title: Презентация на тему: Tower Bridge

text:
Tower Bridge
 History Background

       In the second half of the 19th century, increased commercial development in the East End of London led to a requirement for a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. A traditional fixed bridge could not be built because it would cut off access to the port facilities in the Pool of London, between London Bridge and the Tower of London.

                        Tower Bridge under construction, 1892
Construction started in 1886 and took eight years with five major contractors – Sir John Jackson (foundations), Baron Armstrong (hydraulics), William Webster, Sir H.H. Bartlett, and Sir William Arrol & Co.– and employed 432 construction workers. E W Crutwell was the resident engineer for the construction.
Two massive piers, containing over 70,000 tons of concrete, were sunk into the riverbed to support the construction. Over 11,000 tons of steel provided the framework for the towers and walkways. This was then clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone, both to protect the underlying steelwork and to give the bridge a pleasing appearance.
Jones died in 1887 and George D. Stevenson took over the project. Stevenson replaced Jones' original brick facade with the more ornate Victorian Gothic style, which makes the bridge a distinctive landmark, and was intended to harmonise the bridge with the nearby Tower of London.The total cost of construction was £1,184,000 (£100 million as of 2010).

Construction

Opening
The bridge was officially opened on 30 June 1894 by The Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII), and his wife, The Princess of Wales (Alexandra of Denmark).
The bridge connected Iron Gate, on the north bank of the river, with Horselydown Lane, on the south – now known as Tower Bridge Approach and Tower Bridge Road, respectively.Until the bridge was opened, the Tower Subway – 400 m to the west – was the shortest way to cross the river from Tower Hill to Tooley Street in Southwark. Opened in 1870, Tower Subway was the world's first underground ('tube') railway, but closed after just three months and was re-opened as a pedestrian foot tunnel.
Tower Bridge is one of five London bridges now owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation.
Design
The bridge is 800 feet (244 m) in length with two towers each 213 feet (65 m) high, built on piers. The central span of 200 feet (61 m) between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 83 degrees to allow river traffic to pass. The bascules, weighing over 1,000 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimize the force required and allow raising in five minutes.
The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each 270 feet (82 m) long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are 143 feet (44 m) above the river at high tide.

Facts

" 1912 - Frenku Makklinu (Frank McClean) happened to staired between stairwell and passage high level bridge on its biplane to avoid the accident.
" 1952 - once upon a time bridge have unexpectedly begun to divorce, and london bus, found on bridge, was have to make 'jump with one stairwell on another.
" 1977 - a bridge was painted in red, white and blue colour in commemoration jubilee Queens (before this he was painted in chocolate color).
Thank you for attention


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Alva Edison

text:
Thomas Alva Edison
At age of 15 becomes a manager of telegraph office  and produces his first invention-the transmitter.

The greatest invention of Edison-the Light Bulb


title: Презентация на тему: Толерантность на английском

text:
How to be Polite
10 steps
One day, Bill and Tom went to a restaurant for dinner. As soon as the waiter took out two steaks, Bill quickly picked out the bigger steak for himself.
Tom wasn't happy about that: "When are you going to learn to be polite?"
Bill: "If you had the chance to pick first, which one would you pick?"
Tom: "The smaller piece, of course."
Bill: "What are you whining about then? The smaller piece is what you want, right?"

How to be polite
1.
Be gentle,
not  insistent.
3. Start a conversation by asking questions about the other person.
4. Be honest.
5. Shake hands and look your acquaintance in the eye.
6. Know the proper dinner etiquette.
7. Have a laugh which shows you are having fun, without being loud.
8. Most Americans smile a lot to be polite. However, they usually do not smile at strangers.
Formal saying hello

Let me introduce myself.
Good morning/afternoon.
Pleased to meet you.
How do you do.

Call me.
See you.
Have a good day.
There are a lot of words of wisdom about politeness and kindness. Your task is to read and translate them.


title: Презентация на тему: TOEFL

text:
900igr.net
TOEFLInternet-Based Test

A  Rabbits were able to cross a fence long that
     was constructed to keep them out of Western
     Australia.
B  Methods to control exotic species include
     fences, viruses, burning, herbicides, natural
     predators, and harvesting.
C  Rabbits that were introduced in and kudzu
     which was introduced in the , are examples
     of species that caused problems.
D  Researchers may be able to develop  material
     from the kudzu vine that will be an alternative
     to wood pulp paper.
E  The problem is that exotic species make native
     species vulnerable to extinction.
F   A virus that is deadly to rabbits may have
    serious effects for other animals.


title: Презентация на тему: Tolerance

text:
Tolerance
 I`d like to speak about tolerance.
There is no civilized society without it.
 I think that if you want to be tolerant you must be responsible, kind, decent, self-composed.
 Let`s compare how we learn to be tolerant in schools in various countries.
My sister has visited England twice.
     There she studied colloquial English, getting acquainted with the sights and the culture of this country.
She has noticed that
English pupils must wear a school uniform .
      This emphasizes the fact that all children are equal, even though their parents have different social and material positions.
English schools pay great attention to charity.
Schools collect money and donate it, for example, to children`s homes or funds for the homeless.
In many English schools pupils must do social work by all means, for example, at filling stations or at nursing homes.
I`ve found out in the Internet that
American children like school. A teacher is their friend and not an idol.
Teachers try to bring up a sense of independence, self-confidence and self-expression with children.
Americans find it important to bring up patriotism.
Every day school begins with pledging allegiance to the USA in chorus.
American children are very tolerant.
The situations when children mock at their classmates or bully them are very rare.
The USA is the society which respects cultural distinctions.
At my school
   every teacher tries to teach us to be kind to other children and adults.

 Our parents take an active part in school parties, outings, excursions.
Unfortunately,
judging by cartoons and films that I watch and judging by books, there are still a lot of problems with upbringing and tolerance in Russian and foreign schools.

I think that the problem of communication is one of the most burning at school and in society. The solution of this problem is a key to the questions of upbringing and tolerance.
My grandmother says:

 when she was a pupil, she went to the Artek international camp.
   Children from different countries, without knowing languages, easily communicated
   with the help of gestures, mimes, music, painting, dancing.
Getting together in the camp, children from different countries understood how
   similar their hobbies and problems were, how identical the reasons for their sadness or happiness were.
It turns out so, that it is not difficult to be tolerant.
 I`d like to end my essay up quoting Michael Jackson`s song which is close and understandable to people all over the world.


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas hardy

text:
2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928
Thomas hardy

Thomas Hardy was an English novelist and poet. While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life, and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898.

Thomas Hardy was born in Higher Bockhampton in 1840. Нe went to his first school at Bockhampton at age eight. For several years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester. Here he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential.Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862; there he enrolled as a student at King's College, London.

Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford, whom he married in 1874. Although they later became estranged, her death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him, and his Poems 1912–13 reflect upon her death. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry.

Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died at Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed. Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks.

Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, finished by 1867, failed to find a publisher. After he abandoned his first novel, Hardy wrote two new ones that he hoped would have more commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) which he decided to publish anonymously.

In 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes, a novel drawing on Hardy's courtship of his first wife, was published under his own name. Hardy said that he first introduced Wessex in Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), his next novel. The Hardys moved from London to Yeovil and then to Sturminster Newton, where he wrote The Return of the Native (1878). Then he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), and Tess of the d'Urbervilles(1891).

Despite this criticism, Hardy had become a celebrity in English literature by the 1900s, with several highly successful novels behind him. Even so, he felt disgust at the public reception of two of his greatest works and gave up writing fiction altogether. Other novels written by Hardy include Two on a Tower, a romance story set in the world of astronomy.
10-a

Made by kseniya klimenko


title: Презентация на тему: Two generations: how to build aa bridhe between them?

text:
TWO GENERATIONS: HOW TO BUILD A BRIDGE BETWEEN THEM?
  				 Irina Krasovitova,
				pupil of 8”C”
                                        school №7

		                         So many people –                           so many destinies

Matrena
   Ivanovna
   Vasilieva
Victory Banner

65 Books About War

A New Project « Lessons of History»
Concerts For Veterans
Minifootball Competition
Museum of War Glory
Monument in Vostryakovo, May, 2010
They need                             our help

«Nobody will defeat the country where every generation keeps  the traditions of the previous generations»                            L. I. Brezhnev


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Jefferson

text:
Thomas Jefferson
The Beginning
March 4, 1801
Thomas Jefferson is the first President inaugurated in the new capital city of Washington D.C.
He delivers his first inaugural address.  This address outlines what he feels are the essential principles of government.
 Background and Education
Father: Peter Jefferson
Like most sons of land owners, he studied land surveying
Graduated from William and Mary University in Williamsburg, VA
Tall, red-headed, quiet
 Political Beliefs
The government which governs least, governs best
Strongly favored States Rights as opposed to a strong national government
Believed in a strict construction, or strict interpretation, of the U.S.Constitution
Wanted to end all taxes of any kind paid by U.S. citizens
 Accomplishments Prior to becoming President
Wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence
Wrote the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom
Created the University of Virginia
Served as an ambassador to Europe from the United States
Lewis and Clark Expedition
January 18, 1803
Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi
His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific
May 1804
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition
Lewis and Clark Expedition
January 18, 1803
Jefferson sends a secret message to congress regarding the Lewis and Clark Expedition
In this message Jefferson asks for permission to establish trading with the Indians
Embargo Act of 1807
1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars between France and Great Britain
America was once again trapped between the two nations
Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed an embargo on all foreign trade
This was highly unsuccessful and devastated the American Economy
The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in place to repeal the unsuccessful Embargo Act
First Inaugural Address
Essential Principles of Government
“equal and exact justice to all men”
“peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations”
“the support of state governments”
“the preservation of general government”
punishment for those who choose to revolt
compliance with the decisions of the majority
a well disciplined militia
honest payment of debts
maintaining a sound economy
proper distribution of information
freedom of religion
freedom of the press

Second Inaugural Address
Delivered on March 4, 1805
Stresses the importance of American neutrality in matters of foreign affairs
Outlines the Louisiana Purchase and the processes by which the original inhabitants of the land will become citizens of the United States
Stresses the importance of harmony amongst all inhabitants of America
Thanks for your attention!


