le a 5\\\" I.D. manifold would have reduced the pressure loss only 3 psi. at a flow of 120,000 81m°2 . At a flow rate of 120,000 s_n. a 36\\\" riser has only 3.00 psi. and a 42 u riser only 1.23 psi. more loss than a 48\\\" riser. 3. Use of a 1 It connector, a\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"4-5/8 t'\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 1,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 114.0,\n \"width\": 360.54,\n \"height\": 435.5\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_6\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"manifold, a 5\\\" header, and a 42\\\" riser results in a total pressure loss on the rear face of 18 psi. between the tube outlet and the downcomer for a gravity flow of 80,000 8pro. This corresponds to 150 psi. for the present 10S-B, D, and F reactors; 158 psi. for the 105-DR reactor; 163 psi. for the 105-H reactor; and 51 psi. for the 105-C reactor at a flow of 95,000 gpm. If it is assumed that a pressure of 600 psi. plus static head is available the increased flows due to the decreased pressure losses shown above can be calculated as:\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"(a)\",\n \"10S-B,\",\n \"D\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 1,\n \"column_count\": 3,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 144.0,\n \"width\": 444.85,\n \"height\": 426.5\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_7\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"and F Flow = 80000_00/(600-132) = 90,500 SPin\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"(b)\",\n \"lOS-DR\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"Flow = 80000_\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 2,\n \"column_count\": 2,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 146.0,\n \"width\": 566.85,\n \"height\": 265.01\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_8\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"/_>O0/(bOO,_l_.dJ) = 91,400 8Pro (c) lO5-a\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"Flow = 80000_600/(600-140\\\")\",\n \"= 92,000\",\n \"&,pc\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"4.\",\n \"The connector\",\n \"factor\",\n \"used,\",\n \"includin\",\n \"8 entrance\",\n \"and exit\",\n \"losses\",\n \"and\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"velocity\",\n \"head is equivalent\",\n \"to the loss\",\n \"in about\",\n \"5 ft.\",\n \"of .900\\\"\",\n \"I.D\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 3,\n \"column_count\": 6,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 115.0,\n \"width\": 615.54,\n \"height\": 429.87\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_9\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \". tubing. Careful design of inlet and outlet fittings will be required to realise this. I1_T-63581 Page 13 5. At a flow of 120,000 gpm.. the maximum flow rate t8 about 75 gpm. through a connector and at a £1ow of 150,000 gim. the rate i8 9& 8pm. This represents velocities of 38 and 47.5 ft/sec, respectively with associated pressure losses o£ 22 and 34.5 psi. 6. At flow rates over 120,000 f, pm. it appears that a well designed .900 'w I.D. connector would be highly loaded. Stainless steel tubing dia- meters larger than 1jt O.D. do not appear feasible, considering the axial thermal expansion and mechanical misaligrnnent a connector must accommodate. For these' high £1owe dual connectors (Figures 5 and 6) o££er attractive possibilities. Using dual .875\\\" I.D. connector8 will result in velocities of 19 and 24 feet per second for flows of 1200000 Spm. and 150,000 _pm. respectively. This results in\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"\",\n \"content\": null,\n \"note\": \"pressure losses of only 5.5 and 8.6 psi.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 146.0,\n \"width\": 688.85,\n \"height\": 403.5\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_12\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Stresses calculated for the IO5-H and C crossheaders based on the assumptions made in the calculations for the 105-B. D. and F crossheaders are in the order of 44,500 psi. 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D and F. in the present 10S-DR crossheadere v : :z_,@ _+'/_c\",\n \"---are the same as those _', _z f'z' o,_,q_o\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"2.\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"Because _ --\",\n \"it is not possible --_ --_\",\n \"to determine\",\n \"the\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"actual tTy_--o.$E(, >( stresses\",\n \"it is considered /7,9o -\",\n \"that continued _lqo\\\"\",\n \"operation o, 444 x /7_ _'_ under existing\",\n \"7_ _\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"conditions R/ \\\"-\",\n \"\\\"\",\n \"in view of the high calculated 5\\\"60 = 31Z _\",\n \"stresses\",\n \"\\\"\",\n \"may lead to failure. ,_4_. __\\\"\",\n \"Zql*\"\n ],\n [\n \".. w • ' • .\",\n \", .\",\n \".\",\n \"• \\\" i. •\",\n \", (_ that i8 pertinent. Fr o_ _._ .... ,, g. J_ that the risers \\\"-information ...... --\\\" ' i it is suggested it is design _ _: be supported the stresses in the croesheadere 3 G,_,,o : 2 G4to _'_ #,. II • nature of • stress _-F_r< calculation a'\\\" In order to improve conditions on rollers. This will relieve ._ ...q6 -,,. \\\" _ _,o¢, .-It,,_ o_ PSI _ and in the riser walls at the point of connection 5C -\\\" \\\" 3 b Zr-o : I'L _SD\\\" \\\" 2\\\"w,:_,_ = tB_ _tSo\\\" of the crosaheaders. S_[_: \\\" \\\"2'°_'Jo = ll,,oo\\\" \\\" _c,_jo\\\" q,q,o\\\" ( _ 2.. pressure reducing valve. Although this latter information i8 not in the ¢ . addition, in connection with this facility is information on a suitable g'i. A set of stress calculations i8 included for a pressure reducing station to be used when pressurisation of the rear face ts contemplated. In -,, ,.e',.C_D-3,/ooge_ ', -,'_ 42_ = 2_400_c_. I\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\\\"\",\n \"0¢tt\\\"11_1_\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \":\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 30,\n \"column_count\": 7,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"FoCc 3\\\"\\\" JcH D o P_' F_..• ./_-..7,,,'_(7.z_)+..zo ._(/=\\\",_)•'S.4UE' 0,.,,./,_ o,c I,_,6 ;c fr _ n /./._ .z,\\\"hc3: tl.f4_ 1...o,,,._,W_'\\\"_/F'_ : (,_q_ ,/e._''.' - 2lZ F_ _F 'It c_ --(,o_/) (_\\\"'\\\": i I. r.__'.l.) , ..... .... C _ _ _-z:2-• : \\\"L \\\" 4 _,,(\\\" .. ,, ._z.,_) -(/0_'7.: /z,?z ,'--_ _,_: _6.o.., ..aCJe.z') !t .\\\"'' °', ......... .u\\\".DE_I,._SS_,r.'.._L...L. 1; • ' -' \\\" ._., ._...,._ ............ ._..\\\" .... .._ ..; ...................... _ ...\\\" .. \\\"Cahhmc_',at;,, p#/_# \\\",a f\\\" = _;,,1\\\"71 X 1,a38 = .\\\"_,_aaWe=. , 3,'Zl \\\" '_ :4 b. ill ._ili.l!IIII d\\\" H:'.. f.3 5,\\\" 1 \\\" ._._dl \\\"'_°_: .,,.E., <,s;_,,-_,',.,,,,-,., _/,_/.c._ ._._,_._o._............. z.........\\\"\\\" \\\"_\\\"\\\"'=\\\" ....... _E;;__}:: ,o..o._.,,..--._,,n-,', : ..................................................................... B,,._.,...F..._.._.t¢..................................... b..£r.../.t..z...t .......... / O\\\" r .r, ...... _,-_g .......................... t E Li: SiFIE • .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 25.0,\n \"width\": 655.38,\n \"height\": 543.68\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"references\": []\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":63277,"string":"63,277"}}},{"rowIdx":83,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"019d645c-00f0-43b1-bfd7-e9df674e7fbf.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/019d645c-00f0-43b1-bfd7-e9df674e7fbf.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"sentence\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"Predicting Gene Ontology Function of Human MicroRNAs by Integrating Multiple Networks\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Lei Deng\",\n \"Jiacheng Wang\",\n \"Jingpu Zhang\"\n ],\n \"doi\": \"10.3389/fgene.2019.00003\",\n \"hash\": \"08F7E2D3FB7D0C3DC3D610306D2E1A7F\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2019-01-29\",\n \"publication_year\": 2019,\n \"publisher\": \"Frontiers Media SA\",\n \"journal\": \"Frontiers in Genetics\",\n \"abstract\": [\n [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play significant biological roles in many human biological processes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 273.16,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 287.1,\n \"height\": 152.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"text\": \"Inferring the functions of miRNAs is an important strategy for understanding disease pathogenesis at the molecular level.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 334.05,\n \"width\": 287.1,\n \"height\": 216.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 301.05,\n \"height\": 311.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 2,\n \"text\": \"In this paper, we propose an integrated model, PmiRGO, to infer the gene ontology (GO) functions of miRNAs by integrating multiple data sources, including the expression profiles of miRNAs, miRNA-target interactions, and protein-protein interactions (PPI).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 493.59,\n \"width\": 301.05,\n \"height\": 56.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 315.0,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 328.95,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 342.89,\n \"height\": 329.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 3,\n \"text\": \"PmiRGO starts by building a global network consisting of three networks.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 512.61,\n \"width\": 342.89,\n \"height\": 37.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 356.84,\n \"height\": 292.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 4,\n \"text\": \"Then, it employs DeepWalk to learn latent representations as network features of the global heterogeneous network.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 475.49,\n \"width\": 356.84,\n \"height\": 74.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 370.79,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 384.74,\n \"height\": 37.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 5,\n \"text\": \"Finally, the SVM-based models are applied to label the GO terms of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 218.27,\n \"width\": 384.74,\n \"height\": 332.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 6,\n \"text\": \"The experimental results show that PmiRGO has a significantly better performance than existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of F max .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 398.68,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 412.63,\n \"height\": 218.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 7,\n \"text\": \"A case study further demonstrates the feasibility of PmiRGO to annotate the potential functions of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 399.67,\n \"width\": 412.63,\n \"height\": 150.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 426.58,\n \"height\": 306.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8f69d36\",\n \"text\": \"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously small non-coding RNAs of about 21-25 nucleotides and play important roles in gene regulation, via base-pairing mRNA molecules with complementary sequences for cleavage or translational repression (Bartel, 2004;Huang et al., 2011;Yao et al., 2018).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 508.32,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 519.78,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 531.24,\n \"height\": 372.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 542.7,\n \"height\": 23.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b4\",\n \"text\": \"(Bartel, 2004;\",\n \"offset_start\": 232,\n \"offset_end\": 246\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b20\",\n \"text\": \"Huang et al., 2011;\",\n \"offset_start\": 246,\n \"offset_end\": 265\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b46\",\n \"text\": \"Yao et al., 2018)\",\n \"offset_start\": 265,\n \"offset_end\": 282\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8f69d36\",\n \"text\": \"Some of the biological processes within which miRNAs are involved include development, differentiation, apoptosis, and viral infection (Miska, 2005).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 204.02,\n \"width\": 542.7,\n \"height\": 346.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 554.15,\n \"height\": 239.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"(Miska, 2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 135,\n \"offset_end\": 148\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8f69d36\",\n \"text\": \"In addition to their importance in biological processes, miRNAs are also valuable biomarker candidates for specific diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Esteller, 2011).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 422.18,\n \"width\": 554.15,\n \"height\": 128.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 565.61,\n \"height\": 372.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 577.07,\n \"height\": 205.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b13\",\n \"text\": \"(Esteller, 2011)\",\n \"offset_start\": 161,\n \"offset_end\": 177\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8f69d36\",\n \"text\": \"Currently, the identification of unknown miRNA functions is an essential goal of miRNA research.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 387.42,\n \"width\": 577.07,\n \"height\": 163.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 588.52,\n \"height\": 216.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8f69d36\",\n \"text\": \"Research on miRNA function focuses on the experimental determination field.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 396.36,\n \"width\": 588.52,\n \"height\": 154.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 599.98,\n \"height\": 141.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8f69d36\",\n \"text\": \"miRNA function is primarily identified by the up-regulation or down-regulation of miRNA expression and its target genes (Zhu and Helliwell, 2010).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 321.74,\n \"width\": 599.98,\n \"height\": 228.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 611.44,\n \"height\": 334.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"(Zhu and Helliwell, 2010)\",\n \"offset_start\": 120,\n \"offset_end\": 145\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8f69d36\",\n \"text\": \"However, experimental methods for the identification of miRNA functions are considerably expensive and time-consuming.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 514.31,\n \"width\": 611.44,\n \"height\": 36.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 622.89,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 634.35,\n \"height\": 65.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"Recently, computational methods have been proposed to solve those difficulties.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 189.3,\n \"width\": 645.81,\n \"height\": 301.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"These methods elucidate miRNA functions by analyzing the functions of target genes or promoters, which are determined by miRNA-related expression (Pandey and Krishnamachari, 2006;Wei et al., 2012).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 493.0,\n \"width\": 645.81,\n \"height\": 57.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 657.27,\n \"height\": 372.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 668.72,\n \"height\": 372.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b33\",\n \"text\": \"(Pandey and Krishnamachari, 2006;\",\n \"offset_start\": 146,\n \"offset_end\": 179\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b41\",\n \"text\": \"Wei et al., 2012)\",\n \"offset_start\": 179,\n \"offset_end\": 196\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"These methods include TargetScan (Agarwal et al., 2015), Miranda (Enright et al., 2003), PITA (Kertesz et al., 2007), and DIANA-microT (Maragkakis et al., 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 680.18,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 691.64,\n \"height\": 264.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"(Agarwal et al., 2015)\",\n \"offset_start\": 33,\n \"offset_end\": 55\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"(Enright et al., 2003)\",\n \"offset_start\": 65,\n \"offset_end\": 87\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b22\",\n \"text\": \"(Kertesz et al., 2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 94,\n \"offset_end\": 116\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"(Maragkakis et al., 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 135,\n \"offset_end\": 160\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"Many of the tools used are based on the sequence alignment of the miRNA seed region, which allows for the determination of the putative binding sites (Maragkakis et al., 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 445.86,\n \"width\": 691.64,\n \"height\": 104.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 703.09,\n \"height\": 372.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 205.