriors from the plains of Central Asia would place pieces of beef under their saddles while they rode. This would tenderize the meat that would then be eaten raw. This is the legend of the origin of the modern dish, Beef Tartare. In the nineteenth century, German immigrants brought a dish called Hamburg Style Beef to the United States, which had traveled to the seaport city of Hamburg, Germany from Russia. This dish was a raw, chopped piece of beef and is believed to be the primitive ancestor of the modern hamburger.

CULINARY HISTORY        - Chocolate
      1500 BC-400 BC :The Olmec Indians are believed to be the first to grow cocoa beans as a domestic crop. 14th Century:The drink became popular among the Aztec upper classes who upsurped the cocoa beverage from the Mayans and were the first to tax the beans. The Aztecs called it "xocalatl" meaning warm or bitter liquid. 1502:Columbus encountered a great Mayan trading canoe in Guanaja carrying cocoa beans as cargo. 1519:Spanish explorer Hernando Cortez recorded the cocoa usage in the court of Emperor Montezuma.
     1847: Joseph Fry & Son discovered a way to mix some of the cocoa butter back into the "Dutched" chocolate, and added sugar, creating a paste that could be molded. The result was the first modern chocolate bar.
FAST FOOD: What’s the best?
sandwiches
French fries
fried chicken
tacos
kebabs
hamburgers
falafel
pizza

BREAD:
    Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with the word ‘bread’.
Guess if  a-h  below are true (T) or false (F).
a  The sandwich is originally from an English      town called Sandwich. .                            T/F
b The sandwich was invented by the personal    chef of a king. .                                            T/F
c  The inventor of the sandwich wanted to eat     it with a knife and fork. .                           T/F
d There is a town near Sandwich     called Ham. .                                                 T/F

e   A descendant of the sandwich inventor said     his ancestor knew the sandwich would      become a global phenomenon.                T/F
f   The current Earl of Sandwich’s favourite       filling is roast beef. .                                  T/F
g    The town of Sandwich has been rebuilt        and is full of new buildings.                    T/F
h    A celebration organizer thinks its strange       her town has such a history.                    T/F

Match the following synonyms from the article.
residents                              a. last-mentioned
history                                   b. generate
ordered                                 c. momentous
latter                                      d. background
coincidence                           e. strange
hosted                                    f. locals
ancestor                                 g. gave
spawn                                    h. fluke
historic                                   i. forefather
bizarre                                    j. requested
PHRASE MATCH:  (Sometimes more than one choice is possible.)
1.  residents in the                       a. history
2.  celebrating their culinary      b. two pieces of bread
3.  he was playing                         c. excited
4. slices of beef between            d. coincidence
5. It is perhaps a                           e. of his ancestor
6. hosted a celebratory               f. English town of                                                       Sandwich
7. in honour                                  g. after us
8. spawn a multi-                         h. cards with friends
9.  equally                                     i. billion dollar industry
10. be named                               j. lunch

GAP FILL: Put the words into the gaps in the text.
     The sandwich is 250 years old this weekend and (1) ____________ in the English town of Sandwich, where the bread meal was first eaten, are celebrating their (2) ____________ history. According to the town’s records the English nobleman Earl, John Montague (3) ____________ ordered a sandwich in 1762. It is reported he was playing cards with friends and wanted something he could eat without a knife and fork. He (4) ____________ slices of beef between two (5) ____________ of bread, and so the sandwich was born. Montague chose to live in Sandwich over another (6) ____________ town, Portsmouth. Had he chosen the (7) ____________, we would be eating portsmouths today. It is perhaps a (8) ____________ Sandwich is just a few kilometres from the town of Ham.
      The 11th Earl of Sandwich, also (9) ____________ John Montagu, hosted a celebratory lunch in honour of his ancestor and his (10) ____________ to the global fast food industry. He told reporters: “My ancestor…could never have (11) ____________ that his simple invention would spawn a (12) ____________ -billion dollar industry, employing hundreds of thousands of people." He added: "My favourite sandwich is a traditional one - roast beef and hot horseradish on (13) ____________ baked bread.” Organisers of the celebrations are (14) ____________ excited about the historic event. Mandy Wilkins said: “The sandwich is a global food and Sandwich, our town, is just a little town full of medieval buildings. It's (15) ____________ that such an important food item should be named (16) ____________ us.”
residents
culinary
first
requested
pieces
port
latter
coincidence
named
contribution
imagined
multi
freshly
equally
bizarre
after
SANDWICHES DISCUSSION
a)  What did you think when you read the       headline?
b) What springs to mind when you hear the       word ‘sandwich’?
c) What do you think of the sandwich being      250 years old?
d) How much do you like sandwiches?
e) How important are sandwiches in your life?