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Edison

text:
Thomas Edison was born on Feb. 11, 1847
 In 1854, his family moved to the vibrant city of Port Huron, Michigan
At age seven, Edison was taken out of school and home-schooled by his mother for the rest of his childhood.
Early Years
After holding a position as a full time Telegrapher, Edison arrived in Boston in 1868 where he changed his profession.
Edison received his first patent  on an electric vote recorder.
Thomas Edison: The Inventor
Edison earned 1,093 United States patents, a record number for one person that still stands.
Some of his inventions include the Cylinder Phonograph, Kinetoscope, the incandescent lightbulb, alkaline battery and many others that changed society.
Edison’s Inventions


title: Презентация на тему: Tom Hanks

text:
Tom Hanks was born July 9, 1956 in Oakland (California).
After the divorce of his parents, by the decision of the court, was handed over to the care of another family. Already in his youth Tom Hanks showed outstanding acting ability and the ability to conquer the surrounding inimitable sense of humor. So, that admission to the actor's faculty of the university of California was for him is quite a logical step. Tom Hanks, however, had left school as soon as I received the offer to become a member of a small acting troupe, which was conducted in Cleveland.
However, four years have passed, before Tom Hanks once again forced to talk about themselves. This happened in connection with the picture of "Big", in which he played the hero with a body of men and mind of a child. The unusual plot allowed the actor to demonstrate soft humor and warmth, inalienable from his creative individuality.
Considerable success was at a fraction of the movie "Turner and Hooch", where his partner was a lovely dog.
Although in the 1980s, Tom Hanks starred in more than ten paintings, the most successful of its role belong to the 90-th years.
Having received two consecutive "Oscar", Hanks has turned into a national hero. With impatience expected output to the screens of the movie "Apollo 13", dedicated to the failed flight to the Moon in 1977. Although the film was an exact reconstruction of this tragic event, it turned out to be boring and static. Used in him the technique of "talking heads" don't let the actors reveal themselves.
In 1996. Tom Hanks debuted in cinema as the director, removing the pointed out a documentary manner the history of youth ensemble, disintegrated after his first hit. "What are you doing" did not become a revelation, though, and has earned the good appreciated by the critics.
Tom Hanks was married twice. Has a son of actress Samantha Lewis and two daughters from actress Rita Wilson.


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Gainsborough(1727-1788)an English portrait and landscape painter.

text:
Thomas Gainsborough(1727-1788)an English portrait and landscape painter.
Life and Work
     Thomas Gainsborough was born in Sudbury Suffolk, the youngest son of John Gainsborough, a weaver and maker of woolen goods, and the sister of the Reverend Humphry Burroughs. At the age of thirteen he impressed his father with his penciling skills so that he let him go to London to study art in 1740. In London he first trained under engraver Hubert Gravelot but eventually became associated with William Hogarth and his school. .
   He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention. These exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy, however, was not an easy one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings there in 1773.
  Portrait of John Needham, 10th Viscount Kilmorey, (c. 1768)        Portrait of the Composer Carl Friedrich Abel with his Viola da Gamba (c. 1765)
    In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London. In 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland. Exhibitions of his work continued for the next six years.
     In 1780, he painted the portraits of King George III and his queen and afterwards received many royal commissions. This gave him some influence with the Academy and allowed him to dictate the manner in which he wished his work to be exhibited. However, in 1783, he removed his paintings from the forthcoming exhibition and transferred them to Schomberg House.
        The Blue Boy (1770).                                    Mr and Mrs William Hallett (1785).
     Her Grace Georgiana Cavendish,                   Her Grace Georgiana Cavendish
     Duchess of Deonshire (1783)                                                  (1787)
    In his later years, Gainsborough often painted relatively simple, ordinary landscapes. With Richard Wilson, he was one of the originators of the eighteenth-century British landscape school; though simultaneously, in conjunction with Sir Joshua Reynolds, he was the dominant British portraitist of the second half of the 18th century.
    He died of cancer on 2 August 1788 at the age of 61.
The Harvest Wagon (c. 1767)
Technique
Gainsborough was noted for the speed with which he applied his paint, and he worked more from his observations of nature (and of human nature) than from any application of formal academic rules. He himself said, "I'm sick of portraits, and wish very much to take my viol-da-gam and walk off to some sweet village, where I can paint landskips (sic) and enjoy the fag end of life in quietness and ease." This likeness of landscapes is shown in the way he merged the figures of the portraits with the scenes behind them. His later work was characterised by a light palette and easy, economical strokes.


Презентация на тему: Тютчев Фёдор Иванович Любимые женщины поэта.


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Gainsborough

text:
Thomas Gainsborough(1727-1788)an English portrait and landscape painter.
Life and Work
     Thomas Gainsborough was born in Sudbury Suffolk, the youngest son of John Gainsborough, a weaver and maker of woolen goods, and the sister of the Reverend Humphry Burroughs. At the age of thirteen he impressed his father with his penciling skills so that he let him go to London to study art in 1740. In London he first trained under engraver Hubert Gravelot but eventually became associated with William Hogarth and his school. .
   He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention. These exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy, however, was not an easy one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings there in 1773.
  Portrait of John Needham, 10th Viscount Kilmorey, (c. 1768)        Portrait of the Composer Carl Friedrich Abel with his Viola da Gamba (c. 1765)
    In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London. In 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland. Exhibitions of his work continued for the next six years.
     In 1780, he painted the portraits of King George III and his queen and afterwards received many royal commissions. This gave him some influence with the Academy and allowed him to dictate the manner in which he wished his work to be exhibited. However, in 1783, he removed his paintings from the forthcoming exhibition and transferred them to Schomberg House.
    In his later years, Gainsborough often painted relatively simple, ordinary landscapes. With Richard Wilson, he was one of the originators of the eighteenth-century British landscape school; though simultaneously, in conjunction with Sir Joshua Reynolds, he was the dominant British portraitist of the second half of the 18th century.
    He died of cancer on 2 August 1788 at the age of 61.
The Harvest Wagon (c. 1767)
Technique
Gainsborough was noted for the speed with which he applied his paint, and he worked more from his observations of nature (and of human nature) than from any application of formal academic rules. He himself said, "I'm sick of portraits, and wish very much to take my viol-da-gam and walk off to some sweet village, where I can paint landskips (sic) and enjoy the fag end of life in quietness and ease." This likeness of landscapes is shown in the way he merged the figures of the portraits with the scenes behind them. His later work was characterised by a light palette and easy, economical strokes.
Tasks
Multiple choice
Where was Thomas Gainsborough born?
In London b) in Manchester c) in Sudbury Suffolk
2. What was his father?
a weaver b) a merchant c) a painter
3. Who trained him?
William Hogarth b) Van Dyck c) Joshua Reynolds
4. Where did he exhibit his paintings?
a) at the Royal Academy b) in Paris c) in Suffolk
Multiple Choice
5. What paintings did he create in the last part of his life?
still lifes a)landscapes b)portraits
6. What is his technique characterised by?
a) vivid colours b) light palette c) intensive strokes
7. What paintings made him famous?
a) portraits b) still lifes c) military paintings
     Her Grace Georgiana Cavendish,                   Her Grace Georgiana Cavendish
     Duchess of Deonshire (1783)                                                  (1787)
Thomas Gainsborough(1727-1788)an English portrait and landscape painter.
Life and Work
     Thomas Gainsborough was born in Sudbury Suffolk, the youngest son of John Gainsborough, a weaver and maker of woolen goods, and the sister of the Reverend Humphry Burroughs. At the age of thirteen he impressed his father with his penciling skills so that he let him go to London to study art in 1740. In London he first trained under engraver Hubert Gravelot but eventually became associated with William Hogarth and his school. .
   He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention. These exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy, however, was not an easy one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings there in 1773.
  Portrait of John Needham, 10th Viscount Kilmorey, (c. 1768)        Portrait of the Composer Carl Friedrich Abel with his Viola da Gamba (c. 1765)
    In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London. In 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland. Exhibitions of his work continued for the next six years.
     In 1780, he painted the portraits of King George III and his queen and afterwards received many royal commissions. This gave him some influence with the Academy and allowed him to dictate the manner in which he wished his work to be exhibited. However, in 1783, he removed his paintings from the forthcoming exhibition and transferred them to Schomberg House.
        The Blue Boy (1770).                                    Mr and Mrs William Hallett (1785).
    In his later years, Gainsborough often painted relatively simple, ordinary landscapes. With Richard Wilson, he was one of the originators of the eighteenth-century British landscape school; though simultaneously, in conjunction with Sir Joshua Reynolds, he was the dominant British portraitist of the second half of the 18th century.
    He died of cancer on 2 August 1788 at the age of 61.
The Harvest Wagon (c. 1767)
Technique
Gainsborough was noted for the speed with which he applied his paint, and he worked more from his observations of nature (and of human nature) than from any application of formal academic rules. He himself said, "I'm sick of portraits, and wish very much to take my viol-da-gam and walk off to some sweet village, where I can paint landskips (sic) and enjoy the fag end of life in quietness and ease." This likeness of landscapes is shown in the way he merged the figures of the portraits with the scenes behind them. His later work was characterised by a light palette and easy, economical strokes.
Tasks
Multiple choice
Where was Thomas Gainsborough born?
In London b) in Manchester c) in Sudbury Suffolk
2. What was his father?
a weaver b) a merchant c) a painter
3. Who trained him?
William Hogarth b) Van Dyck c) Joshua Reynolds
4. Where did he exhibit his paintings?
a) at the Royal Academy b) in Paris c) in Suffolk
Multiple Choice
5. What paintings did he create in the last part of his life?
still lifes a)landscapes b)portraits
6. What is his technique characterised by?
a) vivid colours b) light palette c) intensive strokes
7. What paintings made him famous?
a) portraits b) still lifes c) military paintings


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Gainsborough. Британские художники


title: Презентация на тему: The vowel sounds

text:
TASK 1
Write words for the things in the picture in the correct part of the table.
[        ]
[        ]
TASK 2
Listen and circle the word with a different vowel sound.
TASK 2
Listen and circle the word with a different vowel sound.
TASK 2
Listen and circle the word with a different vowel sound.


title: Презентация на тему: The Yule log

text:
Burning a Yule log is probably the oldest Christmas tradition there is and  gets its name from Scandinavia
It started even before the first Christmas.
Celebrating Yule means no work as long as the special log burns.
So, often a very large "backstick" was chosen to ensure a nice long celebration..
Songs were sung and stories told. Children danced. Food and wine and decorations were offered.
On or about Christmas eve, the log was brought into a home or large hall.
It did require gathering family, friends and neighbors.
Personal faults, mistakes and bad choices were burned in the flame so everyone's new year would start with a clean slate.
The log brought good luck.
It was never allowed to burn completely, a bit was kept in the house to start next years log.
The log also predicted bad luck. If the fire went out before the night was through, tragedy would strike the home in the coming year.
If its flame cast someone's shadow without a head, supposedly that person would die within the year.
You can burn your Yule log like the English.
You have a choice.
Or if you don't have a fireplace, you can eat it like the French.
Or you can use a decorated log as a center piece like the Italian "ceppo".
You can light a special candle as they do in Denmark and Norway.
However you mark your Yuletide, the spirit of the tradition requires gathering family and friends for a warm and cheery celebration.