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"(Maragkakis et al., 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 150,\n \"offset_end\": 175\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"However, the prediction results of these tools are unsatisfactory for two reasons: first, the majority of the prediction data of the miRNA target are negative, and the predicted data are not sufficient enough; second, these tools only concentrate on sequence information (Ulitsky et al., 2010) and ignore other useful information, such as miRNA expression data.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 254.03,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 36.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 108.81,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 184.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b40\",\n \"text\": \"(Ulitsky et al., 2010)\",\n \"offset_start\": 271,\n \"offset_end\": 293\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"Therefore, the results are easily affected by negative samples leading to poor results.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 233.9,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 56.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 26.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"In a time of increasing high-throughput sequencing, a massive amount of miRNA-seq data is accumulating, however, the analysis of this data remains a significant challenge.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 75.35,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 214.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 177.55,\n \"height\": 245.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"miRNA expression determines function, which is also crucial for discovering molecular mechanisms of human gene regulation (Panwar et al., 2017).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 189.0,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 85.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b34\",\n \"text\": \"(Panwar et al., 2017)\",\n \"offset_start\": 122,\n \"offset_end\": 143\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"Backes et al. (2016) developed a novel miRNA annotation tool which provides rich functionality in terms of miRNA categories based on miRNA enrichment analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 134.95,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 155.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 223.38,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 234.83,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 246.29,\n \"height\": 31.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b3\",\n \"text\": \"Backes et al. (2016)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 20\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"However, miEAA does not take the importance of miRNA co-expression into account.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 81.59,\n \"width\": 246.29,\n \"height\": 208.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 257.75,\n \"height\": 135.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"Generally, multiple miRNAs might jointly regulate a target gene, and a miRNA may regulate hundreds of different target genes (Krek et al., 2005;Friedman et al., 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 182.51,\n \"width\": 257.75,\n \"height\": 107.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 269.2,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 280.66,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 292.12,\n \"height\": 45.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"(Krek et al., 2005;\",\n \"offset_start\": 125,\n \"offset_end\": 144\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b15\",\n \"text\": \"Friedman et al., 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 144,\n \"offset_end\": 166\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"The potential associations between miRNAs are also vital to understand the miRNA functional mechanism and to annotate functions of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 92.57,\n \"width\": 292.12,\n \"height\": 197.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 303.57,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 315.03,\n \"height\": 122.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cb61a29\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, miEAA ignores the interactions between miRNA and target gene production (e.g., protein), which provides useful information for predicting the functionalities of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 171.32,\n \"width\": 315.03,\n \"height\": 118.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 326.49,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 349.4,\n \"height\": 101.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea3ae72\",\n \"text\": \"In this paper, we take full advantage of miRNA expression profiles, miRNA-target gene interactions, which are experimentally validated, and protein-protein interactions data.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 56.29,\n \"width\": 360.86,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 372.32,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 383.77,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 395.23,\n \"height\": 18.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea3ae72\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, a global miRNA-protein network is constructed by integrating these three data sources.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 65.82,\n \"width\": 395.23,\n \"height\": 224.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 406.69,\n \"height\": 157.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea3ae72\",\n \"text\": \"Secondly, we employ DeepWalk (Perozzi et al., 2014), an approach used for learning potential representations of nodes in a network, to extract the network features of the global heterogeneous network.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 206.51,\n \"width\": 406.69,\n \"height\": 83.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 418.14,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 429.6,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 441.06,\n \"height\": 218.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"(Perozzi et al., 2014)\",\n \"offset_start\": 29,\n \"offset_end\": 51\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea3ae72\",\n \"text\": \"Based on these features of the global network, we build an SVM-based classifier for each miRNA to annotate their GO functions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 267.89,\n \"width\": 441.06,\n \"height\": 22.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 452.52,\n \"height\": 245.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 463.97,\n \"height\": 227.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea3ae72\",\n \"text\": \"The proteins with Gene Ontology annotations in the GOA database (Huntley et al., 2009) are utilized to train SVM classifiers.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 275.26,\n \"width\": 463.97,\n \"height\": 14.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 475.43,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 486.89,\n \"height\": 245.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"(Huntley et al., 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 64,\n \"offset_end\": 86\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea3ae72\",\n \"text\": \"Finally, we evaluate our method by applying it to an independent dataset.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 498.34,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 509.8,\n \"height\": 28.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea3ae72\",\n \"text\": \"The results show that our method, PmiRGO, achieves a maximum F-measure of 0.310 and outperforms the other state-of-the-art method, miEAA (Backes et al., 2016).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 77.13,\n \"width\": 509.8,\n \"height\": 213.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 521.26,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 532.71,\n \"height\": 201.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b3\",\n \"text\": \"(Backes et al., 2016)\",\n \"offset_start\": 137,\n \"offset_end\": 158\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d88824ca\",\n \"text\": \"The flowchart of PmiRGO is illustrated in Figure 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 590.0,\n \"height\": 196.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MATERIALS AND METHODS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d88824ca\",\n \"text\": \"As shown in step A, we first downloaded the miRNA co-expression profiles, miRNA-target interactions, and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) to construct the miRNA co-expression network, miRNAtarget interaction network, and PPI network, respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 243.16,\n \"width\": 590.0,\n \"height\": 47.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 601.46,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 612.91,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 624.37,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 635.83,\n \"height\": 245.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MATERIALS AND METHODS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d88824ca\",\n \"text\": \"Then, the three networks were integrated to build a global heterogeneous network by mapping the target genes into PPI network in step B. We employed DeepWalk to learn the potential representations of the networks as the features of the global heterogeneous network in step C. In step D, we mapped the IDs of miRNAs and proteins to the corresponding nodes in the features.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 647.28,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 658.74,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 670.2,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 681.66,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 693.11,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 704.57,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 32.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MATERIALS AND METHODS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d88824ca\",\n \"text\": \"After that, we trained SVM models for each miRNA and used the miRNA2GO-337 dataset to evaluate the performance of the multi-classification models in step E. In the final step F, the GO annotations of miRNAs in the miRNA2GO-337 dataset were predicted.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 339.14,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 211.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 108.81,\n \"height\": 38.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MATERIALS AND METHODS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e9f9914f\",\n \"text\": \"In this study, we downloaded the miRNA expression data, PPI data, and miRNA-target interactions from different databases, from which a total of 2,588 miRNAs and 18,143 proteins were retrieved.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 149.79,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 161.25,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 172.71,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 184.16,\n \"height\": 36.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Materials\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e9f9914f\",\n \"text\": \"The details are as follows.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 343.39,\n \"width\": 184.16,\n \"height\": 96.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Materials\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e9e53b5\",\n \"text\": \"The miRNA expression data were downloaded from the miRmine database, containing expression profiles collected from several publicly available miRNA-seq datasets, as well as detailed information regarding different miRNAs (Panwar et al., 2017).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 220.14,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 231.6,\n \"height\": 245.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 243.06,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 254.52,\n \"height\": 245.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b34\",\n \"text\": \"(Panwar et al., 2017)\",\n \"offset_start\": 221,\n \"offset_end\": 242\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA Expression\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e9e53b5\",\n \"text\": \"This database consists of expression profiles of 2,822 precursor miRNAs, each containing a total of 135 columns of expression values from different human tissues.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 265.97,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 277.43,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 288.89,\n \"height\": 138.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA Expression\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e9e53b5\",\n \"text\": \"Note that a mature miRNA may have two or more precursor miRNAs, in our work; the expression profiles of one mature miRNA derived from different precursor miRNAs were averaged as the expression values of this mature miRNA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 446.12,\n \"width\": 288.89,\n \"height\": 104.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 300.34,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 311.8,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 323.26,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 334.71,\n \"height\": 62.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA Expression\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e9e53b5\",\n \"text\": \"As a result, 2,588 miRNA expression profiles were obtained.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 371.67,\n \"width\": 334.71,\n \"height\": 178.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 346.17,\n \"height\": 58.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA Expression\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e9e53b5\",\n \"text\": \"We then calculated the Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (PCC) scores as the co-expression similarity of the expression profiles between each pair of miRNAs (Zhang J. et al., 2017).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 367.89,\n \"width\": 346.17,\n \"height\": 182.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 357.63,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 369.09,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 380.54,\n \"height\": 48.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(Zhang J. et al., 2017)\",\n \"offset_start\": 157,\n \"offset_end\": 180\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA Expression\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e9e53b5\",\n \"text\": \"We constructed a miRNA co-expression network according to the co-expression similarity values.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 357.07,\n \"width\": 380.54,\n \"height\": 193.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 392.0,\n \"height\": 192.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA Expression\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e9e53b5\",\n \"text\": \"As the PCC scores were used as the weight of the edges in the network, the negative PCC values were removed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 502.14,\n \"width\": 392.0,\n \"height\": 48.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 403.46,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 414.91,\n \"height\": 135.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA Expression\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_becd16d3\",\n \"text\": \"The PPIs were obtained from the STRING database V10.0 (Szklarczyk et al., 2014).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 450.9,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 462.36,\n \"height\": 102.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b38\",\n \"text\": \"(Szklarczyk et al., 2014)\",\n \"offset_start\": 54,\n \"offset_end\": 79\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Protein-Protein Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_becd16d3\",\n \"text\": \"These interactions were collected from not only biological experiments but also text mining and computational prediction approaches.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 413.52,\n \"width\": 462.36,\n \"height\": 136.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 473.82,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 485.28,\n \"height\": 144.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Protein-Protein Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_becd16d3\",\n \"text\": \"The overall scores of these interactions were obtained from single or multiple clues with high probability.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 451.39,\n \"width\": 485.28,\n \"height\": 99.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 496.73,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 508.19,\n \"height\": 65.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Protein-Protein Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_becd16d3\",\n \"text\": \"The number of PPI entries retrieved from 18,143 proteins was 7,866,428, which were then used to construct a PPI network.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 375.92,\n \"width\": 508.19,\n \"height\": 174.