SANDWICHES DISCUSSION
f)  What do you think of the history of how     the sandwich got its name?
g)  Do you think the Earl of Sandwich was really the person who invented the sandwich?
h)   Is having the sandwich as part of a       country’s culinary history something to       be proud of?
i)    Many British people eat sandwiches every       day. Could you?
j)    What do you think of the towns Ham and       Sandwich being so close together?

SANDWICHES DISCUSSION
k)     Did you like reading this article?
l)      What three adjectives best describe this           article?
m)   How much of a contribution is the        sandwich to the global fast food industry?
n)    Is the sandwich more successful than the        hamburger?
o)   What are your favourite sandwich fillings        and why?

SANDWICHES DISCUSSION
p)    Does our city have any famous food?
q)    What occasions are best to eat          sandwiches?
r)      Do you prefer sandwiches with white or         brown bread?
s)     Do you think there’s also a town         somewhere called Hamburger or Pizza?
t)     What questions would you like to ask          the 11th Earl of Sandwich?

В презентации использован сайт:www.BreakingNewsEnglish.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-18010424

 http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=pizza&img_url=img-fotki.yandex.ru%2Fget%2F5803%2Frikko-pizza.0%2F0_72107_99af02fd_XL&pos=99&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=French%20fries&img_url=t1.ftcdn.net%2Fjpg%2F00%2F00%2F20%2F72%2F400_F_207233_whZsBcvj1gzHEA7l4NJkY0e6kY0IKc.jpg&pos=7&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=French%20fries&img_url=cache2.artprintimages.com%2Fp%2FLRG%2F8%2F897%2F2XPJ000Z%2Fart-print%2Fcatherine-jones-french-fries.jpg&pos=48&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=pasta&img_url=www.royalpizza.ru%2Fupload%2Fiblock%2F749%2F749143c5ef322ffe1b3e9790410eef0e.jpg&pos=4&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=kebabs&img_url=www.donerkebab.in%2FDoner%2520Kebab.png&pos=4&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=kebabs&img_url=www.eyupsultan.no%2Fimages%2F17.mai-menu%2FMenu1.jpg&pos=32&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=kebabs&img_url=www.claytonaauw.org%2Fgourmet%2FTurkey%2Fsis_kebab_TurkishFood.jpg&pos=59&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=hamburgers&img_url=www.demirmedya.net%2Fanasayfa%2Fmedia%2Fk2%2Fitems%2Fcache%2F7260cbfd914be30cb6f02a858ccb3f60_XL.jpg&pos=48&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=chocolate&img_url=img0.liveinternet.ru%2Fimages%2Fattach%2Fb%2F3%2F17%2F390%2F17390012_1202562433_21768115_chocolate.jpg&pos=15&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%E2%80%A2%09fried%20chicken%20&img_url=i1197.photobucket.com%2Falbums%2Faa431%2Fneo-32%2FPhotos-FriedChicken.jpg&pos=12&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%E2%80%A2%09tacos%20&img_url=www.therestaurantbroker.com%2Ffran%2Ftaco.jpg&pos=70&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%E2%80%A2%09tacos%20&img_url=i2.crtcdn1.net%2Fimages%2Fasset%2F855%2F843%2F01%2FTNLI760t_400x300.jpg&pos=192&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%E2%80%A2%09falafel&img_url=www.alexandraburke.fan-strefa.pl%2F%3Ffeb%3Dpicture-of-falafel http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%E2%80%A2%20bread&img_url=www.limak.ru%2Fphoto%2Fpages%2F205%2F11.jpg&pos=81&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%E2%80%A2%20bread&img_url=www.grafamania.net%2Fuploads%2Fposts%2F2008-09%2F1222094417_breads-001.jpg&pos=130&rpt=simage
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%E2%80%A2%20bread&img_url=static5.depositphotos.com%2F1004058%2F489%2Fi%2F950%2Fdepositphotos_4895479-Question-of-a-menu.jpg&pos=297&rpt=simage