Grandfather places holly branches            and says prayers over the Yule log.
The table is set for the  ritual family celebrations
Sketch for a postcard
 by P. Kaufman.
Black ink and watercolour.
And it surely looks like a real log!


title: Презентация на тему: Tom Sawyer

text:
5klass.net

Tom Sawyer

Aunt Polly

Becky Thacher


title: Презентация на тему: Toni Morrison

text:
TONI MORRISON
Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize- and Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon and Beloved.
BIOGRAPHY
In 1958 she married Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect and fellow faculty member at Howard University.
WRITING CAREER
The novel won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988 and was a finalist for the 1987 National Book Award. It was adapted during 1998 into a movie of the same name. During 2006 a New York Times survey of writers and literary critics ranked it as the best work of American fiction of the past 25 years.

The book's epigraph reads "Sixty Million and more," dedicated to the Africans and their descendants who died as a result of the Atlantic slave trade.


text:
Thomas Gainsborough
Main facts about the painter
Thomas Gainsborough (christened 14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was an English portrait and landscape painter. He was the youngest son of John Gainsborough, a weaver in Suffolk. He left home in 1740 to study art in London  with Hubert Gravelot, Francis Hayman, and William Hogarth. In 1746, he married Margaret Burr, and they became parents of two daughters. He moved to Bath in 1759 where fashionable society patronized him, and he began exhibiting in London. In 1769, he became a founding member of the Royal Academy, but his relationship with the organization was thorny and he sometimes withdrew his work from exhibition. Gainsborough moved to London in 1774, and painted portraits of the king and queen, but the king was obliged to name as royal painter Gainsborough's rival Joshua Reynolds. In his last years, Gainsborough painted relatively simple landscapes and is credited (with Richard Wilson) as the originator of the 18th century British landscape school. Gainsborough died of cancer in 1788 and is interred at St. Anne's Church, Kew, Surrey. He painted quickly and his later pictures are characterized by a light palette and easy strokes. He preferred landscapes to portraits.
Life and work
When he was 13 he impressed his father with his drawing skills and he was allowed to go to London to study art in 1740.
In 1746, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr, an illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Beaufort, who settled a £200 annuity on them. The artist's work, then mainly composed of landscape paintings, was not selling well. He returned to Sudbury in 1748–1749 and concentrated on painting portraits.

Bath
In 1759, Gainsborough and his family moved to Bath. There, he studied portraits by van Dyck and was eventually able to attract a fashionable clientele. In 1761, he began to send work to the Society of Arts exhibition in London and from 1769 he submitted works to the Royal Academy's annual exhibitions. He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention. The exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become a founding member of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy was not an easy one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings in 1773.

London
In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London. In 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland. Exhibitions of his work continued for the next six years.
In 1780, he painted the portraits of King George III and his queen and afterwards received many royal commissions. This gave him some influence with the Academy and allowed him to dictate the manner in which he wished his work to be exhibited. However, in 1783, he removed his paintings from the forthcoming exhibition and transferred them to Schomberg House.
In 1784, royal painter Allan Ramsay died and the King was obliged to give the job to Gainsborough's rival and Academy president, Joshua Reynolds. Gainsborough remained the Royal Family's favourite painter, however. At his own express wish, he was buried at St. Anne's Church,Kew, where the Family regularly worshipped.

Techniques
Gainsborough was noted for the speed with which he applied paint, and he worked more from observations of nature (and of human nature) than from application of formal academic rules. The poetic sensibility of his paintings caused Constable to say, "On looking at them, we find tears in our eyes and know not what brings them." Gainsbrough said, "I'm sick of portraits, and wish very much to take my viol-da-gam and walk off to some sweet village, where I can paint landskips (sic) and enjoy the fag end of life in quietness and ease." His liking for landscapes is shown in the way he merged figures of the portraits with the scenes behind them. His later work was characterized by a light palette and easy, economical strokes.
His most famous works, Portrait of Mrs. Graham; Mary and Margaret: The Painter's Daughters; William Hallett and His Wife Elizabeth, nee Stephen, known as The Morning Walk; and Cottage Girl with Dog and Pitcher, display the unique individuality of his subjects.


text:
Thomas Gainsborough
Portrait of a Lady in Blue
The painting is in the collection of Collection of A. Z. Khitrovo, St Petersburg, 1912
Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1785–86)
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Andrews, (c. 1748–1750)
Cottage Girl with Dog and pitcher (1785)
The Painter`s Daughters Chasing a Butterfly, (1756)
Two Daughters with a Cat (c. 1759)
The Artist`s Daughters, Molly and Peggy (1760)
Self-Portrait (1754)
Portrait of Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (1757-1806)
Thank you for your attention !
By Anastasia Grucik & Ivanna Dmitruk


title: Презентация на тему: Тигр

text:
The Amur tiger is in Russia's Red Book of Endangered animals. Hunting for tigers is prohibited since 1947. There are only about 500 adults that live in the Russian Far East.
The Amur tiger is one of the largest tigers. Its body length with head makes up 2 meters and with tail it can reach up to 3 meters. The tiger can weigh 300 kg.

Amur tiger has the reddish-brown coat with black or brown stripes. In summer the coloring is brighter, and in winter the fur becomes longer.

Tigers can travel great distances, covering from 20 to 100 km per day.
The tiger in Russia faces a number of threats:
hunting of prey, illegal poaching,
traditional Chinese Medicine,
loss of habitat.

Think about the ways of protecting these animals!


title: Презентация на тему: 9 things you need to know about the French author...

text:
9 things you need to know about the French author...
1. Jules Verne was born on 8 February 1828 in Nantes, France, the eldest of five children.
2. Verne turned to stock-broking to support himself.
3. At 19 Verne went to Paris to become a lawyer, despite hoping to become a lawyer. His father, who hoped he would take over the family legal practice, cut off his son’s allowance when he discovered his story-writing.
4. He met playwright Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas, writer of The Three Musketeers, who offered him writing advice.
5. Verne married Honorine de Viane, a young widow with two daughters, when he was 28. They had a son, Michel, four years later.
6. Verne had begun writing for operattas, but was having less success with his stories, with a number of works turned down by publishers. But his fortunes improved when he met Hugo’s publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel.
7. His first book, Five Weeks in a Balloon, was published in 1863. After this he retired from stockbroking and became a full-time author.
8. Verne went on to write science-fiction and adventure classics Journey To The Centre Of The Earth, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea and Around The World In 80 Days among the more than 80 books, short stories, essays, poems and plays he wrote in his lifetime.
9. He died on 24 March 1905, but one of his works would be published 84 years later, after his great-grandson discovered the manuscript for Paris in the 20th Century in a safe. Originally written in 1863 about a man living in a world of skyscrapers, high-speed trains, cars and calculators, his publisher had thought the story too pessimistic and refused to print it.
Thank you for attention!


title: Презентация на тему: This Is Halloween

text:
This Is Halloween
Created by Olga Prikhodko
School 18, Sumy, Ukraine
The month is amber,Gold and brown.Blue ghosts of smoke Float through the town.Great V’s of geeseHonk overhead,And maples turnA fiery red.Frost bites the lawn,The stars are slitsIn a black cat’s eyeBefore she spits.
At last, small witches,Goblins, hags,And pirates armedWith paper bags.Their costumes hinged On safety pins,Go haunt a night
Of pumpkin grins.
This Is Halloween
Halloween is an annual holiday observed on October 31. It has roots in the Celtic festival of Samhain and the Christian holiday All Saints' Day, but is today largely a secular
        celebration.
The ancient Celts believed that the border between this world and the Otherworld became thin on this day, allowing spirits (both harmless and harmful) to pass through. The family's ancestors were honoured and invited home while harmful spirits were warded off.
No sun,  no light, Not even a spark,The whole world Is completely dark.The clock strikes twelve, You hear it chime,Not one single person Is awake at this time.No other color Than black is to see.
You notice a monster,  During the day it’s a tree.Though there’s no wind,  You can smell the crisp air.The shapes you see, Are the creeps of your nightmare.No sun, no lamp, Not a single light.So dark, so black, In the middle of the night.
Halloween costumes are traditionally those of monsters such as ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. They are said to be used to scare off demons. Costumes are also based on themes other than traditional horror, such as those of characters from television shows, movies, and other pop culture icons.
Long ago people believed in ghosts. They thought that the dead came back to their homes on Halloween and walked around all night.
There's a house upon the hilltopWe will not go insideFor that is where the witches live,Where ghosts and goblins hide.Tonight they have their party,All the lights are burning bright,But oh we will not go insideThe haunted house tonight.
The demons there are whirlingAnd the spirits swirl about.They sing their songs to Halloween."Come join the fun," they shout.But we do not want to go thereSo we run with all our mightAnd oh we will not go insideThe haunted house tonight.
Witches flying past on broomsticks,Black cats leaping here and there,White-robed spooks on every corner,Mournful moaning in the air,Goblins peering out of windows,Spirit-things that rap and run-But don't be scared-it's just October,Having one last hour of fun!
Ding, dang, dong!                                 Crackle a little song!Use your bones As xylophonesOne went crack, what’s wrong?
It was a black and gloomy nightAnd not a star was in sightThe moon shone brightly in the skyWhen suddenly I heard a cry.I ran past the gravestones, covered in moss.This graveyard was haunted, The shriek meant a loss.
I needed to save whoever screamed.Since there’s a ghost that eats brains,  so it seemed.I kept on running Till I’d seen the case.My scared friend Patrick had tripped on his lace.
"Will you walk into my parlor?"said the spider to the fly;“It is the prettiest little parlor that you ever did spy.The way into my parlor is up a winding stair,And I have many curious things to show when you are there.""Oh no, no!" said the little fly,"to ask me is in vain;For who goes up your winding staircan never come down again."
Witches have had a long history with Halloween. Legends tell of witches gathering on this night, arriving on broomsticks, to celebrate a party hosted by the devil. Superstitions tell of witches casting spells on unsuspecting people, transform themselves into different forms and causing other     magical mischief.
The sky is dark,The stars are blue, The witches are makingTheir witches’ brew.