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 519.65,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 531.1,\n \"height\": 56.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Protein-Protein Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_becd16d3\",\n \"text\": \"Each entry of the PPI network consists of protein A, protein B, and corresponding predicted score.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 363.58,\n \"width\": 531.1,\n \"height\": 186.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 542.56,\n \"height\": 186.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Protein-Protein Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_becd16d3\",\n \"text\": \"The higher the predicted score of an entry, the higher the probability that two proteins in the entry are considered to interact.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 494.02,\n \"width\": 542.56,\n \"height\": 56.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 554.02,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 565.47,\n \"height\": 190.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Protein-Protein Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_becd16d3\",\n \"text\": \"In our work, we treat the predicted score as weight of the edge between two protein nodes in the entry.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 499.29,\n \"width\": 565.47,\n \"height\": 51.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 576.93,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 588.39,\n \"height\": 100.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Protein-Protein Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a71768d7\",\n \"text\": \"We retrieved miRNA-target interactions from the miRTarBase database of release 7.0 (Hsu et al., 2010).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 624.37,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 635.83,\n \"height\": 156.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b19\",\n \"text\": \"(Hsu et al., 2010)\",\n \"offset_start\": 83,\n \"offset_end\": 101\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA-Target Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a71768d7\",\n \"text\": \"The database provides a gold standard resource of experimentally validated microRNAtarget interactions, which were manually collected.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 464.63,\n \"width\": 635.83,\n \"height\": 85.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 647.28,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 658.74,\n \"height\": 192.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA-Target Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a71768d7\",\n \"text\": \"We extracted 355,684 different high quality experimentally validated miRNAtarget interactions among 2,588 miRNAs and 18,143 target genes to build the miRNA-target interaction network after removing the duplicate and out-of-range entries.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 500.07,\n \"width\": 658.74,\n \"height\": 50.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 670.2,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 681.65,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 693.11,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 704.57,\n \"height\": 146.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"miRNA-Target Interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bb5ceb25\",\n \"text\": \"Three heterogeneous networks, including the miRNAs coexpression network, the miRNA-target interaction network, and the PPI network, were built as described above.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 86.58,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 98.04,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 109.5,\n \"height\": 178.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Constructing the Global Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bb5ceb25\",\n \"text\": \"The construction of the miRNA co-expression network is based on the hypothesis that miRNAs with similar expression patterns also share similar functions or biological pathways (He and Hannon, 2004;Zhang Z. et al., 2017).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 224.87,\n \"width\": 109.5,\n \"height\": 65.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 120.95,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 132.41,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 143.87,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 155.33,\n \"height\": 61.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b18\",\n \"text\": \"(He and Hannon, 2004;\",\n \"offset_start\": 176,\n \"offset_end\": 197\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Zhang Z. et al., 2017)\",\n \"offset_start\": 197,\n \"offset_end\": 219\n }\n ],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Constructing the Global Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bb5ceb25\",\n \"text\": \"The PCC scores were computed to represent the similarity between two miRNAs and the values represent the weights of the edges in the miRNA co-expression network.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 110.11,\n \"width\": 155.33,\n \"height\": 180.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 166.78,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 178.24,\n \"height\": 245.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Constructing the Global Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bb5ceb25\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, growing evidences have revealed that miRNAs have identical or related functions to their interacting target genes with a significant probability (Bartel, 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 189.7,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 201.15,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 212.61,\n \"height\": 174.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"(Bartel, 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 155,\n \"offset_end\": 169\n }\n ],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Constructing the Global Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bb5ceb25\",\n \"text\": \"Hence, the three component networks were integrated to infer the functions of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 223.75,\n \"width\": 212.61,\n \"height\": 66.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 224.07,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 235.53,\n \"height\": 34.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Constructing the Global Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bb5ceb25\",\n \"text\": \"Assuming that M, P, and MP denote the adjacency matrices of the miRNA co-expression network, PPI network, and miRNA-target interaction network, respectively, the global network can be formulated as:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 83.75,\n \"width\": 235.53,\n \"height\": 206.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 246.98,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 258.44,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 269.9,\n \"height\": 114.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Constructing the Global Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_f21944c9\",\n \"text\": \"G = M MP MP T P(1)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 134.51,\n \"width\": 301.01,\n \"height\": 155.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Constructing the Global Network\",\n \"label\": \"(1)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_04726208\",\n \"text\": \"Here, T in MP T represents the transpose.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 336.23,\n \"height\": 54.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 99.42,\n \"width\": 334.41,\n \"height\": 4.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 106.79,\n \"width\": 336.23,\n \"height\": 93.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Constructing the Global Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_995d1f87\",\n \"text\": \"In order to obtain the low-dimensional topological information of the vertices of the global heterogeneous network we constructed above, DeepWalk was used to learn the potential representations of miRNAs and proteins in networks (Perozzi et al., 2014).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 369.48,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 380.94,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 392.4,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 403.85,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 415.31,\n \"height\": 48.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"(Perozzi et al., 2014)\",\n \"offset_start\": 229,\n \"offset_end\": 251\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_995d1f87\",\n \"text\": \"This unsupervised method based on graph learns features that define the graph structure independently of the distribution of the labels (Bengio et al., 2013).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 96.29,\n \"width\": 415.31,\n \"height\": 193.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 426.77,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 438.22,\n \"height\": 181.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b6\",\n \"text\": \"(Bengio et al., 2013)\",\n \"offset_start\": 136,\n \"offset_end\": 157\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_995d1f87\",\n \"text\": \"DeepWalk uses information extracted locally from truncated random walks for the learning of potential representations by regarding walks as sentences.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 230.27,\n \"width\": 438.22,\n \"height\": 59.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 449.68,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 38.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0c02ad69\",\n \"text\": \"We treated the global heterogeneous network as an undirected graph G = (V , E) that V denotes the set of biological entities (e.g., miRNA and protein) and E denotes the set of undirected edges.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 316.57,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 23.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0c02ad69\",\n \"text\": \"DeepWalk employs a stream of short random walks to extract potential associations between miRNAs and proteins from the global network.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 331.9,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 218.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 97.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0c02ad69\",\n \"text\": \"The series that a random walk starts with every node v i are marked as W v i .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 406.4,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 144.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 139.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 445.98,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 2.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0c02ad69\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, it is a stochastic process with random nodes\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 450.22,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 100.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 107.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_94b9f40b\",\n \"text\": \"W 1 v i , W 2 v i , . . . , W k v i , where W k+1 v i\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 416.19,\n \"width\": 164.27,\n \"height\": 124.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82b3943e\",\n \"text\": \"is a node chosen randomly from the neighbors of node v k .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 544.44,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 6.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 177.55,\n \"height\": 218.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82b3943e\",\n \"text\": \"When getting the random walk sequence for each node, it needs to measure the probability of a specific sequence.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 527.0,\n \"width\": 177.55,\n \"height\": 23.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 189.0,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 183.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82b3943e\",\n \"text\": \"More formally, given a sequence of nodes W n 1 = (w 0 , w 1 , w 2 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 491.83,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 58.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 112.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 418.16,\n \"width\": 209.96,\n \"height\": 3.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 417.59,\n \"width\": 216.38,\n \"height\": 3.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 425.3,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 74.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82b3943e\",\n \"text\": \", w n ), where w i ∈ V, DeepWalk maximizes the Pr(w n |w 0 , w 1 , w 2 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 501.88,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 48.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 223.37,\n \"height\": 215.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82b3943e\",\n \"text\": \", w n-1 ) over all nodes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 521.91,\n \"width\": 223.37,\n \"height\": 28.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 234.83,\n \"height\": 54.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82b3943e\",\n \"text\": \"The idea is to calculate the possibility of observing node v i given all the previous nodes traversed heretofore in the random walk:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 361.37,\n \"width\": 234.83,\n \"height\": 189.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 246.29,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 257.75,\n \"height\": 52.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_167d682f\",\n \"text\": \"Pr(v i |(v 1 , v 2 , . . . , v i-1 )) (2)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 381.74,\n \"width\": 276.32,\n \"height\": 168.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_db853844\",\n \"text\": \"We introduced a mapping function : v ǫ V → R |V|×d to stand for the potential social representation associated with each miRNA and protein in the graph.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 294.9,\n \"height\": 225.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 531.05,\n \"width\": 293.32,\n \"height\": 18.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 306.35,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 317.81,\n \"height\": 153.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_db853844\",\n \"text\": \"The next step involves estimating the likelihood:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 462.12,\n \"width\": 317.81,\n \"height\": 88.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 329.27,\n \"height\": 96.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_9562cbd0\",\n \"text\": \"Pr(v i |( (v 1 ), (v 2 ), . . . , (v i-1 ))) (3)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 360.65,\n \"width\": 349.99,\n \"height\": 189.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e5cdc4fd\",\n \"text\": \"However, as the walk length increases, it becomes too expensive to calculate this conditional probability.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 370.7,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 382.16,\n \"height\": 156.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e5cdc4fd\",\n \"text\": \"According to a recent publication (Mikolov et al., 2013), DeepWalk uses one node to predict the context, both the left and right neighbor nodes of the given node, instead of using the context to predict next node.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 464.68,\n \"width\": 382.16,\n \"height\": 85.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 393.62,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 405.08,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 416.53,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 427.99,\n \"height\": 21.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b28\",\n \"text\": \"(Mikolov et al., 2013)\",\n \"offset_start\": 34,\n \"offset_end\": 56\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e5cdc4fd\",\n \"text\": \"In terms of node feature modeling, it yields the following optimization problem:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 329.06,\n \"width\": 427.99,\n \"height\": 221.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 439.45,\n \"height\": 85.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_993bedff\",\n \"text\": \"minimize -log Pr ({v i-w , . . . , v i+w }\\\\v i | (v i )) (4)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 333.19,\n \"width\": 460.16,\n \"height\": 217.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d2df3395\",\n \"text\": \"To solve the optimization problem, we then employed SkipGram, a computational language model based on neural network that maximizes the co-occurrence likelihood over the nodes that appear among the context of node v i in the random walk sequence, to approximate the conditional probability in Equation 4based on an independence assumption, as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 480.87,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 492.33,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 503.79,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 515.25,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 526.7,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 538.16,\n \"height\": 196.