Презентация на тему: The Secrets of English Letters


title: Презентация на тему: The Second World War

text:
The Second World War.
Began on 3 September 1939.
Kind of War.
On the ground
Children and women were evacuated...
Labels. Every child had it.
Gas mask.
Air raid.
Shelter in the underground.
First bomber attack.
Mass bomber attacks on Britain.
792 planes were lost and over 500 pilots were killed...
On the 7th of September German began bombing London.
Nearly 2000 people were killed...
One third of London was destroyed.
Fifty millions people lost their lives..
When people heard the siren...
Street lights were switched off.
People couldn't see in the darkness.
"Home Front".
The Home Front is the name given to the activities of civilians during the Second World War. The nation pulled together in the war effort.
Of cource people had their diversions...


text:
Russia is reach in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.
Matreshka

Balalayka

Bereza

Samovar

Valenki

Russian bear
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin

Lev Tolstoy

Nikolay Gogol
In the literature :
In painting :
Repin

Shishkin

Aivazovsky
in music :
Tchaikovsky

Glinka

Rachmaninov


title: Презентация на тему: The Siege of Leningrad

text:
The Siege of Leningrad
The main information
Less than two and a half months after June 22, 1941, when the Soviet Union was attacked by Nazi Germany, German troops were already approaching Leningrad. The Red Army was outflanked and on September 8, 1941 the Germans had fully encircled Leningrad and the Siege began. It lasted for about 900 days, from September 8, 1941 till January 27, 1944.
In January 1943 the Siege was broken and a year later, on January 27, 1944 it was fully lifted. At least 641 thousand people had died in Leningrad during the Siege.
Life in during the Siege
The Road of Life
After the Siege
Monuments and memorials
In total there are seven monuments along the Road of Life, 46 memorial poles along the road, and 56 memorial poles along the railway. All of these are part of the Green Belt of Glory.
The Broken Circle, a monument to the Siege of Leningrad on the Road of Life
Marker noting the 17th kilometer along the Road


title: Презентация на тему: The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

text:
The Seven Wondersof the Ancient World
The Pyramids belong to the
7 wonders because of the way they were made.

The tradition of building the pyramids started in ancient Egypt.

The Pyramids are one of the oldest structures that are still on the earth. Each block weighs as much as 5 elephants. And most of the Pyramids are 450 feet high!

The Pyramids of Giza are made for the dead because ancient people thought that the people that died would go to another life and if they gave them all of their important things the dead would help them and save them.
The Pyramids are very big triangular shaped structures that have four flat sides that come together at the tip of the Pyramid.
The Pyramids were used for the Kings tombs
(Pharaons are the same things as kings).
The third wonder of the world was The Temple of Artemis, located on the river Ephesus.
 (in present-day Turkey).

It was made for the goddess Artemis. Artemis, also known as Diana, was the goddess of wild nature and hunting .

The temple was famous for its use of marble and for its size.

People said this temple was built by an architect named Theodorus (500 BC), however, it was rebuilt many times.

It contained 107 columns which were 12 m high and were made of marble.
The Temple of Artemis was gigantic. In fact, it was one of the largest temples the Greeks ever built.
The Temple of Zeus was finished around 456 BC in Olympia, Greece.

The statue of Zeus at Olympia was built by the famous Greek sculptor Phidias in 435 B.C.