The Witches Caldron"Eye of newt, and toe of frog,Wool of bat, and tongue of dog""Adder's fork, and blind-worm's sting,Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing""For a charm of powerful trouble,Like a hell-broth boil and babble""Double, double, toil and trouble,Fire burn, and caldron bubble"William Shakespeare
The black cat has long been associated with witches. Many superstitions have evolved about cats. It was believed that witches could change into cats. Some people also believed that cats were the spirits of the dead.
One of the best known superstitions is that if a black cat was to cross your path you would have to turn around and go back because many people believe if you continued bad luck would strike you.

Celtic priests called Druids celebrated Halloween many centuries ago in Ireland and Scotland. The Druids thought that Halloween was the night when the witches came out. As they were afraid of the witches they put on different clothes and painted their faces to deceive the evil spirits. They also placed food and small gifts near the doors of their houses for the witches.
The old Celtic custom was to light great bonfires on Halloween, and after these had burned out to make a circle of the ashes of each fire. Within this circle, and near the circumference, each member of the various families that had helped to make a fire would place a pebble. If, on the next day, any stone was displaced, or had been damaged, it was considered to be an indication that the one to whom the stone belonged would die within twelve months.
Jack-o-lanterns originated in Ireland where people placed candles in hollowed-out turnips to keep away spirits and ghosts on the Samhain holiday. Some of them have scary and some have funny faces.
According to folklore, the jack-o-lantern got his name from a man named Jack who used to play practical jokes on the devil and was punished for it.
Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to a (mostly idle) "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. Sometimes children perform some sort of trick, i.e. sings a song or tells a ghost story, to earn their treats.
In masks and gowns we haunt the streetAnd knock on doors for trick or treat.Tonight we are the king and queen,For all  tonight is …
                Menu

Halloween Witches Brew
Chocolate Spiders
Gingerbread Ghosts
Scary Faced Pizzas
Halloween Mix
Coco Lanterns
Vampire Punch
Witches Fingers
Night Crawlers
Candied Apples
Pumpkin Chips

            Fortunetelling

Apples were once thought to be a link between men and the Gods and were often used to tell the future. By putting an apple under your pillow you could dream a wish and eat the apple in the morning. Later people began to use apples in games.

A burning a candle inside a jack-o-lantern on Halloween keeps evil spirits and demons at bay.If a candle suddenly goes out by itself on Halloween, as though by breath or wind, it is believed that a ghost has come to call.  Always burn new candles on Halloween to ensure the best of luck. It is not a good idea to burn Halloween candles at any other time of the year. It may bring bad luck or strange things will happen to you, over which you will have no control.
                Superstitions
Gazing into a flame of a candle on Halloween night will enable you to peer into the future.Girls who carry a lamp to a spring of water on this night can see their future husband in the reflection. It is believed that if a person lights a new orange colored candle at midnight on Halloween and lets it burn until sunrise, he or she will be the recipient of good luck.
                  Superstitions
If you hear footsteps trailing close behind you on Halloween night, do not to turn around to see who it is, for it may be Death himself! To look Death in the eye, according to ancient folklore, is a sure way to hasten your own demise. If a bat flies around a house three times, it is considered to be a death omen.A person born on Halloween can both see and talk to spirits.
                  Superstitions
If you see a spider on Halloween, it could be the spirit of a dead loved one who is watching you.Put your clothes on inside out and walk backwards on Halloween night to meet a witch. You should walk around your home three times backwards and counterclockwise before sunset on Halloween to ward off evil spirits.
                  Superstitions
Resources:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRJLrMcFwpk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qk-F2OdK_lo http://poetry4kids.wordpress.com/ http://www.theholidayspot.com/halloween/ http://priroda77.narod.ru/animation/anima.html http://www.lenagold.ru/fon/clipart/alf.html www.1september.ru


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Kinkade

text:
Thomas Kinkade
Thomas Kinkade: paintings and wonderful biography
Thomas Kinkade (January 19, 1958 – April 6, 2012)[ was an American painter of popular realistic, bucolic, and idyllic subjects. He is notable for the mass marketing of his work as printed reproductions and other licensed products via The Thomas Kinkade Company. He characterized himself as "Thomas Kinkade, Painter of Light," a phrase he protected through trademark but one originally attributed to the English master J.M.W. Turner(1775–1851). It is estimated that 1 in every 20 American homes owns a copy of one of his paintings.
There's a grain of truth in every joke.

"I am a devout Christian . Spirituality - is what brings me inspiration ." "I consider it my duty to the artist through my music appeal to all people , no matter what denomination they belong to . Fact that I paint, carries a message of peace and joy for all people. "
THE
END


text:
Thomas
 Gainsborough

(14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788)
Thomas Gainsborough's house
Thomas Gainsborough  was an English portrait and landscape painter. He was born the youngest son of John Gainsborough, a weaver in Suffolk.
He painted quickly and his pictures are characterized by a light palette and easy strokes. He preferred landscapes  to portraits.
Perhaps the best known to-day of all Gainsborough’s portraits is the famous “Blue Boy”.
His picture  “The Cottage  Girl  with Dog  and  Pitcher” attracted general attention
“Mrs. Graham”
“Mr and Mrs Andrews”
“Mrs. Sarah Siddons”
“The Artist`s Daughters,
 Molly and Peggy”
“Johann
 Christian Bach”
This portrait, one of Gainsborough's most successful paintings, is the artist's only work in the Hermitage.
“Lady in Blue”
He was in advance of his time. His art became a forerunner of the Romantic Movement.


title: Презентация на тему: Top 10 Extreme Sports

text:
Top 10 Extreme Sports
Hang Gliding
Paragliding
Surfing
Windsurfing
Ice Climbing
Hot Air Ballooning
Skydiving
Mountain Biking
Bungee Jumping
Mountaineering


title: Презентация на тему: Topic My family

text:
My family
Plan
1. Family
2. Responsibilities
3. Relations

[a:nt]
тётя
[‘fa:ðə]
папа
[‘grænpa:]

дедушка
[ʌŋkl]
дядя
[‘nevju:]
племянник
[‘mʌðə]
мама
[‘grænmʌðə]
бабушка
[‘brʌðə]
брат
[ni:s]
племянница
[kʌzn]
двоюродные брат
или сестра

Read the transcriptions of thе words and translate them.
a grandmother
a mother
an uncle
a daughter
a brother
a son
a sister
a grandfather
a father
an aunt
Match the pairs

mother’s or father’s brother is …

uncle

mother’s or father’s sister is …

aunt

mother and father are …

parents

sister’s or brother’s son is …

nephew

sister’s or brother’s daughter is …

niece
Read the descriptions of people and say what they are…
A big family

What do you do to help your family?
What must we have at home?

What kind of family may be?
a loving
a close
a caring
a friendly
a hospitable
family

Let’s have a rest!
Task: write the story about your family.
Family
friendly   loving   caring
understand   take care of    help
I can’t imagine my life without the family
Love
Homework:
Tell about your family
Thank you for your work!
Ресурсы Интернета
http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?lr=38&noreask=1&ed=1&text=family%20and%20responsibility&p=6&img_url=graphoconsulting.hu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F01%2Fcsalad_1resize1.jpg&rpt=simage
http://allday.ru/index.php?newsid=114962
http://www.overstock.com/Books-Movies-Music-Games/Family-Responsibilities-Hardcover/3116737/product.html
http://www.dtinstitute.net/index.html
http://ru.123rf.com/photo_10123120_a-mother-and-so
УМК «Enjoy English» для 5-6 классов
Авторы Биболетова М.З., Добрынина Н.В., Трубанева Н.Н.
n-reading-a-book.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/7214549/How-to-turn-your-children-into-nice-little-earners.html
http://ru.123rf.com/photo_4822785_girls-washing-the-plate.html
http://www.kinomania.ru/movies/p/Parenthood/3.shtml
http://lidia.rusedu.net/archives/2339/20110707
http://snezhka.brnmyyo.edusite.ru/p27aa1.html
http://lovas.ru/users/12087/
http://kino.orionnet.ru/film/5456/people/
http://mirtesen.ru/people?t=Современная проза&page=3
http://www.pressfoto.ru/categories/people/?page=187
http://dev.kinokopilka.ru/people/2906-sela-uord
http://moikrug.ru/circles/926259421/?perpage=20&page=10
http://offtop.ru/moonlighting/v1_627172_all_.php?of1831=2948d7e23c366540f3727303fd472f6b
http://www.omsk.aif.ru/number/byreaders/number_id/283
http://savepic.ru/668670m.htm
http://www.fotodeti.ru/foto_b.php?id=11882&all=1
http://dingo.dn.ua/kormlenie.html
http://www.roditeli.ua/deti/upbringing_development/poryadok_deti
http://show.7ya.ru/private.aspx?RubrID=180758
http://www.nntt.org/viewtopic.php?f=2552&t=426678
http://www.fotodeti.ru/foto_b.php?id=12010&all=&nns=6&fotrep=&allpr1=4
http://www.pressfoto.ru/categories/people/?page=187
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXsqprkgyG8&feature=related


title: Презентация на тему: Topic London

text:
Great Britain. London.