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_ffff5602\",\n \"text\": \"Pr ({v i-w , . . . , v i+w }\\\\v i | (v i )) = i+w j = i -w j = i Pr(v j | (v i ))\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 314.86,\n \"width\": 556.89,\n \"height\": 227.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f61b902b\",\n \"text\": \"(5) For each of all the possible associations between biological entities in the random walk among the context of node v i , we mapped each node v j to its recent representation vector v j ∈ R d and maximized the posterior distribution probability of its neighbors in the walk.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 539.35,\n \"width\": 588.41,\n \"height\": 11.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 316.57,\n \"width\": 599.87,\n \"height\": 233.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 611.33,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 210.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 270.92,\n \"width\": 62.99,\n \"height\": 19.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 75.98,\n \"height\": 5.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 50.5,\n \"width\": 74.16,\n \"height\": 3.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 58.36,\n \"width\": 75.97,\n \"height\": 231.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 87.43,\n \"height\": 90.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f61b902b\",\n \"text\": \"To speed up the computing time, we used the Hierarchical Softmax to approximate the probability distribution (Morin and Bengio, 2005;Mnih and Hinton, 2009):\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 139.16,\n \"width\": 87.43,\n \"height\": 151.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 98.89,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 110.34,\n \"height\": 242.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b31\",\n \"text\": \"(Morin and Bengio, 2005;\",\n \"offset_start\": 109,\n \"offset_end\": 133\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b30\",\n \"text\": \"Mnih and Hinton, 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 133,\n \"offset_end\": 155\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_49a7c3b0\",\n \"text\": \"Pr v j (v i ) = ⌈log |V|⌉ l Pr(b l | (v i )) (6)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 92.67,\n \"width\": 140.02,\n \"height\": 197.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0a15f73a\",\n \"text\": \"By assigning the nodes to the leaves of a binary tree, we turned prediction of the potential association between miRNAs and proteins into maximizing the probability of a given path in the hierarchy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 169.01,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 180.46,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 191.92,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 203.38,\n \"height\": 38.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0a15f73a\",\n \"text\": \"The path to node v j is represented as a sequence of tree nodes (b 0 , b 1 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 86.39,\n \"width\": 203.38,\n \"height\": 203.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 214.83,\n \"height\": 84.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0a15f73a\",\n \"text\": \", b ⌈log |V|⌉ ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 131.36,\n \"width\": 214.83,\n \"height\": 42.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0a15f73a\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, Pr(b l | (v i )) can be simulated by a binary classifier as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 176.18,\n \"width\": 214.83,\n \"height\": 113.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 226.29,\n \"height\": 157.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_d2231711\",\n \"text\": \"Pr v j (v i ) = 1/(1 + e -(v i )× (bl) )(7)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 94.55,\n \"width\": 256.4,\n \"height\": 195.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\",\n \"label\": \"(7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_38abba80\",\n \"text\": \"where b l ∈ R d denotes the representation traversed to tree node b l 's parent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 23.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 344.2,\n \"width\": 62.99,\n \"height\": 32.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 376.67,\n \"width\": 61.17,\n \"height\": 3.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 383.59,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 166.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 61.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1be788a\",\n \"text\": \"After each node completes the random walk process γ times, a matrix ǫ R |V|×d , which denotes the latent representations of the global network, is obtained.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 316.57,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 56.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 362.09,\n \"width\": 95.77,\n \"height\": 18.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 381.47,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 168.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 120.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1be788a\",\n \"text\": \"The result is that, in the matrix, each row represents a low-dimensional representation vector of a miRNA or a protein in the network.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 428.44,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 122.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 136.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1be788a\",\n \"text\": \"The source code and data of PmiRGO are freely available at http://denglab.org/PmiRGO/.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 443.75,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 106.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 231.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Learning Latent Representations of Nodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37cdb6c4\",\n \"text\": \"Due to the lack of manually curated GO annotations for miRNAs, it is dissatisfactory to build miRNA function predictors based on the miRNAs directly.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 179.12,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 190.58,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 202.04,\n \"height\": 119.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37cdb6c4\",\n \"text\": \"Therefore, we built the training data sets with GO annotations of proteins downloaded from GOA database (version 201010) (Huntley et al., 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 427.76,\n \"width\": 202.04,\n \"height\": 122.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 213.49,\n \"height\": 245.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 224.95,\n \"height\": 210.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"(Huntley et al., 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 121,\n \"offset_end\": 143\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37cdb6c4\",\n \"text\": \"Proteins with lengths 50-100 aa were selected and clustered with a sequence similarity of 90 percent (Deng et al., 2018).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 518.68,\n \"width\": 224.95,\n \"height\": 31.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 236.41,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 247.86,\n \"height\": 203.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(Deng et al., 2018)\",\n \"offset_start\": 101,\n \"offset_end\": 120\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37cdb6c4\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, only one protein was chosen as a representation from each For each GO term, we trained a classifier with samples of proteins.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 511.35,\n \"width\": 247.86,\n \"height\": 39.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 259.32,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 56.29,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 33.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37cdb6c4\",\n \"text\": \"More specifically, we constructed a true annotation set for a GO term consisting of proteins, which had the GO annotation, and a false annotation set of proteins where these proteins did not have this GO function.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 82.76,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 207.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 163.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37cdb6c4\",\n \"text\": \"As GO ontology is considered as a directed acyclic graph where each term is related to one or more other terms in the same domain or other domain (Deng and Chen, 2015;Zeng et al., 2018), the protein related to a GO term was also related to the ancestors of the term.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 213.17,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 76.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 177.55,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 189.0,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 203.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"(Deng and Chen, 2015;\",\n \"offset_start\": 146,\n \"offset_end\": 167\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Zeng et al., 2018)\",\n \"offset_start\": 167,\n \"offset_end\": 185\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37cdb6c4\",\n \"text\": \"Therefore, the false annotation data set was composed of proteins associated with other GO terms (excluding annotated terms and their child nodes).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 250.47,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 39.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 223.38,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 234.83,\n \"height\": 27.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37cdb6c4\",\n \"text\": \"Due to the false annotation set containing more protein-GO pairs than the true annotation set, we randomly selected an equal number of negative and positive samples.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 74.99,\n \"width\": 234.83,\n \"height\": 215.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 246.29,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 257.75,\n \"height\": 179.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2abbe34\",\n \"text\": \"Here we employed support vector machines (SVMs) to build the binary classifier (Yong-Xin et al., 2011).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 56.29,\n \"width\": 269.2,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 280.66,\n \"height\": 161.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b47\",\n \"text\": \"(Yong-Xin et al., 2011)\",\n \"offset_start\": 79,\n \"offset_end\": 102\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2abbe34\",\n \"text\": \"SVM is widely used in bioinformatics research in the fields of miRNA target prediction, miRNA identification (Wei et al., 2014), RNA methylation prediction (Chen et al., 2017), and protein folding (Li et al., 2016), and others (Xiao et al., 2017;Dao et al., 2018;Feng et al., 2018;Pan et al., 2018;Yang et al., 2018;Zhu et al., 2019).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 207.93,\n \"width\": 280.66,\n \"height\": 82.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 292.12,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 303.57,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 315.03,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 326.49,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 207.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b42\",\n \"text\": \"(Wei et al., 2014)\",\n \"offset_start\": 109,\n \"offset_end\": 127\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b7\",\n \"text\": \"(Chen et al., 2017)\",\n \"offset_start\": 156,\n \"offset_end\": 175\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"(Li et al., 2016)\",\n \"offset_start\": 197,\n \"offset_end\": 214\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b43\",\n \"text\": \"(Xiao et al., 2017;\",\n \"offset_start\": 227,\n \"offset_end\": 246\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b8\",\n \"text\": \"Dao et al., 2018;\",\n \"offset_start\": 246,\n \"offset_end\": 263\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"Feng et al., 2018;\",\n \"offset_start\": 263,\n \"offset_end\": 281\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b32\",\n \"text\": \"Pan et al., 2018;\",\n \"offset_start\": 281,\n \"offset_end\": 298\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b45\",\n \"text\": \"Yang et al., 2018;\",\n \"offset_start\": 298,\n \"offset_end\": 316\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"Zhu et al., 2019)\",\n \"offset_start\": 316,\n \"offset_end\": 333\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2abbe34\",\n \"text\": \"We used the radial basis function kernel (RBF) as the kernel function, which achieved a better performance.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 255.74,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 34.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 349.4,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 360.86,\n \"height\": 142.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2abbe34\",\n \"text\": \"C is the penalty coefficient of SVM, which can be considered as the weight to adjust the preference of two indexes (interval size, classification accuracy) in the optimization direction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 189.82,\n \"width\": 360.86,\n \"height\": 100.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 372.32,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 383.77,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 395.23,\n \"height\": 110.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2abbe34\",\n \"text\": \"The higher the value of C, the easier the classifier was to overfit.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 157.08,\n \"width\": 395.23,\n \"height\": 133.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 406.69,\n \"height\": 103.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2abbe34\",\n \"text\": \"On the contrary, the lower the value of C, the easier the classifier was to underfit.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 150.85,\n \"width\": 406.69,\n \"height\": 139.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 418.14,\n \"height\": 163.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2abbe34\",\n \"text\": \"To obtain an optimal C of the SVM and γ of the kernel, the performance for each C and γ was evaluated by carrying out a 10-fold cross-validation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 210.62,\n \"width\": 418.14,\n \"height\": 79.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 429.6,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 441.06,\n \"height\": 221.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Training the SVM-Based Classifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_150c5f0d\",\n \"text\": \"To accurately evaluate the performance of PmiRGO, we created an independent test based on the GOA database (Ashburner et al., 2000;The Gene Ontology Consortium, 2017).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 498.59,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 510.05,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 521.51,\n \"height\": 198.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(Ashburner et al., 2000;\",\n \"offset_start\": 107,\n \"offset_end\": 131\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"The Gene Ontology Consortium, 2017)\",\n \"offset_start\": 131,\n \"offset_end\": 166\n }\n ],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"RESULTS\",\n \"head_section\": \"Benchmarks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_150c5f0d\",\n \"text\": \"It consisted of a total of 337 mature miRNAs (named as miRNA2GO-337), each of which had at least one curated GO annotation (not inferred from electronic annotation, non-IEA).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 246.12,\n \"width\": 521.51,\n \"height\": 44.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 532.97,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 544.42,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 555.88,\n \"height\": 178.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"RESULTS\",\n \"head_section\": \"Benchmarks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_150c5f0d\",\n \"text\": \"The independent test dataset appears in the Supplementary Table 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 225.22,\n \"width\": 555.88,\n \"height\": 64.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 567.34,\n \"height\": 192.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"RESULTS\",\n \"head_section\": \"Benchmarks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48642fcf\",\n \"text\": \"In PmiRGO, the classifier predicted several probable GO terms with corresponding scores ranging from 0 to 1 for a specific miRNA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 601.46,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 612.91,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 624.37,\n \"height\": 31.