The statue was built in honor of Greek god Zeus for the Olympic games.

This amazing structure was mostly made of ivory and gold, along with other valuable stones, such as ebony.
The statue was 40 feet tall!

Unfortunately, it was destroyed in a fire and little remains are available to see today.
The Statue of Zeus was the most famous statue of ancient times.
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus was located on the Aegean sea in the city of Bodrum.
The mausoleum was made in 350 B.C. The height of the mausoleum was 45m (140 ft).

The structure of the mausoleum wasn't really beautiful but the decorations were what brought the beauaty. It had statues of people, lions, horses,and other animals.

On the top of the roof was a statue of a chariot pulled by four horses.

The mausoleum is special because it isn't dedicated to the Greek Gods.
The mausoleum is a tomb for a king.

For 16 centuries it stayed in perfect condition until an earthquake damaged the roof and colonnades.

There was a ruler, Hecatomnus, who was the father of a son and daughter. Mausolus, the son, and Artemisia, the daughter became husband and wife.

Hecatomnus died, leaving Mausolus and Artemisia as the next rulers.

In 353 BC Mausolus died. Queen Artemisia built a great tomb to show her love.

The tomb was so great because of its size and decorations that future tombs where named Mausoleums after King Mausolus.
The legend says:
In 377 BC, the city of Halicarnassus was off the coast of Asia Minor (southwestern Turkey).
Remember please the countries where the Seven Wonders were built
Which of the Ancient Wonders is the oldest?

a.) The Lighthouse of Alexandria
b.) The Pyramids of Giza
c.) The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

 2.Why were the Great Pyramids built?

a.) For the god Athena
b.) In honor of the gods
c.) For the pharaoh Khufu
What can you tell us about
this construction?
7. What was the temple of Artemis used for?
a.) A marketplace and religious center
b.) A supermarket
c.) A school for scribes
6. Where was the temple of Artemis located?
a.) in present-day Turkey
b.) in present-day Iraq
c.) in present-day Pakistan

8. Who were the people mainly in charge of the building of the Tomb of King Mausollus?
a.) Mausollus
b.) Artemisia and Mausollus' wife
c.) Alexander the Great

9. Who was buried under the Mausoleum?
a) King Maussollos
b) King Henry IV
c) King Nebuchadnezzar II
10.When did Phidias build the Statue of Zeus?

a.) 564 AD
b.) 765 BC
c.) 470 BC

11. About how tall is the Statue of Zeus?

a.) 40 feet
b.) 40 meters
c.) 12 feet
12. Which of the six wonders destroyed was the last to disappear?

a.) Statue of Zeus
b.) Lighthouse of Alexandria
c.) Hanging Gardens of Babylon

13. How many years did it take to build the Colossus of Rhodes?

a.) 16 years
b.) 5 years
c.) 12 years

14. In what year did a strong earthquake damage the Colossus of Rhodes?

a.) 226 BC
b.) 429 AD
c.) 189 BC

15.) How was the Lighthouse of Alexandria eventually destroyed?
a) fire
b) earthquake
c) Dynamite

16.) What small island gave the city of
Alexandria a double Harbor?

a.) Rabbit Island
b.) Rhodes
c.) Pharos
Matching
Directions: Identify the location of each of the Seven Wonders by matching the letter of the column on the left to the correct number on the column on the right.
1) Giza
2) Babylon
3) Halicarnassus
4) Euphesus
5) Olympia
6) Alexandria
7) Rhodes
a) Mausoleum
b) Lighthouse
c) Zeus
d) Pyramid
e) Colossus
f) Gardens
g) Artemis