The capital of Great Britain is  London. It is situated on the river Thames. The Houses of Parliament is the seat of the British Government.
The tallest tower of the Houses of Parliament with the clock on it is Big Ben.
In the centre there is a Buckingham Palace. Queen Elizabeth lives there.
Crossing the river by Tower Bridge…
You can see the Tower of London. Many centuries ago it was a fortress, a Royal Palace and then a prison. Now it is a museum.

St.Paul’s  Cathedral is the biggest English church.
Westminster Abby is one of the oldest building in London. Many kings and queens are buried there.
In the centre of  Trafalgar  Square is the monument to Nelson.
Admiral Nelson is the national hero of Great  Britain.
To the right of Trafalgar Square there is the National Gallery which has a fine collection of European paintings.
T


title: Презентация на тему: Topic: Telephone. Listening

text:
Topic: Telephone. Listening.
Topic: Telephone. Listening.
Topic: Telephone. Listening.


title: Презентация на тему: Topic Kyiv

text:
Ukraine
KYIV
Ukraine is our Motherland. It is one of the largest countries in     Europe.  We live in Ukraine
Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine.It stands on the river Dnipro. More than 3 million people live in Kyiv.
Kyiv is one of the oldest European cities. There is a legend that three
brothers Kyi, Shchek,Khoriv and their sister Lybid founded the city.
Kyiv is the seat of the President  of Ukraine
And Verhovna Rada.
Khreshchatik is the central street in Kyiv
.
.
The main
Square is
Maidan
Nezalezhnosti
A symbol of Ukraine
St. Mykhailo Cathedral.

The Golden Gate.
The Golden Gate before the reconstruction.
Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
Andriivskiy Uzviz.
There are many
Monuments in
Kyiv too.
The monument to
Prince Volodymyr.
The monument to Princess Olga.
The monument to Bohdan Khmelnytskiy.
The monument to
Taras Shevchenko.
Kyiv is the city of students. The university.
Kyiv is the cultural centre. The Opera House.
 Puppet Theater Building.


title: Презентация на тему: Topic Modern inventions

text:
Modern inventions in our life.
Technological progress has merely provided
us with two more efficient means for going
backwards.
                      (Aldous Huxley, English author)

Men are only as good as their technical
development allows them to be.
                                                (George Orwell)

Necessity is the mother of invention.
Microwave oven
Vacuum cleaner
Toaster
TV set
Sewing machine
Dishwasher
Washing machine
Fridge

DVD player                                      radio cassette player
camcorder                                        laptop
MP3 player                                     digital camera
Walkman                                          video mobile phone
PDA (personal digital assistant)    CD player

Are you keen on technology?
What kinds of high tech gadgets do you own?
What do you use them for?

Do you agree?
What reasons can you think of it?
Can you think of any opposing viewpoints?

Ban mobile phones in schools!
Writing skills
Your own invention
One machine can do the work of fifty
ordinary men. No machine can do the
work of one extraordinary man.
                                      (Elbert Hubbard)


title: Презентация на тему: Topography

text:
a mountain
a desert
jungles
grasslands
high
deep
dry
wet


title: Презентация на тему: “Town Life. London”

text:
Презентация по теме  “Town Life. London”                                   Учебник для 4 класса школ с углубленным изучением английского языка. Верещагина И.Н., Афанасьева О.В.
Логинова Ольга Анатольевна
Учитель английского языка
ГОУ №180 г. Санкт-Петербург
201.
19.01.2012г
London
 the Capital of Great Britain

The History of London
The history of London began about the year AD 43.
“Misty Albion”
The Romans went to England.
They built a town on the river Thames.
The Romans called it Londinium.
They built a bridge over the river Thames.

A tall wall was built around the town for defence.
Fragment of the Roman’s wall.
The River Thames has always been part of London’s history.
Until 1749 there was only one bridge over the river: London Bridge.
There were houses and shops on the Old London Bridge.
Now there are 27 bridges over the River Thames.
In 1066 William the Conqueror and his people went to England from Normandy in France.
William the Conqueror became a King of England.
William the Conqueror built the White Tower to live in it.
Now the Tower of London is one of the most important and beautiful buildings in London.
London is the biggest city in Britain.
It is the oldest part of London.
The heart of London is the City.
There are a lot of banks and offices in the City too.
The Tower of London was
a fortress
a palace
a prison
 the King’s Zoo
and a museum.
There are always black ravens in the Tower of London.
People keep them and look after them.
People believe that London will be rich while ravens live there.
The Great Fire of London happened on Saturday 2nd September 1666.
The fire burnt until Thursday and destroyed 80% of the city.
After the Great Fire people built a new city.
London at the time of George II (1683 - 1760)
St. Paul's  Сathedral  is in the background.
St.Paul’s Cathedral is one of the greatest English churches.
The famous English architect Sir Christopher Wren built it in the 17th century.
It is a beautiful building with many columns and towers.
In one of its towers there is one of the biggest bells in the world.
Trafalgar Square is in the center of London.
In the middle of the square stands a tall column. It is a monument to Admiral Nelson.
There are two beautiful fountains in the square.
National Gallery is one of the best picture galleries in the world.
The political centre of London is Westminster.
The British Prime Minister lives at number 10 Downing Street.
Big Ben
and the Houses of Parliament
Westminster Bridge
Westminster Abby
Westminster Abby
Poets’ Corner
Charles Dickens and Rudyard Kipling are buried there.
Charles Dickens
Rudyard Kipling
The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
Queen Elizabeth II
Buckingham Palace
The Queen Victoria Memorial
There are about 10 thousand streets in London. Oxford Street is London’s main shopping centre.
The largest park in London is Hyde Park.
Bloomsbury Square is one of the oldest in London. It is more than 300 years old.

The British Museum
The Royal Opera House
Modern London
Name the place in the picture.
Buckingham Palace
the White Tower
St. Paul’s Cathedral
The National Gallery
Name the place in the picture.
Westminster Abby
Big Ben
The British Museum
Answer the questions.
Источники материалов

http://www.kolizejinfo.ru/forum/2-93-1
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лондон
http://dreamworlds.ru/intersnosti/17468-istorija-londonskogo-taujera.html
http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/tales/index.html


title: Презентация на тему: TOP-10 The most popular English phrasal verbs

text:
TOP-10 The most popular English phrasal verbs

		В английском языке существует множество так называемых фразовых глаголов (phrasal verbs), которые не подчиняются никаким правилам, и которые можно только выучить наизусть.
		Фразовый глагол существует как единая неразделимая семантическая единица языка и несет смысловое значение только в таком виде:
глагол + предлог
глагол + наречие
глагол + предлог и наречие
		Значение фразового глагола может разительно отличаться и обычно отличается, от значения глагола, из которого он образован.
		Иногда фразовые глаголы являются эквивалентом наших глаголов с приставками:walk (ходить) - walk in (входить)dry (сохнуть) - dry up (засыхать)
		Чаще глагол в сочетании с предлогом образует совершенно новое значение:take (брать) - take off (взлетать)turn (поворачивать) - turn down (отклонять, отвергать)
		Фразовые глаголы в английском языке очень распространенное явление, но чаще они используются в повседневной речи, чем в деловой переписке или деловой беседе.
		Очень важно знать их (хотя бы наиболее употребляемые) и использовать, для того чтобы Ваш английский стал более «английским».
		Вашему вниманию предлагается ТОП-10 самых популярных фразовых глаголов английского языка.

На 10 месте находится глагол look for.
искать, подыскивать, присматривать, практически только одно значение, причем около 75% с формой looking;
		а) обычно с простым дополнением после;
		б) очень редко дополнение встречается перед 	глаголом или бывает выражено придаточным 	предложением;
		в) в вопросах к дополнению.

На 9 месте глагол come in.
	1) входить; приходить, прибывать;
	2) прибывать (о поезде и т.п.); поступать (почта и т.п.);
	3) вступать (в должность, дело и т.п.) и др.

На 8 месте глагол come out.
	1) выходить (в подавляющем большинстве случаев);
	come out of в разг. варианте встречается как come outta/outa;
	2) "выходить" может все, что угодно; а также выйти из состояния и др.;
	3) появляться, возникать, приходить;
	4)  получаться, случаться, "выходить"
На 7 месте находится глагол sit down.
		1) садиться, 	усаживаться, 	занимать место
На 6 месте глагол come back.
		1) возвращаться;
		2) вспоминать;
		3) разг. очнуться, прийти в себя;
		4) амер. разг. ответить тем же 	самым

На 5 месте находится глагол come on.
(на первые два значения приходится 75-80% случаев употр.):
	1) давай!, живее!, вперед!, пошли! (последнее чаще всего);
	2) брось!, перестань!, кончай!, хватит!, ладно тебе!;
	3) проходить, двигаться; приходить, приезжать; в частности:
		а) come on in входить;
		б) come on out выходить; а также: ~ down спускаться;
		~ up подниматься, ~ upstairs по лестнице; 4) "прийти" 	может все, что угодно, но по-русски часто заменяется 	более  подходящим словом: свет- вспыхнуть, зажечься; 	ветер, комары- налететь; прогноз погоды, новости, 	головная боль- начаться; ночь, темнота наступить и 	т.п.
		Не является фразовым глаголом если предлог on относится к существительному; например: come on duty заступать/приходить на дежурство

На 4 месте глагол go back.
возвращаться, (куда-либо,
к кому-либо, к чему-либо)
На 3 месте находится глагол get out.
	get out и get out of (чаще с of)
	1) уходить, уезжать, убираться, сваливать, проваливать (of – из, от); также совет, приказ;
	2) выходить, вылезать (of – из); также совет, приказ (обычно с этими значениями глагол неразделяемый, но "крепкие" словечки, типа the hell вставляются внутрь);
	3) "выходить" переносно: избавиться, отделаться, выйти из ситуации; издаваться, распространяться и т.п.