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48642fcf\",\n \"text\": \"The scores denoted the degree of confidence for those GO terms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 79.4,\n \"width\": 624.37,\n \"height\": 210.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 635.83,\n \"height\": 43.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48642fcf\",\n \"text\": \"The final predictions depended on the selected threshold t.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 93.48,\n \"width\": 635.83,\n \"height\": 196.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 647.28,\n \"height\": 43.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48642fcf\",\n \"text\": \"All GO terms predicted for each miRNA with scores equal to or greater than t and their ancestors in GO linked by \\\"is a\\\" and \\\"has a\\\" relationships were collected to build the set of predicted GO terms denoted as P(t) for each threshold t.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 90.74,\n \"width\": 647.28,\n \"height\": 199.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 658.74,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 670.2,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 681.65,\n \"height\": 211.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48642fcf\",\n \"text\": \"We used T to denote the set of experimentally validated GO terms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 257.65,\n \"width\": 681.65,\n \"height\": 32.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 693.11,\n \"height\": 228.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48642fcf\",\n \"text\": \"We evaluated the performance of the prediction according to three widely used statistic indexes: recall, precision, and F-measure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 276.96,\n \"width\": 693.11,\n \"height\": 13.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 704.57,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 245.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48642fcf\",\n \"text\": \"The definitions of recall and precision are as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 199.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_36484ccc\",\n \"text\": \"Pre i (t) = g∈G I(g ∈ P i (t) ∧ g ∈ T i ) g∈G I(g ∈ P i (t)) (8) Rec i (t) = g∈G I(g ∈ P i (t) ∧ g ∈ T i ) g∈G I(g ∈ T i ) (9)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 349.81,\n \"width\": 102.35,\n \"height\": 200.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_533d04a6\",\n \"text\": \"where g denotes a specific GO term, and G denotes the set of all GO terms used in our work.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 183.08,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 194.54,\n \"height\": 106.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_533d04a6\",\n \"text\": \"The indicator function I(x) is stated as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 414.16,\n \"width\": 194.54,\n \"height\": 136.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 206.0,\n \"height\": 39.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_1edfe9a1\",\n \"text\": \"I (x) = { 1 x= true 0 x=false(10)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 392.57,\n \"width\": 234.99,\n \"height\": 157.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\",\n \"label\": \"(10)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c84bca37\",\n \"text\": \"After all the miRNAs had been predicted, the average precision for each threshold t be calculated on m(t) miRNAs, each of which had at least one predicted GO term with a score greater than the threshold t.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 316.57,\n \"width\": 258.57,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 270.02,\n \"height\": 123.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 460.63,\n \"width\": 270.02,\n \"height\": 89.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 281.48,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 292.94,\n \"height\": 134.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c84bca37\",\n \"text\": \"In the same way, the average recall could be calculated from the whole benchmark set of N miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 441.99,\n \"width\": 292.94,\n \"height\": 108.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 304.39,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 315.85,\n \"height\": 34.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c84bca37\",\n \"text\": \"The average precision and recall are defined as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 342.13,\n \"width\": 315.85,\n \"height\": 207.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_e20f1030\",\n \"text\": \"Pre (t) = 1 m(t) × m(t) i=1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 366.6,\n \"width\": 336.65,\n \"height\": 97.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2fb4dec4\",\n \"text\": \"Pre i (t) ( 11)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 465.83,\n \"width\": 343.28,\n \"height\": 24.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 534.81,\n \"width\": 343.28,\n \"height\": 15.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_9d8a87b4\",\n \"text\": \"Rec (t) = 1 N × N i=1 Rec i (t)(12)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 371.4,\n \"width\": 381.51,\n \"height\": 179.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\",\n \"label\": \"(12)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_731d5543\",\n \"text\": \"Generally speaking, precision and recall are inversely related.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 316.57,\n \"width\": 411.27,\n \"height\": 233.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_731d5543\",\n \"text\": \"It is not feasible to evaluate the performance of models according to a single precision or recall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 422.73,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 434.18,\n \"height\": 118.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_731d5543\",\n \"text\": \"To deal with this problem, the PmiRGO maximum F-measure over all thresholds was introduced for the overall evaluation of different models (Zhang J. et al., 2018).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 427.85,\n \"width\": 434.18,\n \"height\": 122.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 523.96,\n \"width\": 29.87,\n \"height\": 26.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 236.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b52\",\n \"text\": \"(Zhang J. et al., 2018)\",\n \"offset_start\": 138,\n \"offset_end\": 161\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_731d5543\",\n \"text\": \"It combined the two metrics (precision and recall) to provide a single-score.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 284.05,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 6.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 47.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_731d5543\",\n \"text\": \"The maximum F-measure is defined as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 94.45,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 178.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_df45c652\",\n \"text\": \"F max = max 2 × Pre(t) × Rec(t) Pre (t) + Rec(t) (13)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 98.33,\n \"width\": 118.11,\n \"height\": 191.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2d4e5f83\",\n \"text\": \"The Effects of Feature Dimensions\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 151.57,\n \"height\": 196.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1eed708c\",\n \"text\": \"As described above, the latent representations of each node in the network act as its low-dimensional topological features.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 165.12,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 176.58,\n \"height\": 227.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1eed708c\",\n \"text\": \"The number of dimensions might have a significant effect on the functional annotations of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 275.26,\n \"width\": 176.58,\n \"height\": 14.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 188.03,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 199.49,\n \"height\": 133.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1eed708c\",\n \"text\": \"To assess the influence of the hyper-parameter on the prediction performance, we performed an independent test on the miRNA2GO-337 dataset across a wide range of values for the dimensions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 180.21,\n \"width\": 199.49,\n \"height\": 109.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 210.95,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 222.4,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 233.86,\n \"height\": 134.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1eed708c\",\n \"text\": \"For simplicity, we preset the other parameters, including the number of walks started from one node (n), the walk length (t), and the window size (w), in DeepWalk.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 181.71,\n \"width\": 233.86,\n \"height\": 108.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 245.32,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 256.77,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 268.23,\n \"height\": 42.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1eed708c\",\n \"text\": \"The three parameters were selected by conducting experiments of different parameter values and choosing the combination with the best performance (n = 100, t = 80, w = 16).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 91.08,\n \"width\": 268.23,\n \"height\": 199.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 279.69,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 291.14,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 302.6,\n \"height\": 14.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b62da55e\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 2 shows the F max values when the number of dimensions ranges from 128 to 1024.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 56.29,\n \"width\": 314.06,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 325.51,\n \"height\": 144.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b62da55e\",\n \"text\": \"The results demonstrated that the F max reached the max value when the dimension increased to 512.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 191.87,\n \"width\": 325.51,\n \"height\": 98.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 336.97,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 348.43,\n \"height\": 65.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b62da55e\",\n \"text\": \"However, as the dimension increased beyond this value, the performance decreased accordingly.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 113.85,\n \"width\": 348.43,\n \"height\": 176.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 359.88,\n \"height\": 198.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b62da55e\",\n \"text\": \"Hence, 512 was chosen as the dimensions of the feature vector.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 246.46,\n \"width\": 359.88,\n \"height\": 43.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 371.34,\n \"height\": 189.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b62da55e\",\n \"text\": \"It is important to note that the SkipGram model based on Hierarchical Softmax of DeepWalk algorithm is a neural network model and its output layer corresponds to a binary tree.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 235.96,\n \"width\": 371.34,\n \"height\": 54.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 382.8,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 394.25,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 405.71,\n \"height\": 131.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b62da55e\",\n \"text\": \"Therefore, the dimensions of the latent representations of the model should be a power of two.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 178.91,\n \"width\": 405.71,\n \"height\": 111.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 417.17,\n \"height\": 245.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6948e410\",\n \"text\": \"In our method, protein interaction data was incorporated to help improve the effectiveness of the functional annotations of the miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 449.15,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 460.61,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 472.07,\n \"height\": 49.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of PPI Data\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6948e410\",\n \"text\": \"To confirm this, PmiRGO was carried out on two different network collocations: the global network (consisting of a miRNA co-expression network, miRNA-target interaction network, and PPI network), and the network without PPIs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 97.34,\n \"width\": 472.07,\n \"height\": 192.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 62.97,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 227.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of PPI Data\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6948e410\",\n \"text\": \"The comparison was performed in terms of F max when the parameters (n, t, w, d) were set to 100, 80, 16, and 512, respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 535.54,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 14.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 97.34,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 226.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of PPI Data\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6948e410\",\n \"text\": \"The results are shown in Table 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 535.54,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 14.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 113.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of PPI Data\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6948e410\",\n \"text\": \"The F max value was 0.31 for the global network and 0.252 for the network without PPIs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 422.68,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 127.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 131.71,\n \"height\": 226.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of PPI Data\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6948e410\",\n \"text\": \"The performance increased ∼23% with the addition of PPI data.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 535.54,\n \"width\": 131.71,\n \"height\": 14.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 143.17,\n \"height\": 245.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of PPI Data\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6948e410\",\n \"text\": \"This experiment demonstrated that integrating multiple types of information about other relevant biological entities (e.g., protein) resulted in a great improvement in the performance of predicting miRNA function.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 177.54,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 189.0,\n \"height\": 66.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of PPI Data\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81474c1\",\n \"text\": \"Recent studies have demonstrated that network representation learning is effective in machine learning, such as in tag recommendation (Tu et al., 2014), vertex classification (Sen et al., 2008), and link prediction (Lü and Zhou, 2011;Yang et al., 2015).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 242.93,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 254.38,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 265.84,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 277.3,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 288.76,\n \"height\": 50.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b39\",\n \"text\": \"(Tu et al., 2014)\",\n \"offset_start\": 134,\n \"offset_end\": 151\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b36\",\n \"text\": \"(Sen et al., 2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 175,\n \"offset_end\": 193\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"(Lü and Zhou, 2011;\",\n \"offset_start\": 215,\n \"offset_end\": 234\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b44\",\n \"text\": \"Yang et al., 2015)\",\n \"offset_start\": 234,\n \"offset_end\": 252\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81474c1\",\n \"text\": \"Many methods have been proposed to address these issues, most of which investigate network structure for learning, such as DeepWalk (Perozzi et al., 2014), node2vec (Grover and Leskovec, 2016), hin2vec (Fu et al., 2017), and metapath2vec (Dong et al., 2017).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 360.39,\n \"width\": 288.76,\n \"height\": 190.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 300.22,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 311.67,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 323.13,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 334.59,\n \"height\": 131.