Thanks for work!
Look at the map and learn where all the seven tasks were located
All Seven Wonders were located inside this area.
Remember the names of the wonders. Remember what are the names of present- day countries where ancient buildings were located.
Look at the photo and tell us what you know about this construction.
Read the additional information about the Pyramids and try to answer the questions:
Where was the tradition of building pyramids started?
 How much each block of the pyramid weighs?
How tall are the most Pyramids?
What were they made for? etc.
What is the name of this wonder?
Who were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon build for?
Why did King Nebuchadnezzor build these gardens for his wife? Etc.
1.What is the name of this building?
2.Where was it located?
3.Who was it build for?
4. What was the temple famous for&
5. How many columns did it have?
6. How tall were they?
Where and when was the temple of Zeus build?
What was tis amazing building made of?
How tall was it?
How was it destroyed?
Where was the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus located?
Was the structure of the mausoleum really beautiful? What brought the beauty to it? What statues did it have?
How long did it exist and what caused its damage?
1.What did the legend say about the Mausoleum ?Do you believe in it or not?
2.Why did Queen Artemisia built the tomb?
Where and when was Collosus of Rhodos built?
Whose statue was this?
How tall was the  Colossus of Rhodes?
How long did it take to build it?
How did it look like?
What was the cause of its destruction?
1.On the territory of which country was this lighthouse build?
2. How tall was it?
3.What was it made of?
4. Why was it destroyed?


title: Презентация на тему: The Scottish Award «The Order of the Thistle»

text:
Муниципальное общеобразовательное учреждение «Гимназия №13» г.Новомосковск

Шотландский Орден Чертополоха

The Scottish Award «The Order of the Thistle»

Овечкин Николай – 8б класс

руководитель – Авраменко Маргарита Николаевна
учитель английского языка высшей категории

2011
1. The composition of the order
2. Emblem
3. The position of member of the order of the thistle
4. Legend about the origin
5. The right of the monarch
6. Vestments and accoutrements
7. After the death
8. Epilogue
Plan:
The Most Ancient and noble «Order of the Thistle» is an order of chivalry associated with Scotland. The modern form of the Order was founded in 1687 by King James VII of Scotland. On two sides of this Order we can see the Sovereign and sixteen Knights and Ladies, as well as certain "extra" knights (members of the British Royal Family and foreign monarchs).
The composition of the order
The Order's main emblem is the thistle, the national flower of Scotland. The motto is «Nemo me impune lacessit» (Latin for "No one provokes me with impunity"). The same motto appears on the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland and some pound coins, and is also the motto of the Royal Regiment of Scotland, Scots Guards, The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada and Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. The patron saint of the Order is St Andrew.

Emblem
Most British orders of chivalry are award for the whole United Kingdom, but the Order of the Thistle, is only for Scotland and the second-most senior in the list of importance. Its equivalent in England, the most noble «Order of the Garter», is the oldest documented order of chivalry in the United Kingdom, dating to the middle of the fourteenth century. In 1783 an Irish order, The Most Illustrious «Order of St Patrick», was founded, but nowadays it doesn't‘ exist.

The position of member of the order of the thistle
According to the legend, Achaius, King of Scots , while engaged in battle at Athelstaneford with the Saxon King Thelstan of East Anglia, saw in the heavens the cross of St Andrew. After he won the battle, Achaius is said to have established the Order of the Thistle, dedicating it to the saint, in 786.

Legend about the origin
The Sovereign historically had the power to choose Knights of the Order.

The right of the monarch
The Star of the Order of the Thistle is for the Order's great occasions, such as its annual service each June or July, as well as for coronations, them the Knights and Ladies wear an elaborate costumes:
The mantle is a green robe worn over their suits or military uniforms. The mantle is lined with white taffeta; it is tied with green and gold tassels. The Star of the Order  is depicted on the left shoulder of the mantle.
The hat is made of black velvet and is plumed with white feathers with a black egret or heron's top in the middle.
The collar is made of gold and depicts thistles and sprigs of rue. It is worn over the mantle.
The St Andrew, also called the badge-appendant, is worn suspended from the collar. It comprises a gold enamelled depiction of St Andrew, wearing a green gown and purple coat, holding a white saltire. Gold rays of a glory are shown emanating from St Andrew's head. The Star of the Order consists of a silver St Andrew's saltire, with clusters of rays between the arms thereof. In the centre a green circle is depicted bearing the motto of the Order in gold majuscules; within the circle, a thistle on a gold field is depicted. It is worn pinned to the left breast.
The broad riband is a dark green sash worn across the body, from the left shoulder to the right hip.
The Badge of the Order is attached to the right hip of the Riband. The badge depicts St Andrew in the same form as the badge-appendant surrounded by the Order's motto.