	1) вынимать, вытаскивать, убрать что-л. или
	кого-л. откуда либо (of – из, от);
	В разговорном языке out of часто сокращается до outta/outa.

На 2 месте глагол go on.
		Трудный глагол, частотность его употребления очень высока, а его значение полностью зависит от контекста речи (так же как, например, русское "давай" может иметь любой подтекст).
	1) go on! продолжай(те)!; давай(те)!;
	2) продолжать(ся);
	3) происходить (going on);
	4) продолжать путь;
	5) зажечься (о свете) и др.

	1) go on! в форме приказа, совета, просьбы означает:
		а) продолжай(те), очень часто – говорить; реже – делать что-л.;
		б) давай(те)!, вперед!, начинай!, двигайся!, проходи!, уходи! и т.п., что от части 	соответствует come on. Но go on более прямолинеен, прост и категоричен,
		а come on часто несет оттенок упрека "ну давай же, хватит сидеть";
	2) продолжаться; продолжать что-л. делать, чем-л. заниматься.
	go on with – продолжать заниматься чем-л.;
	3) происходить, случаться (часто в негативном смысле), практически всегда только с going on:
		а) единственная формулировка – what is (was очень редко) going on? 	(суперчасто);
		б) другие случаи (гораздо реже);
	4) идти, ехать (дальше), продолжать путь;
	5) вспыхивать, зажечься, гореть (о свете)
На 1 месте находится глагол pick up.
		При переводе этого глагола, рекомендую сначала использовать русское слово/понятие "взять". Взять, в широком смысле слова, можно: книгу, чемодан, деньги, пассажира, преступника, привычку, след, информацию, инфекцию, сигнал, запах и т.д.
	1) в большинстве случаев в буквальном смысле: взять, брать, поднять, подбирать, собирать, подхватить, схватить что-л./кого-л. руками, в руки, на руки;
	2) то же самое по смыслу в ситуации -  взять, поднять, снять телефонную трубку;
	3) забрать, взять кого-л./что-л. (любым видом не общественного транспорта, пешком и т.п.);
		Другие значения встречаются гораздо реже:
	4) арестовать, взять, забрать, схватить и т.п.;
	5) быстро схватывать, нахвататься (знания и т.п.), подцепить (выражения и т.п.), научиться (приемам и т.п.), приобрести (привычки и т.п.);
	6) познакомиться, "подцепить", например в баре и т.п.;
	7) подхватить (тему, смех и др.);
	8) собирать, добывать (сведения, информацию и т.п.).

	Встречается редко:
	1) обнаружить, поймать, уловить, учуять (запах, звук, сигнал, энергию, волны, настроение, мысли и т.д.);
	2) набирать, увеличивать, ускорять (скорость, темп, звук, силу и т.п.) и др.


title: Презентация на тему: Topic Painting

text:
Painting.

icon
proposal
chemistry
helicopter
still life
pediatrician
canvas
wizard
seascape
representative
drawing
development
mower
artist
brush
gallery
Ilya Repin
Isaac Levitan
William Hogarth
Ilya Glazunov
Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin
Karl Brullov
Ivan Shishkin
Nikas Safronov
Leonardo de Vinci

1860 -  1900
 William Hogarth was a great English painter and engraver.
1697-1764
 He wanted his paintings to be like a play.
 His portraits show the harmony in color.
Tretyakov Gallery                  a) New York
Louvre                                       b) London
Hermitage                                 c) Moscow
Dresden Gallery                      d) Paris
Prado                                          e) St Petersburg
Tate Gallery                              f) Madrid
7.   Metropolitan Museum           g) Dresden
Tretyakov Gallery

     1832                           1898
Official name Federal Cultural Institution "The State Hermitage"  Legal address Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya, 34 St Petersburg, Russia
DirectorMikhail Borisovich Petrovsky.
Visitors. In 2011 about 3 million people.
The collection contains 2 970 214 items, including:
paintings , works of graphic art , sculptures , archeological objects ,numismatics  and other exhibit items .  The museum was founded in 1764 when Empress Catherine the Great purchased a collection of Flemish and Dutch paintings (225) from the Berlin merchant Johann Ernest Gotzkowski.
The museum's storerooms, exhibitions, departments and services are housed in 10 buildings, one of them is Winter Palace.
Who founded the Gallery?
When was the Gallery founded?
How many canvases are there in the Gallery?
What painters are represented in the Gallery?
5.   Does the gallery contain sculptures?
V.Perov

K.Briullov

I.Repin

A.Rublev

V.Vasnetsov

6. I.Shishkin

7. A.Savrasov

8. Rembrandt van rein

9. I.Aivazovsky

10. Leonardo de Vinci
Kashirino
2012


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Jefferson

text:
Thomas Jefferson
3rd president of the United States
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence, a principal leader in the American Revolution, and the third president of the United States.
 Jefferson is also regarded as a great political thinker and diplomat.
The U.S. doubled its area in 1803 when he bought territory west of the Mississippi called the Louisiana Purchase.
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence, drafted principally by Thomas Jefferson, is the document in which American colonists proclaimed their freedom from British rule.
Louisiana Purchase
In 1803 United States President Thomas Jefferson paid Napoleon Bonaparte of France $15 million for about 2.1 million sq km (about 800,000 sq mi) of land west of the Mississippi River. Shown here amid the present-day U.S. boundaries, the Louisiana Purchase provided growing room for the young nation.
Thomas Jefferson designed his mansion, Monticello, in 1770 and completed it in 1809. The Albemarle, Virginia, estate has 35 rooms and includes Greek and Roman architectural details.
 Jefferson is buried in a family plot on the property.
Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
Jefferson was an accomplished farmer, lawyer, architect, inventor, naturalist, philosopher, and scientist.
The present collection of the Library of Congress began with the purchase of Jefferson's personal library.
Library of Congress
Thomas Jefferson Memorial


title: Презентация на тему: 10 top unusual hotels in the world

text:
Hôtel Palafitte is a hi-tech series of apartments on stilts adrift in the middle of Neuchâtel Lake in Switzerland
Lie back and watch the fantastic Northern Lights from your bed in the futuristic glass igloos of Hotel Kakslauttanen in Finnish Lapland
Künstlerheim Luise, co-operative art gallery hotel, Berlin.  Enjoy the bananas flying around your head! An excellent place for honeymoon!
Death in the afternoon has been replaced by leisurely siestas with rooms built into the walls of Quinta Real Zacatecas bullring in Mexico
It literally is a case of you've been framed in Atelier sul Mare in Sicily, as every room has been designed by a different modern artist
An art community in the funky side of Ljubljana has turned this former slammer into a hip hostel called Hostel Celica. And we're not talking basket-woven beds
Hôtel Palafitte is a hi-tech series of apartments
on stilts adrift in the middle of Neuchâtel Lake in Switzerland


title: Презентация на тему: Topic Famous people

text:
Intellectual show
Actors
Singers
Others
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
  Politicians
Writes
100
200
300
400
Natalie Portman
Macaulay Culkin
He met with Vladimir Putin at the International Tiger Conversation Forum in St. Petersburg in 2010
 Leonardo Di Caprio
Emma Watson
 Russian singer who has won the Eurovision Song Contest
Dima Bilan
The most famous pop and rock band of the 1960s.
He was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century and the King of Rock 'n' Roll
Elvis Presley
Madonna
She was an English writer of popular books and plays, especially detective stories
Agatha Christie
John Ronald
 Reuel Tolkien
 Favourite Russian writer of D. A. Medvedev
Anton Chekhov
Jack London
D.A. Medvedev
He has got the cat Dorofey and four dogs: two setters Jolie and Daniel, golden retriever Aldu and the Central Asian sheep-dog
Margaret Thatcher
He is an Austrian-American former professional bodybuilder, powerlifter, Olympic weightlifter, actor, director, businessman, investor, and politician, 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Ronald Wilson Reagan
He is one of the richest people in the world. He founded the company Microsoft.
Bill Gates
She is one of the most successful figure skaters. She has won three Olympic gold medals (1972, 1976, 1980), 10 medals of World Championships.
 Irina Rodnina
A famous Italian painter, inventor, engineer, architect and sculptor.
Leonardo da Vinci
 The second Russian woman-cosmonaut. In 1984 she became the first woman to walk in space.
Svetlana Savitskaya


title: Презентация на тему: торнадо

text:
 Currently, a new National Programme  is drafted for the mitigation of Chernobyl after-effects for the years 2011-2015. Its major goal will be to rehabilitate and develop the affected areas socially and economically, maintain the required level of safety for the suffering citizens and radiation safety. The principal task of the current programme is to move away from the rehabilitation efforts in most critical directions of the mitigation towards social and economic revival and sustainable development of the affected areas.
Not only Chernobyl but many of our «peaceful» factories and towns cause a great damage to the environment. Dangerous dust and blow-outs of the enterprises are being carried out by winds for long distances destroying the life around. People all over the world are worried about what is happening to the environment. They understand that the earth is their home, a big green home. The environment protection should be our universal concern.
 Global warming
 Global warming process of the gradual increase fair-annual temperature of the atmosphere of the Land and World ocean.
   The Scientist were defined: uncontrolled surges in atmosphere and other thoughtless behaviour of the person was a reason of the steady change the climate, capable completely to change the planet. The Danger of the global catastrophe has acknowledged the government and folk of the developed countries of the world.
Antarctic Glaciers Melting Rapidly
A new study of glaciers in a portion of the Antarctic finds 84 percent of them have retreated over the past 50 years in response to a warmer climate.
The work was based on 2,000 aerial photos, some taken in the 1940s, and satellite images. The climate in the region has warmed by more than 4.5 degrees Fahrenheit (2.5 Celsius) in the last 50 years, the scientists said.
"The widespread retreat of the glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula over the last 50 years was largely caused by climate change," said David Vaughan of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge.
The hole in the ozone layer
Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation which is produced by the Sun. Ultraviolet radiation can damage cells of living things- plants, animals and people. The damage of ozone has been caused by complex chemical reactions involving chlorine and bromine.
Land degradation
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Easter Island experienced severe erosion due to deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices. The resulting loss of topsoil ultimately led to ecological collapse, causing mass starvation and the complete disintegration of the Easter Island civilization.
The loss of soil fertility due to erosion is further problematic because the response is often to apply chemical fertilizers, which leads to further water and soil pollution, rather than to allow the land to regenerate.
Prevention and remediation
The most effective known method for erosion prevention is to increase vegetative cover on the land, which helps prevent both wind and water erosion. Terracing is an extremely effective means of erosion control, which has been practiced for thousands of years by people all over the world.
Windbreaks (also called shelterbelts) are rows of trees and shrubs that are planted along the edges of agricultural fields, to shield the fields against winds. In addition to significantly reducing wind erosion, windbreaks provide many other benefits such as improved microclimates for crops (which are sheltered from the dehydrating and otherwise damaging effects of wind), habitat for beneficial bird species, carbon sequestration, and aesthetic improvements to the agricultural landscape. Traditional planting methods, such as mixed-cropping (instead of monocropping) and crop rotation have also been shown to significantly reduce erosion rates.
Results


title: Презентация на тему: Thomas Gainsborough - Life and work.