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"(Perozzi et al., 2014)\",\n \"offset_start\": 132,\n \"offset_end\": 154\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b17\",\n \"text\": \"(Grover and Leskovec, 2016)\",\n \"offset_start\": 165,\n \"offset_end\": 192\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b16\",\n \"text\": \"(Fu et al., 2017)\",\n \"offset_start\": 202,\n \"offset_end\": 219\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b11\",\n \"text\": \"(Dong et al., 2017)\",\n \"offset_start\": 238,\n \"offset_end\": 257\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81474c1\",\n \"text\": \"DeepWalk used information extracted locally from the truncated random walks in order to learn potential representations.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 440.0,\n \"width\": 334.59,\n \"height\": 110.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 346.05,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 357.5,\n \"height\": 133.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81474c1\",\n \"text\": \"On the basis of DeepWalk, node2vec defined a strategy generating a sequence of bias random walk that used both BFS and DFS to retain different network structure information.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 442.18,\n \"width\": 357.5,\n \"height\": 108.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 368.96,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 380.42,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 391.87,\n \"height\": 121.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81474c1\",\n \"text\": \"Different from DeepWalk and node2vec, hin2vec, and metapath2vec have been proposed for heterogeneous information networks.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 430.91,\n \"width\": 391.87,\n \"height\": 119.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 403.33,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 414.79,\n \"height\": 162.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81474c1\",\n \"text\": \"They were designed to capture rich semantics by exploiting different types of relationships among nodes in forms of meta-paths.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 471.34,\n \"width\": 414.79,\n \"height\": 79.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 426.24,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 437.7,\n \"height\": 193.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_44af3731\",\n \"text\": \"In this paper, we compared DeepWalk, hin2vec, and metapath2vec in terms of predicting GO annotations of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 316.57,\n \"width\": 449.16,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 460.62,\n \"height\": 245.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_44af3731\",\n \"text\": \"For the sake of fairness, we used the same global network FIGURE 6 | Performance comparison of coverage, on the independent dataset miRNA2GO-337.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 472.07,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 50.26,\n \"width\": 689.99,\n \"height\": 290.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_44af3731\",\n \"text\": \"Among these 337 human miRNAs, 205 miRNAs were annotated by PmiRGO, while only 174 miRNAs were annotated by miEAA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 342.85,\n \"width\": 690.01,\n \"height\": 202.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 50.27,\n \"width\": 699.47,\n \"height\": 181.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27b02f01\",\n \"text\": \"constructed above, multi-classification models, and benchmarks.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 245.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27b02f01\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 3 demonstrates that DeepWalk significantly outperforms hin2vec and metapath2vec in terms of precision and F max .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 245.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 217.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27b02f01\",\n \"text\": \"Hence, DeepWalk was employed to extract the topological features of our work.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 263.59,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 26.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 37.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c95fbf13\",\n \"text\": \"To evaluate the performance of PmiRGO further, we compared it with the state-of-the-art method miEAA (Backes et al., 2016).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 245.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b3\",\n \"text\": \"(Backes et al., 2016)\",\n \"offset_start\": 101,\n \"offset_end\": 122\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c95fbf13\",\n \"text\": \"MiEAA is a tool that uses enrichment analysis to perform the functional analysis of sets of miRNAs based on GeneTrail (Backes et al., 2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 177.55,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 189.0,\n \"height\": 51.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b2\",\n \"text\": \"(Backes et al., 2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 118,\n \"offset_end\": 139\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c95fbf13\",\n \"text\": \"Compared to GeneTrail, miEAA was designed for human miRNA precursors and mature miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 100.72,\n \"width\": 189.0,\n \"height\": 189.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 223.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c95fbf13\",\n \"text\": \"The miRNA2GO-337 dataset was utilized to assess the performance of different methods.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 275.26,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 14.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 223.38,\n \"height\": 81.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c95fbf13\",\n \"text\": \"Since 53.5% of the functional annotations of miRNAs are biological process (BP) terms, according to the statistics of Gene Ontology Consortium database (Ashburner et al., 2000), and since miRNAs are involved in the biological process when they have interactions with other entities, we only evaluated the performance in terms of BPs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 128.71,\n \"width\": 223.38,\n \"height\": 161.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 234.83,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 246.29,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 257.75,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 269.2,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 280.66,\n \"height\": 163.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(Ashburner et al., 2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 152,\n \"offset_end\": 176\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"The prediction performance of the two methods is presented in Figure 4.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 56.29,\n \"width\": 292.12,\n \"height\": 233.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 303.57,\n \"height\": 47.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"It is quite apparent that PmiRGO outperforms miEAA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 97.23,\n \"width\": 303.57,\n \"height\": 192.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 315.03,\n \"height\": 30.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"For the metric F max , PmiRGO achieved 0.310 F max on BP terms and had an increase of 0.03 F max , while miEAA reached 0.282 F max .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 80.37,\n \"width\": 315.03,\n \"height\": 209.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 326.49,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 77.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"Also, the recall of PmiRGO reached 0.277 when the F max achieved the highest value, and the recall of miEAA was 0.235.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 125.2,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 164.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 349.4,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 360.86,\n \"height\": 76.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 5 shows that the precision-recall curve of PmiRGO is entirely above the curve of miEAA, which means that our method significantly outperforms miEAA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 126.5,\n \"width\": 360.86,\n \"height\": 163.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 372.32,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 383.77,\n \"height\": 228.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"We calculated the P-value with two-tailed, paired t-test to compare the performances of our PmiRGO method and MiEAA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 276.96,\n \"width\": 383.77,\n \"height\": 13.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 395.23,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 406.69,\n \"height\": 210.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"For each time, we randomly selected 50 miRNAs from the miRNA2GO-337 dataset and calculated the F max scores for both PmiRGO and MiEAA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 257.54,\n \"width\": 406.69,\n \"height\": 32.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 418.14,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 429.6,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 441.06,\n \"height\": 31.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"We repeated the procedure for 30 times and obtained 30 paired F max scores.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 78.35,\n \"width\": 441.06,\n \"height\": 211.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 452.51,\n \"height\": 72.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"We calculated the P-value using MATLAB.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 118.91,\n \"width\": 452.51,\n \"height\": 162.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"A P-value score of 0.05 was used to denote statistical significance.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 283.63,\n \"width\": 452.51,\n \"height\": 6.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 463.97,\n \"height\": 245.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_118ffa21\",\n \"text\": \"The F max of our PmiRGO method was higher than that of MiEAA, a difference that was statistically significant (P = 1.86e-05).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 475.43,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 486.88,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 498.34,\n \"height\": 14.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6e6757cf\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, the coverage of the two prediction methods on the miRNA2GO-337 dataset was compared.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 56.29,\n \"width\": 509.8,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 521.25,\n \"height\": 176.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6e6757cf\",\n \"text\": \"The coverage is defined as the number of miRNAs predicted correctly, a measure that reflects robustness.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 226.47,\n \"width\": 521.25,\n \"height\": 63.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 532.71,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 544.17,\n \"height\": 95.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6e6757cf\",\n \"text\": \"As presented in Figure 6, PmiRGO correctly annotated 205 miRNAs out of 337 miRNA samples, while miEAA successfully predicted 174 miRNAs, demonstrating that our method is more robust than miEAA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 144.98,\n \"width\": 544.17,\n \"height\": 145.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 555.62,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 567.08,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 578.54,\n \"height\": 171.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ec2cdc21\",\n \"text\": \"To illustrate the performance of this prediction method in a real case study, we applied PmiRGO to predict the functions of miRNA has-miR-124-3p.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 612.91,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 624.37,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 635.82,\n \"height\": 109.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ec2cdc21\",\n \"text\": \"miRNA has-miR-124-3p plays an essential role in mediating tumor growth and the occurrence and development of cancer with high genetic conservation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 158.07,\n \"width\": 635.82,\n \"height\": 132.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 647.28,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 658.74,\n \"height\": 215.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ec2cdc21\",\n \"text\": \"Recent studies have used high-throughput sequencing to demonstrate that hsa-miR-124-3p has differential expression in normal brain tissue and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 264.12,\n \"width\": 658.74,\n \"height\": 26.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 670.19,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 681.65,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 693.11,\n \"height\": 201.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ec2cdc21\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, has-miR-124-3p overexpression expressively inhibits GBM cell proliferation, migration, and tumor angiogenesis, which results in cell cycle arrest and GBM apoptosis putatively via the activation of the NRP-1-mediated PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway in GBM cells, as well as suppressing tumor growth and reducing tumor angiogenesis (Zhang G. et al., 2018).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.07,\n \"width\": 693.11,\n \"height\": 39.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 704.57,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 62.97,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 97.34,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 180.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b50\",\n \"text\": \"(Zhang G. et al., 2018)\",\n \"offset_start\": 330,\n \"offset_end\": 353\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ec2cdc21\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, hsa-miR-124-3p regulates the expression of the CD151 protein by inosculation with the 5 ′ UTR to take part in the development of gastric cancer (Sheng et al., 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 490.34,\n \"width\": 108.81,\n \"height\": 60.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 88.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 394.04,\n \"width\": 130.14,\n \"height\": 1.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 396.48,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 153.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 128.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b37\",\n \"text\": \"(Sheng et al., 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 154,\n \"offset_end\": 174\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e73a1a8\",\n \"text\": \"As a result, has-miR-124-3p annotated 250 GO terms in total, the top 31 of which had a probability score >0.9, as shown in Table 2. Of the four most probable GO Terms, GO:0006915 (apoptotic process), responsible for the process of programmed cell death when a cell receives an internal or external signal, and GO:0006725 (cellular aromatic compound metabolic process), the chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, were indirectly related with the occurrence and development of diseases, particularly cancer and tumors.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 316.57,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 233.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 177.55,\n \"height\": 245.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 189.0,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 223.38,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 234.83,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 246.29,\n \"height\": 231.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e73a1a8\",\n \"text\": \"In addition, the predicted GO Terms GO:0008219 (cell death) (ranked 5th), GO:0048468 (cell development) (ranked 7th), and GO:0009987 (cellular process) (ranked 30th) were associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung, breast neoplasms, and colonic neoplasms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 542.04,\n \"width\": 246.29,\n \"height\": 8.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 257.75,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 269.2,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 42.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e73a1a8\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, those GO terms related to metabolic processes, such as GO:0006259 (DNA metabolic process) (ranked 9th), GO:0019216 (regulation of lipid metabolic process) (ranked 12th), and GO:0031323 (regulation of cellular metabolic process) (ranked 15th), were associated with the production of the gene products TCEAL7 and TNFRSF1A, which may promote the occurrence of prostatic neoplasms, lung diseases, and gastric cancer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 92.52,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 197.