Vestments and accoutrements
After the death of a Knight or Lady, the insignia must be returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood. The badge and star are returned personally to the Sovereign by the nearest relative of the person who died.

After the death
The honoured people are still awarded by this Order nowadays.
Epilogue


title: Презентация на тему: The siberian tiger

text:
THE SIBERIAN TIGER

The Siberian tiger is also known as the Amour tiger, Manchurian tiger. It is written in the Red book.

  In 1996 there   were about 450    tigers.

The Siberian tiger is a big animal, it has exotic color, it is one of the biggest beasts of prey of our planet.

The Siberian tiger doesn’t attack people.
It is a very beautiful and dangerous animal.

It’s length is about 2m
It’s mass is about 350 kg
It runs at a speed of 50 km/h


title: Презентация на тему: The sightseeing of London

text:
The sightseeing of London
The Tower of London
It was the seat of Kings, the prison and the seat of  execution
Buckingham  Palace
It is the biggest  functioning  palace. It iis the seat of the Queen Elizabet 2the world.
Buckingham Palace
Trafalgar Square
It is the oldest squares in the world.
Madame Tussauds
It is the most famous museum of  waxen figures


title: Презентация на тему: The Silence of the Lambs

text:
Presentationmade by Abliakimova Ediie, EG-31
The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American thriller film that blends elements of the crime and horror genres. It was directed by Jonathan Demme and stars Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, Ted Levine and Scott Glenn. It is based on the novel of the same name by Thomas Harris.
The plot is based on the novel of the same name by Tom Harries. While writing his book he relied on real facts which were going on in the mid-eighties of 20-th cent.
The plot is based on the novel of the same name by Tom Harries. While writing his book he relied on real facts which were going on in the mid-eighties of 20-th cent.
*Dr. Hannibal Lecter* as a film character appeared 5 years earlier before the film The Silence of the Lambs was released. In 1986 the director Michel Mannproduced the motion «Manhunter» based on the same novel by Thomas Harris.
The prototype of Dr. Hannibal Lecter is a serial killer & hannibal  Albert Fish, who was accused of more than 100 sexual harassments of children & some cruel murders.
The role of Dr. Hannibal Lecter was originally to be played by Gene Hackman, who also wished to direct; he later withdrew from the project.
There were 300 applicants for the role of Clarice Starling.
When The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14, 1991, it received much critical acclaim. The film won the top five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay.
In 1998, the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest movies in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute. In 2006, at the Key Art Awards, the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster "of the past 35 years".
The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter (as portrayed by Hopkins) the number one film villain of all time and Clarice Starling (as portrayed by Foster) the sixth greatest film hero of all time
Upon its release, The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the gay community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transsexual. However, one scene makes clear that Buffalo Bill only believes himself to be transsexual, and that there is no link between transsexuality and violence.
In a 1992 interview notable feminist and women's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated, "I thought it was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four Oscars.  I'm not saying that the movie shouldn't have been shown. I'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph, but it was about the evisceration, the skinning alive of women. That is what I find offensive."


title: Презентация на тему: The Secrets of English Letter

text:
Kate
name
cab
bad

cat
plane
cake
table
apple
camel
lamp
crocodile
cat
cinema
city
Ben
ten
pen
Pete
he
we
me
elephant
he
tree
Pete
hen
dress
egg
dog

tiger
giraffe
good
Hello!
He
Hen
Horse
Hat
      big

pig

    six
nice
fine
Hi!
crocodile
tiger
five
nine
mice
pig
pink
kitten
pony
nose
 bone
dog
doll
fox
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