text:
1788
1727
Sudbury, Suffolk;

engraver Hubert
Gravelot;

associated with
William Hogarth
and his school.
Landscape with Figures under  a Tree  (1746-7)
landscape paintings;

returning to Sudbury (1748);

portrait paintings.
Landscape in Suffolk (1748)
Mr and Mrs Carter  (1748)
Two Daughters with a Cat (c. 1759)
King George III
Portrait of Queen Charlotte
1784 - Joshua Reynolds -royal painter;

later  years - simple, ordinary landscapes.

one of the originators of the eighteenth-century British landscape school;

the dominant British portraitist of the second half of the 18th century.
Mountain Landscape with Pool
speed;

working more from observations of nature;

loving landscapes
 a portrait of Jonathan Buttall;
oil painting;
full-length portrait;
colour scheme where cool blue predominate;
costume dating from about 140 years before the portrait was painted;
Placing the figure against the landscape background;
Is represented standing;
Masterpiece.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough

http://www.thomas-gainsborough.org/

http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/gainsborough/

http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/thomas-gainsborough

http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/artists/thomas-gainsborough-658


title: Презентация на тему: TO SAY, TO TELL, TO SPEAK, TO TALK

text:
To say, to tell, to speak, to talk
Preparation for exam
to tell
to tell
to speak
to speak
to talk
to talk
to say
to say
Rules
Test
to speak
to tell
to talk
to say
The boy was told to stay at home

Can you tell me the time?
The baby is learning to speak.
He can speak now.
The matter must be talked about
They talked about old days
deep into the night
"It is getting late" she said

 It says in today's paper that gas prices
are going up again

 Are you saying I am fat?
Say, tell, talk, speak
Test
Think today and ..... tomorrow
say
tell
speak
talk
Strictly ..... , I have very little
information about the matter.
saying
speaking
telling
talking
speak
tell
say
talk
The teacher ..... her class about a man who used
to swim five times across a river
before breakfast.
said
spoke
told
talked
I asked what his name was and he .....
 his name was Dan.
told
spoke
said
talked
told
spoke
said
talked
told
spoke
said
talked
 ..... of the devil and he is sure to appear.
say
tell
speak
talk
 My Grandfather was very clever; he could .....
several foreign languages.
say
tell
speak
talk
 First think then ..... .
say
tell
speak
talk
 I can tell the time
say
speak
tell
talk
Did they ..... you their names?
say
speak
tell
talk
Try again
No, thanks


title: Презентация на тему: To say or to tell To speak or to talk

text:
To say, to tell, to speak, to talk
Preparation for exam
Rules
Test
to speak
to tell
to talk
to say
to tell
to tell
The boy was told to stay at home

Can you tell me the time?
to speak
to speak
The baby is learning to speak.
He can speak now.
to talk
to talk
The matter must be talked about
They talked about old days
deep into the night
to say
to say
"It is getting late" she said

 It says in today's paper that gas prices
are going up again

 Are you saying I am fat?
Say, tell, talk, speak
Test
Think today and ..... tomorrow
say
tell
speak
talk
Strictly ..... , I have very little
information about the matter.
saying
speaking
telling
talking
speak
tell
say
talk
The teacher ..... her class about a man who used
to swim five times across a river
before breakfast.
said
spoke
told
talked
I asked what his name was and he .....
 his name was Dan.
told
spoke
said
talked
told
spoke
said
talked
told
spoke
said
talked
 ..... of the devil and he is sure to appear.
say
tell
speak
talk
 My Grandfather was very clever; he could .....
several foreign languages.
say
tell
speak
talk
 First think then ..... .
say
tell
speak
talk
 I can tell the time
say
speak
tell
talk
Did they ..... you their names?
say
speak
tell
talk
Try again
No, thanks


title: Презентация на тему: TOP Tourist Attractions

text:
TOP TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
Every year, millions of tourists come to see London to see Big Ben, what exactly is Big Ben?
Most people think that Big Ben is the tall clock tower that stands above the Houses of Parliament. Well, no!
Big Ben is not the clock tower. It is one of the four huge bells inside the tower.

The tower is 98  metres high. The bell inside the tower is 14 tons. The clock on the tower is also huge.
Each of the four clock faces is 7 metres wide. The hour hands are about 3 metres long.
Perhaps one day you can go to London and see this amazing tourist attraction.
THE END.THANKS A LOT.


title: Презентация на тему: Top-10The most important inventions

text:
Top-10The most important inventions
№1 - Fire
People soon discovered the useful properties of fire - its ability to illuminate and warm, to improve on plant and animal foods.
"Wild Fire", which flared up during the forest fires or volcanic eruptions, was terrible, but bringing the fire in the cave man "tamed" him. Since that time the fire was a constant companion of man and the foundation of its economy. In ancient times it was an indispensable source of heat, light, and a means for cooking, hunting weapon.
However, further gains of culture (ceramics, metallurgy, steel production, steam engines, etc.) must use an integrated fire.
Many thousands of people enjoyed the "home fire" kept him from year to year in their caves before they learned how to produce it themselves by friction. Probably, this discovery was an accident, after our ancestors learned how to drill wood. During this operation, the wood is heated, and under favorable conditions, the ignition could occur. Drawing attention to it, people have become widely used for making fire by friction.

And only then, with the development of mankind are available to other ways to get open fire.
№2 - Wheel and Wagon
Perhaps, it is difficult to find another invention, which would give a powerful impetus to the development of technology.
The prototype was a log-roller, which was at the center thinner than the edges, it was moved under the weight evenly and it does not swing to the side. Later from whole logs were only two rollers at the ends, and between them appeared axis. Then, it was begun to produce separately, and then rigidly fastened together.
It was discovered the wheel and the first wagon.
In later centuries, many generations of masters have worked on the improvement of this invention.
For less friction of the axis wheel greased or steel lubricated with tar. For the sake of reducing the weight of the wheels sawed notches in it, and to strengthen the transverse stiffness of scrapie. After the discovery of metal to produce steel wheel with metal rim and spokes. This could turn the wheel ten times faster and does not afraid of hitting the rocks. Harnessed to a cart-footed horses, a man greatly increased the speed of its movement.
№3 - Writing
The first form of writing in the form of a specially inscribed signs appeared about four thousand years BC However, the writing appeared only after the people invented special graphic characters. The most ancient kind of writing is pictographic.
It is assumed that pictography was widespread among the various
peoples in the final stages of the Stone Age. But at an early stage
in the history of writing the number of icons began to enter
the special conditional icons that represent certain concepts
(such as a sign of the crossed hands symbolized the exchange).
These icons are called ideograms. Everyone who
wanted to learn how to write, had to memorize
thousands of icons. Only at the end of
two thousand BC ancient Phoenicians
invented the alphabet letters and
sounds, which consisted of 22
consonants, each of which
indicates a single sound.
How to say
four-fifths of
all the currently known
from the Phoenician
alphabet emerged.
From the variety of
the Phoenician letters evolved other types of writing. The Greeks have made to the Phoenician alphabet the last major improvement - they are denoted by the letters not only the consonants, but vowels.

Creators were Chinese. Before the invention of paper in China or written on bamboo tablets, or silk. But silk was always very expensive, and bamboo - a very cumbersome and heavy. In 105, Cai Lun had prepared a new type of paper from old fishing nets. Recent experiments have shown that paper can be made from cheap vegetable raw materials: bark, reeds and bamboo. The latter was especially important, because bamboo grows in China in large numbers. From the captured Chinese artisans Arabs themselves have learned to make paper, and for five centuries
is very profitable to sell it in Europe. The first
is an art borrowed from the Arabs, the Spaniards. In 1154 - Italy, in the 1228th
in Germany, in 1309th in England.
№4 - Paper
- Our era can be called the
"paper era" –(A.Sima,
French bibliographer)
№5 –
Gunpowder
and Firearms
Sun Ssu-miao prepared one of the first samples of gunpowder from sulfur and saltpeter, but without a strong explosive effect. In the future composition of the powder was set in three components: carbon, sulfur and potassium
nitrate. Only in XII-XIII centuries, the Chinese began to use
a gun that resembled firearms, but they invented firecrackers
and rocket. In the first third of the XIII century the
Arabs have achieved great skill in pyrotechnics,
fireworks staging of great beauty.
The monk Berthold Schwartz
thought of using force
propellant gases for
throwing stones - he
made one of the first
European guns.
№6 -Telegraph, Telephone, Internet, Radio and so on...
Only in the middle of the XIX century was the creation of the telegraph, the globe has surrounded by telegraph lines. The first experiments on the communicative method of communication, through which one could transfer at any distance live sound of human speech or music in 1837 put an American physicist, Paige, who passed through the sound of an electric current. And later, as a result of a long search for a mobile telephone, television, internet and other means of communication mankind.
№7 - Car
The immediate predecessor of the petrol car was paromobiley. The first practical effect as vapor car is vapor wagon, built by the Frenchman Cugnot in 1769. In 1803 Trivaytik built the first steam car in the UK. The car appeared only after the creation of a compact and economical internal combustion engine. The first car with a gasoline engine built in 1864 by the Austrian inventor Siegfried Marcus. Eventually he managed to build a two-stroke gasoline engine with electric ignition, which he set at the ordinary wagon. In 1875, Marcus has created a better car.
Official thank the inventors car are owned by two German engineers - Daimler and Benz. Benz designed a two-stroke gas 			engines, four-stroke engines - Otto, but to create a self-propelled with a 				  crew of an internal combustion 							engine is not enough.
Cars quickly improved and at the
beginning of the XX century it was in its
main features is identical to the modern car.