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 245.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 27.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e8eee0cb\",\n \"text\": \"Computational function prediction of miRNAs by integrating varieties of miRNA-related biological information is emerging as a tool to elucidate the role of miRNAs in development and for inferring the biological functions of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 209.42,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 220.88,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 232.34,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 243.8,\n \"height\": 245.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_843670df\",\n \"text\": \"In our work, we proposed a novel approach, PmiRGO, to predict their function.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 255.25,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 266.71,\n \"height\": 110.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_843670df\",\n \"text\": \"Specifically, we constructed a global heterogeneous network by integrating expression profiles, miRNA-target interactions, and PPI data.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 162.96,\n \"width\": 266.71,\n \"height\": 127.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 278.17,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 289.62,\n \"height\": 215.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_843670df\",\n \"text\": \"Then, DeepWalk, an approach used for learning online social representations, was employed to learn the latent network features of the global network.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 267.92,\n \"width\": 289.62,\n \"height\": 22.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 301.08,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 312.54,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 323.99,\n \"height\": 128.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_843670df\",\n \"text\": \"Finally, we employed SVM to build multi-classification models for predicting the GO annotations.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 178.33,\n \"width\": 323.99,\n \"height\": 111.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 335.45,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 346.91,\n \"height\": 47.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_978bf569\",\n \"text\": \"In terms of the performance, PmiRGO was used to evaluate the independent dataset miRNA2GO-337.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 56.29,\n \"width\": 358.37,\n \"height\": 233.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 369.82,\n \"height\": 197.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_978bf569\",\n \"text\": \"In terms of F max and coverage, PmiRGO outperformed miEAA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 245.92,\n \"width\": 369.82,\n \"height\": 44.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 381.28,\n \"height\": 203.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_978bf569\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, the results demonstrate that the protein interaction data contributes to the improvement of prediction performance for miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 251.07,\n \"width\": 381.28,\n \"height\": 39.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 392.74,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 404.19,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 415.65,\n \"height\": 52.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_978bf569\",\n \"text\": \"The great performance of our method can be attributed to several factors.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 104.02,\n \"width\": 415.65,\n \"height\": 186.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 427.11,\n \"height\": 129.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_978bf569\",\n \"text\": \"At first, the experimentally validated miRNA-target gene interactions, manually curated from reporter assay, blot, and microarray experiments were utilized.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 179.23,\n \"width\": 427.11,\n \"height\": 110.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 438.56,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 450.02,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 461.48,\n \"height\": 30.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_978bf569\",\n \"text\": \"More reliable and positive information significantly improves the performance of PmiRGO.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 80.36,\n \"width\": 461.48,\n \"height\": 209.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 472.94,\n \"height\": 162.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_978bf569\",\n \"text\": \"Then, we used the miRNA expression profiles to construct a miRNA co-expression network, which is useful for predicting the miRNAs involved in co-regulating one target gene.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 212.25,\n \"width\": 472.94,\n \"height\": 77.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 484.39,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 495.85,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 507.31,\n \"height\": 128.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_978bf569\",\n \"text\": \"Finally, the PPI network was introduced to the global network, allowing the performance of function prediction to benefit from the variety of biological entities.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 176.46,\n \"width\": 507.31,\n \"height\": 113.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 518.76,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 531.7,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 44.83,\n \"width\": 543.15,\n \"height\": 29.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1fd08328\",\n \"text\": \"However, there are still further improvements to be made to our method.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 316.57,\n \"width\": 62.98,\n \"height\": 233.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 61.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1fd08328\",\n \"text\": \"Firstly, the experimentally validated miRNAtarget gene interactions were sparse.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 371.1,\n \"width\": 74.43,\n \"height\": 179.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 151.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1fd08328\",\n \"text\": \"A greater number of validated interactions could enhance the effect of PmiRGO further.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 462.2,\n \"width\": 85.89,\n \"height\": 88.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 97.35,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 29.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1fd08328\",\n \"text\": \"Secondly, the expression profiles we used covered only a part of human miRNAs, and the coverage of the expression information was not enough.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 337.21,\n \"width\": 108.8,\n \"height\": 213.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 120.26,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 116.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1fd08328\",\n \"text\": \"As such, more reliable miRNA expression profiles need to be collected.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 426.36,\n \"width\": 131.72,\n \"height\": 124.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 161.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1fd08328\",\n \"text\": \"Thirdly, more types of biological entities could also be introduced to the global network.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 470.94,\n \"width\": 143.18,\n \"height\": 79.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 154.63,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 33.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1fd08328\",\n \"text\": \"Others works, including miRNA family information (Zou et al., 2014) and miRNA-disease networks (Zou et al., 2016;Liao et al., 2018;Zeng X. et al., 2018), would also be useful in this study.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 342.98,\n \"width\": 166.09,\n \"height\": 207.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 177.55,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 189.0,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 96.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b57\",\n \"text\": \"(Zou et al., 2014)\",\n \"offset_start\": 49,\n \"offset_end\": 67\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"(Zou et al., 2016;\",\n \"offset_start\": 95,\n \"offset_end\": 113\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b25\",\n \"text\": \"Liao et al., 2018;\",\n \"offset_start\": 113,\n \"offset_end\": 131\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"Zeng X. et al., 2018)\",\n \"offset_start\": 131,\n \"offset_end\": 152\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1fd08328\",\n \"text\": \"This should be the focus of future works.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 406.13,\n \"width\": 200.46,\n \"height\": 144.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 211.92,\n \"height\": 25.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"DISCUSSION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d5e7ac8f\",\n \"text\": \"We would like to thank the Experimental Center of School of Software of Central South University, for providing computing resources.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 432.09,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 443.55,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 455.01,\n \"height\": 37.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f750b0be\",\n \"text\": \"FUNDING This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 61672541] and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province [grant number 2017JJ3412].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 324.99,\n \"height\": 55.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 347.91,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 359.36,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 370.82,\n \"height\": 245.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 382.28,\n \"height\": 48.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c12b515f\",\n \"text\": \"LD, JW, and JZ conceived this work and designed the experiments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 262.72,\n \"height\": 245.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 274.18,\n \"height\": 48.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c12b515f\",\n \"text\": \"LD and JW carried out the experiments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 357.3,\n \"width\": 274.18,\n \"height\": 158.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c12b515f\",\n \"text\": \"LD, JW, and JZ collected the data and analyzed the results.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 518.94,\n \"width\": 274.18,\n \"height\": 31.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 285.64,\n \"height\": 194.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c12b515f\",\n \"text\": \"LD, JW, and JZ wrote, revised, and approved the manuscript.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 502.15,\n \"width\": 285.64,\n \"height\": 48.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 297.09,\n \"height\": 182.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_53fb97a2\",\n \"text\": \"The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 506.31,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 517.76,\n \"height\": 245.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab66f738\",\n \"text\": \"Supplementary Table 1 | The miRNA2GO-337 dataset.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 543.88,\n \"height\": 170.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"2019.00003/full#supplementary-material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7169ac34\",\n \"text\": \"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 411.63,\n \"width\": 150.08,\n \"height\": 138.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 159.54,\n \"height\": 245.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 169.0,\n \"height\": 111.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conflict of Interest Statement:\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_0\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"FIGURE 1 |\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"FIGURE 1 | PmiRGO flowchart.It consists of six steps: (A) three networks (miRNA co-expression network, miRNA-target interaction network, and PPI network) were constructed according to the co-expression profiles, miRNA-target gene interactions, and protein-protein interactions, respectively.(B) By mapping the target genes into PPI network, the three networks were integrated to build a global heterogeneous network.(C) DeepWalk was employed to learn the latent representations of the network as features of the global heterogeneous network.(D) For each miRNA or protein, a feature vector was obtained.(E) SVM models were trained and the miRNA2GO-337 dataset were used to evaluate the performance.(F) The GO annotations of each miRNA in the miRNA2GO-337 dataset were predicted.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 85.14,\n \"width\": 69.51,\n \"height\": 425.28\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"FIGURE 2 |\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"FIGURE 2 | Effect of the number of different feature dimensions on function prediction.The maximum F-measure reaches its highest value 0.31 when the feature dimension is 512.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 54.0,\n \"width\": 494.22,\n \"height\": 226.8\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"FIGURE 3 |\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"FIGURE 3 | Performance comparison when different methods (DeepWalk, hin2vec, and metapath2vec) are employed to extract topological features.The performance of three methods were performed in the miRNA2GO independent dataset.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 85.14,\n \"width\": 287.66,\n \"height\": 425.28\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_3\",\n \"label\": \"5\",\n \"head\": \"FIGURE 5 |\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"FIGURE 5 | Precision-recall curves of PmiRGO and miEAA.The figure shows the performance comparison of PmiRGO with miEAA on the miRNA2GO-337 dataset for BP terms.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 314.28,\n \"width\": 477.18,\n \"height\": 226.8\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"e72c28b7\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 127.64,\n \"width\": 508.7,\n \"height\": 340.08\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_0\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"TABLE 1 |\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Performance evaluation of PPI network.\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Network\",\n \"Precision\",\n \"Recall\",\n \"F max\"\n ],\n [\n \"Without PPIN\",\n \"0.328\",\n \"0.205\",\n \"0.252\"\n ],\n [\n \"Global network\",\n \"0.351\",\n \"0.277\",\n \"0.310\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 3,\n \"column_count\": 4,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 653.03,\n \"height\": 245.09\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_1\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"TABLE 2 |\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"The top 31 GO terms predicted for miRNA has-miR-124-3p.\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Rank\",\n \"GO term\",\n \"GO name\"\n ],\n [\n \"1\",\n \"GO:0006915\",\n \"Apoptotic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"2\",\n \"GO:0006725\",\n \"Cellular aromatic compound metabolic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"3\",\n \"GO:0003677\",\n \"DNA binding\"\n ],\n [\n \"4\",\n \"GO:0051234\",\n \"Establishment of localization\"\n ],\n [\n \"5\",\n \"GO:0008219\",\n \"Cell death\"\n ],\n [\n \"6\",\n \"GO:0048856\",\n \"Anatomical structure development\"\n ],\n [\n \"7\",\n \"GO:0048468\",\n \"Cell development\"\n ],\n [\n \"8\",\n \"GO:0043169\",\n \"Cation binding\"\n ],\n [\n \"9\",\n \"GO:0006259\",\n \"DNA metabolic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"10\",\n \"GO:0007165\",\n \"Signal transduction\"\n ],\n [\n \"11\",\n \"GO:0045664\",\n \"Regulation of neuron differentiation\"\n ],\n [\n \"12\",\n \"GO:0019216\",\n \"Regulation of lipid metabolic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"13\",\n \"GO:0006810\",\n \"Transport\"\n ],\n [\n \"14\",\n \"GO:0008104\",\n \"Protein localization\"\n ],\n [\n \"15\",\n \"GO:0031323\",\n \"Regulation of cellular metabolic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"16\",\n \"GO:0009892\",\n \"Negative regulation of metabolic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"17\",\n \"GO:0005102\",\n \"Signaling receptor binding\"\n ],\n [\n \"18\",\n \"GO:0042176\",\n \"Regulation of protein catabolic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"19\",\n \"GO:0050769\",\n \"Positive regulation of neurogenesis\"\n ],\n [\n \"20\",\n \"GO:0006508\",\n \"Proteolysis\"\n ],\n [\n \"21\",\n \"GO:0016477\",\n \"Cell migration\"\n ],\n [\n \"22\",\n \"GO:0008202\",\n \"Steroid metabolic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"23\",\n \"GO:0008168\",\n \"Methyltransferase activity\"\n ],\n [\n \"24\",\n \"GO:0051252\",\n \"Regulation of RNA metabolic process\"\n ],\n [\n \"25\",\n \"GO:0009411\",\n \"Response to UV\"\n ],\n [\n \"26\",\n \"GO:0014902\",\n \"Myotube differentiation\"\n ],\n [\n \"27\",\n \"GO:0045596\",\n \"Negative regulation of cell differentiation\"\n ],\n [\n \"28\",\n \"GO:0005515\",\n \"Protein binding\"\n ],\n [\n \"29\",\n \"GO:0055085\",\n \"Transmembrane transport\"\n ],\n [\n \"30\",\n \"GO:0009987\",\n \"Cellular process\"\n ],\n [\n \"31\",\n \"GO:0007224\",\n \"Smoothened signaling pathway\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 32,\n \"column_count\": 3,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 305.11,\n \"width\": 312.69,\n \"height\": 245.08\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"references\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"b1\",\n \"target\": \"b0\",\n \"title\": \"Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Agarwal, V., Bell, G. 