№8 - Light bulb
In the XIX
century, became
common two types of light
bulbs: incandescent and arc.
The glow of the arc is based on the pheno-
menon of electric arc. The first arc lamp with
a manual adjustment of the arc length constructed
in 1844 by French physicist Foucault. The charcoal replaced the sticks
of hard coke. The lamp, which is not complicated by additional me-
chanisms, was invented in 1876 by Russian Yablochkov electrician who
worked in Paris in the studio of Academician Breguet. In 1879, for the
improvement of the light bulb come from a famous American inventor Edison.
That same year, in the presence of three thousand Edison publicly demonstrated
his electric light bulb, illuminating their own home, laboratory, and several adjacent streets. It was the first light bulb with a long service life, suitable for mass production.
№9 - Antibiotics
The first well-known antibiotic appeared in China two and a half thousand years ago. Some micro-organisms during their life secrete substances
that kill other microorganisms. The idea of
using microbes to fight microbes appeared
in the XIX century by Louis Pasteur. After series
of experiments and discoveries it was
established penicillin. He was cured of even
the most severely ill patients with blood
poisoning or pneumonia. In 1939
work began on removing the
antibiotic from the bacteria
streptomitsii. Since then,
antibiotics have been
withdrawn, such as
bacitracin, polymyxin, viomitsin,
chloramphenicol and tetracycline.
Beginning in the seventies of last century, almost
all natural antibiotics have synthetic counterparts.

№10 -Sail
& Ship
One of the earliest varieties of Egyptian ships, appeared about 5000 BC, was the bark. Near the necropolis of Saqqara displayed various stages of construction of the ship planking. Later, around 2600 BC, to replace the two-legged mast had to use one leg to this day. The main engine of the ship remained muscular strength paddlers. Egyptians belongs to great improvement of the paddle - the invention of rowlocks. The Phoenicians learned to make from their trunks high quality dugouts, and boldly went on them in the sea, then began to build ships. They also built the first keel boat. All these innovations were the decisive basis for the rapid development of the shipbuilding industry and defined the look of all subsequent ships.
Thank You For Attention!
Have a nice day =)


title: Презентация на тему: Top 10 British Inventions That Changed the World

text:
Top 10 British Inventions That Changed the World

by Phil Bateman, July 10, 2012
Great Britain produced many of the most influential scientists, mathematicians and inventors in modern history. With influential people, come influential ideas, theories and inventions, some of which have the potential to change the world forever. This list will look at my pick for the top 10 British inventions which did just that. Note that although a couple of these inventions have been disputed, they are all legally recognized as British inventions.
Science Museum in London
The main entrance
English is the second most widely spoken language in the world behind Mandarin. However, it is the official language of more countries worldwide than any other, and the most common second language globally. English is generally used as the intermediary language of choice at global events and international summits. The English language is also the most far reaching language in the world, with native speakers as far spread as Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Canada and, of course, Great Britain, where the language was born. Every great speech in the long history of the English speaking world, every theory, paper, proposal and design too, share one common thing: the English language. That is why it must be Britain’s most influential invention.
1.
English language
2.
Telephone
The telephone was invented by British inventor Alexander Graham Bell and patented in 1876. Bell left school at age 15, but maintained a keen interest in science and biology. Moving to London to live with his grandfather, Bell developed a love for learning and spent hours each day in study. Aged 16, he went to teach elocution and music at Weston House Academy in Moray, Scotland. A year later, Bell attended the University of Edinburgh, later being accepted into the University of London. His early experiments with sound began when he was taken to see a “speaking” automaton designed by Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen and built by Sir Charles Wheatstone.
Alexander Graham Bell
1847-1922
Fascinated by the machine, Bell purchased a copy of a book written in German by Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen and built a similar automaton with his brother. Many years later, while working at Boston University School of Oratory, Bell became interested in technology to transmit sound. Leaving his job a the university, he made the decision to pursue his personal research on the subject. In 1875, Bell created an acoustic telegraph which he patented in March 1876 following a close race with American inventor Elisha Gray, who accused Graham Bell of stealing the invention from him. The patent office ultimately ruled in Bell’s favor and he was granted the patent for the world’s first telephone.
3.
Theory of Evolution
Charles Darwin
1809-1882
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist born in 1809. Darwin was the first person to propose the now popular theories of evolution, natural selection and common descent. After a 5 year voyage around the globe aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin returned to Britain finding himself a celebrity in scientific circles following distribution of his letters to various scientists at home while he had been away studying geology aboard the Beagle. Darwin went on to be elected to the Council of the Geological Society, later moving to London to continue his work and join a circle of scientists which included Charles Babbage.
Darwin formed his theory of evolution over much of his life, only publishing it in his later years in his book “On The Origin of Species” for fear of how the public would respond to what was, at the time, a highly controversial theory, since it proposed a means by which life developed on Earth without a God. Charles Darwin continued, despite controversy (and in some cases ridicule), his work until his death on 19th April 1882 from heart disease, likely brought on from years of illness, overwork and stress.
4.
Steam Locomotive
The first steam locomotive was invented by Richard Trevithick, a British inventor and mining engineer. Trevithick’s steam locomotive was built in 1804 in Pen-y-Darren in South Wales to carrying cargo. Trevithick sold the patents to the steam locomotive to Samuel Homfray. In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully carried an impressive load of 10 tons of iron, 5 wagons and 70 men 9.75 miles between Penydarren and Abercynon in 4 hours and 5 minutes. Trevithick continued to work with steam locomotives for many more years until his death in April 1833.
Richard Trevithick
1771-1833
 A full-scale working replica of his first steam locomotive was built in 1981 for the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum, later moving to the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea. The locomotive is run several times a year along a short length of rail outside the museum.
5.
Television
The world’s first publicly demonstrated television was invented by British inventor John Logie Baird in 1925. Logie Baird is also credited with the invention of the first fully electric color television tube. The first public demonstration of Logie Baird’s television was performed before members of the Royal Institution on 26th January 1926. He also later demonstrated the first color television on 3rd July 1928. Logie Baird’s television displayed a 30 line vertically scanned image at 5 frames per second, with later models improving the frame rate to 12.5 frames per second by the time of its first demonstration.
John Logie Baird
1888-1946
Logie Baird’s invention paved the way for what is now nearly a century of work on the development of television technology, which remains one of the most influential inventions in history, allowing people all over the world to communicate via moving images.
6.
World Wide Web
Not to be confused with the Internet (a global system of networked computers invented in the USA), the World Wide Web, invented by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee, is the system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. The World Wide Web is most commonly experienced as the system behind the concept of web pages and websites. Berners-Lee first proposed the concept of the World Wide Web in March 1989, later pitching it at CERN along with Belgian scientist Robert Cailliau. CERN then publicly introduced the project in December of 1990.
Tim Berners-Lee
b. 1955
The first website, info.cern.ch, went live at CERN on 6th August 1991. Interestingly, Berners-Lee, although realizing the potential for immense personal profit from his invention, chose instead to gift the idea to the world, requesting no payment.
The Web's logo designed by Robert Cailliau
7.
Programmable Computer
The first programmable computer was invented by British mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage in the 1820s. Although he is recognized as the inventor of the programmable computer, Babbage did not live to see the machine completed. Babbage began work on a mechanical computer he called the Difference Engine in 1822, working for more than ten years with government funding. The project was eventually abandoned after losing funding after the British government lost faith in the project after prolonged delays. The machine was built for the first time from Babbage’s original designs over 150 years later in 1989.
Charles Babbage
1791-1871
After his work on the difference engine, Babbage went on to invent the Analytical Engine, a far more complex machine than the Difference Engine, it could be programmed using punched cards. The Analytical Engine, although not built in full until 2011 by British researchers, was the first ever working programmable computer, and was the first step in the history of computing as we know it.
8.
Newton’s Laws
Isaac Newton was a British physicist and mathematician. Born in 1642, Newton discovered and documented for the first time three laws of motion in regard to physics. Newton’s Laws are as follows – 1st Law: An object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force and an object in uniform motion tends to remain in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. 2nd Law: An applied force on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum. 3rd Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Newton was also the first person to document the mechanics of universal gravitation. Newton’s work is some of the most influential in the history of modern science, many regarding him to be one of the most important scientists in human history.
Isaac Newton
1642-1727
9.
Nearly Every Modern Sport
Most popular sports in the modern world trace their history to Britain, at least in terms of standardization of the rulesets and widespread competitive play. The most notable being Football, Cricket, Rugby and Tennis. Many other modern sports trace their history to variations on British sports, such as American Football (derived from Rugby) and Baseball (derived from Rounders). Of course, the British weren’t the first to think of kicking a ball around in a field, but the British standardized the structure and rules of most modern competitive sports as we know them today.
10.
United States of America
Let’s open with a little controversy. The United States of America (USA) is a country occupying roughly half the continent of North America, mostly the southern half. As the sole current global superpower (by definition), The USA has been, and continues to be, one of the most influential countries in the world, especially in industry, culture and military power.
The USA was formed when British colonies in North America declared independence after continued and growing disputes with the Kingdom of Great Britain (as it was then known) over taxation of the colonies without representation in British parliament. The Revolutionary War lasted 8 years from 1775 to 1783, resulting in victory and independence for the USA with decisive assistance from the French, Spanish and Dutch during the war.

However, the fact remains that the colonists were British subjects until the point of victory in 1783, at which time they became independent Americans. By that reasoning, the USA was, at its inception, a British invention.