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Bioinform\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2017\",\n \"year\": 2017,\n \"doi\": \"10.1109/TCBB.2017.2701379\",\n \"notes\": \"Epub ahead of print\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b53\",\n \"target\": \"b52\",\n \"title\": \"Ontological function annotation of long non-coding RNAs through hierarchical multi-label classification\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., and Deng, L. (2018). Ontological function annotation of long non-coding RNAs through hierarchical multi-label classification. Bioinformatics 34, 1750-1757. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx833\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"J Zhang\",\n \"Z Zhang\",\n \"Z Wang\",\n \"Y Liu\",\n \"L Deng\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Bioinformatics\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2018\",\n \"year\": 2018,\n \"volume\": \"34\",\n \"page_start\": \"1750\",\n \"page_end\": \"1757\",\n \"doi\": \"10.1093/bioinformatics/btx833\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b54\",\n \"target\": \"b53\",\n \"title\": \"KATZLGO: large-scale prediction of LncRNA functions by using the KATZ measure based on multiple networks\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Fan, C., Tang, Y., and, L., D. (2017). KATZLGO: large-scale prediction of LncRNA functions by using the KATZ measure based on multiple networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform. doi: 10.1109/TCBB.2017.2704587. [Epub ahead of print].\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Z Zhang\",\n \"J Zhang\",\n \"C Fan\",\n \"Y Tang\",\n \"L\",\n \"D\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2017\",\n \"year\": 2017,\n \"doi\": \"10.1109/TCBB.2017.2704587\",\n \"notes\": \"Epub ahead of print\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b55\",\n \"target\": \"b54\",\n \"title\": \"Regulation of flowering time and floral patterning by miR172\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Zhu, Q.-H., and Helliwell, C. A. (2010). Regulation of flowering time and floral patterning by miR172. J. Exp. Bot. 62, 487-495. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erq295\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Q.-H Zhu\",\n \"C Helliwell\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J. Exp. Bot\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2010\",\n \"year\": 2010,\n \"volume\": \"62\",\n \"page_start\": \"487\",\n \"page_end\": \"495\",\n \"doi\": \"10.1093/jxb/erq295\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b56\",\n \"target\": \"b55\",\n \"title\": \"Predicting protein structural classes for low-similarity sequences by evaluating different features\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Zhu, X. J., Feng, C. Q., Lai, H. Y., Chen, W., and Lin, H. (2019). Predicting protein structural classes for low-similarity sequences by evaluating different features. Knowl. Based Syst. 163, 787-793. doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2018.10.007\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"X Zhu\",\n \"C Feng\",\n \"H Lai\",\n \"W Chen\",\n \"H Lin\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Knowl. Based Syst\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2019\",\n \"year\": 2019,\n \"volume\": \"163\",\n \"page_start\": \"787\",\n \"page_end\": \"793\",\n \"doi\": \"10.1016/j.knosys.2018.10.007\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b57\",\n \"target\": \"b56\",\n \"title\": \"Similarity computation strategies in the microRNA-disease network: a survey\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Zou, Q., Li, J., Song, L., Zeng, X., and Wang, G. (2016). Similarity computation strategies in the microRNA-disease network: a survey. Brief. Funct. Genomics 15, 55-64. doi: 10.1093/bfgp/ elv024\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Q Zou\",\n \"J Li\",\n \"L Song\",\n \"X Zeng\",\n \"G Wang\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Brief. Funct. Genomics\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2016\",\n \"year\": 2016,\n \"volume\": \"15\",\n \"page_start\": \"55\",\n \"page_end\": \"64\",\n \"doi\": \"10.1093/bfgp/elv024\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b58\",\n \"target\": \"b57\",\n \"title\": \"miRClassify: an advanced web server for miRNA family classification and annotation\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Zou, Q., Mao, Y., Hu, L., Wu, Y., and Ji, Z. (2014). miRClassify: an advanced web server for miRNA family classification and annotation. Comput. Biol. Med. 45, 157-160. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013. 12.007\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Q Zou\",\n \"Y Mao\",\n \"L Hu\",\n \"Y Wu\",\n \"Ji\",\n \"Z\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Comput. Biol. Med\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2014\",\n \"year\": 2014,\n \"volume\": \"45\",\n \"page_start\": \"157\",\n \"page_end\": \"160\",\n \"doi\": \"10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.12.007\"\n }\n ]\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":203868,"string":"203,868"}}},{"rowIdx":84,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"019d645c-00f0-43b1-bfd7-e9df674e7fbf.pub2tei"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/019d645c-00f0-43b1-bfd7-e9df674e7fbf.pub2tei.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"paragraph\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"Predicting Gene Ontology Function of Human MicroRNAs by Integrating Multiple Networks\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Lei Deng\",\n \"Jiacheng Wang\",\n \"Jingpu Zhang\"\n ],\n \"publisher\": \"Frontiers Media S.A.\",\n \"journal\": \"Frontiers in Genetics\",\n \"abstract\": [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play significant biological roles in many human biological processes. Inferring the functions of miRNAs is an important strategy for understanding disease pathogenesis at the molecular level. In this paper, we propose an integrated model, PmiRGO, to infer the gene ontology (GO) functions of miRNAs by integrating multiple data sources, including the expression profiles of miRNAs, miRNA-target interactions, and protein-protein interactions (PPI). PmiRGO starts by building a global network consisting of three networks. Then, it employs DeepWalk to learn latent representations as network features of the global heterogeneous network. Finally, the SVM-based models are applied to label the GO terms of miRNAs. The experimental results show that PmiRGO has a significantly better performance than existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of Fmax. A case study further demonstrates the feasibility of PmiRGO to annotate the potential functions of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a7c215be\",\n \"text\": \"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously small non-coding RNAs of about 21–25 nucleotides and play important roles in gene regulation, via base-pairing mRNA molecules with complementary sequences for cleavage or translational repression (Bartel, 2004; Huang et al., 2011; Yao et al., 2018). Some of the biological processes within which miRNAs are involved include development, differentiation, apoptosis, and viral infection (Miska, 2005). In addition to their importance in biological processes, miRNAs are also valuable biomarker candidates for specific diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Esteller, 2011). Currently, the identification of unknown miRNA functions is an essential goal of miRNA research. Research on miRNA function focuses on the experimental determination field. miRNA function is primarily identified by the up-regulation or down-regulation of miRNA expression and its target genes (Zhu and Helliwell, 2010). However, experimental methods for the identification of miRNA functions are considerably expensive and time-consuming.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B5\",\n \"text\": \"2004\",\n \"offset_start\": 241,\n \"offset_end\": 245\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B21\",\n \"text\": \"2011\",\n \"offset_start\": 261,\n \"offset_end\": 265\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B48\",\n \"text\": \"2018\",\n \"offset_start\": 279,\n \"offset_end\": 283\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B30\",\n \"text\": \"2005\",\n \"offset_start\": 429,\n \"offset_end\": 433\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B14\",\n \"text\": \"2011\",\n \"offset_start\": 608,\n \"offset_end\": 612\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B56\",\n \"text\": \"2010\",\n \"offset_start\": 928,\n \"offset_end\": 932\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_71b8b705\",\n \"text\": \"Recently, computational methods have been proposed to solve those difficulties. These methods elucidate miRNA functions by analyzing the functions of target genes or promoters, which are determined by miRNA-related expression (Pandey and Krishnamachari, 2006; Wei et al., 2012). These methods include TargetScan (Agarwal et al., 2015), Miranda (Enright et al., 2003), PITA (Kertesz et al., 2007), and DIANA-microT (Maragkakis et al., 2009). Many of the tools used are based on the sequence alignment of the miRNA seed region, which allows for the determination of the putative binding sites (Maragkakis et al., 2009). However, the prediction results of these tools are unsatisfactory for two reasons: first, the majority of the prediction data of the miRNA target are negative, and the predicted data are not sufficient enough; second, these tools only concentrate on sequence information (Ulitsky et al., 2010) and ignore other useful information, such as miRNA expression data. Therefore, the results are easily affected by negative samples leading to poor results. In a time of increasing high-throughput sequencing, a massive amount of miRNA-seq data is accumulating, however, the analysis of this data remains a significant challenge. miRNA expression determines function, which is also crucial for discovering molecular mechanisms of human gene regulation (Panwar et al., 2017). Backes et al. (2016) developed a novel miRNA annotation tool which provides rich functionality in terms of miRNA categories based on miRNA enrichment analysis. However, miEAA does not take the importance of miRNA co-expression into account. Generally, multiple miRNAs might jointly regulate a target gene, and a miRNA may regulate hundreds of different target genes (Krek et al., 2005; Friedman et al., 2009). The potential associations between miRNAs are also vital to understand the miRNA functional mechanism and to annotate functions of miRNAs. Moreover, miEAA ignores the interactions between miRNA and target gene production (e.g., protein), which provides useful information for predicting the functionalities of miRNAs.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B34\",\n \"text\": \"2006\",\n \"offset_start\": 254,\n \"offset_end\": 258\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B43\",\n \"text\": \"2012\",\n \"offset_start\": 272,\n \"offset_end\": 276\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B1\",\n \"text\": \"2015\",\n \"offset_start\": 329,\n \"offset_end\": 333\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B13\",\n \"text\": \"2003\",\n \"offset_start\": 361,\n \"offset_end\": 365\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B23\",\n \"text\": \"2007\",\n \"offset_start\": 390,\n \"offset_end\": 394\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B28\",\n \"text\": \"2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 434,\n \"offset_end\": 438\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B28\",\n \"text\": \"2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 611,\n \"offset_end\": 615\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B42\",\n \"text\": \"2010\",\n \"offset_start\": 906,\n \"offset_end\": 910\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B35\",\n \"text\": \"2017\",\n \"offset_start\": 1378,\n \"offset_end\": 1382\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B4\",\n \"text\": \"2016\",\n \"offset_start\": 1400,\n \"offset_end\": 1404\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B24\",\n \"text\": \"2005\",\n \"offset_start\": 1765,\n \"offset_end\": 1769\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B16\",\n \"text\": \"2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 1788,\n \"offset_end\": 1792\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_39ebb416\",\n \"text\": \"In this paper, we take full advantage of miRNA expression profiles, miRNA-target gene interactions, which are experimentally validated, and protein-protein interactions data. Moreover, a global miRNA-protein network is constructed by integrating these three data sources. Secondly, we employ DeepWalk (Perozzi et al., 2014), an approach used for learning potential representations of nodes in a network, to extract the network features of the global heterogeneous network. Based on these features of the global network, we build an SVM-based classifier for each miRNA to annotate their GO functions. The proteins with Gene Ontology annotations in the GOA database (Huntley et al., 2009) are utilized to train SVM classifiers. Finally, we evaluate our method by applying it to an independent dataset. The results show that our method, PmiRGO, achieves a maximum F-measure of 0.310 and outperforms the other state-of-the-art method, miEAA (Backes et al., 2016).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B36\",\n \"text\": \"2014\",\n \"offset_start\": 318,\n \"offset_end\": 322\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B22\",\n \"text\": \"2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 681,\n \"offset_end\": 685\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B4\",\n \"text\": \"2016\",\n \"offset_start\": 953,\n \"offset_end\": 957\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f10dafab\",\n \"text\": \"The flowchart of PmiRGO is illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in step A, we first downloaded the miRNA co-expression profiles, miRNA-target interactions, and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) to construct the miRNA co-expression network, miRNA-target interaction network, and PPI network, respectively. Then, the three networks were integrated to build a global heterogeneous network by mapping the target genes into PPI network in step B. We employed DeepWalk to learn the potential representations of the networks as the features of the global heterogeneous network in step C. In step D, we mapped the IDs of miRNAs and proteins to the corresponding nodes in the features. After that, we trained SVM models for each miRNA and used the miRNA2GO-337 dataset to evaluate the performance of the multi-classification models in step E. In the final step F, the GO annotations of miRNAs in the miRNA2GO-337 dataset were predicted.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Materials and Methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e81f4385\",\n \"text\": \"To accurately evaluate the performance of PmiRGO, we created an independent test based on the GOA database (Ashburner et al., 2000; The Gene Ontology Consortium, 2017). It consisted of a total of 337 mature miRNAs (named as miRNA2GO-337), each of which had at least one curated GO annotation (not inferred from electronic annotation, non-IEA). The independent test dataset appears in the Supplementary Table 1.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B2\",\n \"text\": \"2000\",\n \"offset_start\": 126,\n \"offset_end\": 130\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B40\",\n \"text\": \"2017\",\n \"offset_start\": 162,\n \"offset_end\": 166\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Benchmarks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_70df9616\",\n \"text\": \"In PmiRGO, the classifier predicted several probable GO terms with corresponding scores ranging from 0 to 1 for a specific miRNA. The scores denoted the degree of confidence for those GO terms. The final predictions depended on the selected threshold t. All GO terms predicted for each miRNA with scores equal to or greater than t and their ancestors in GO linked by “is a” and “has a” relationships were collected to build the set of predicted GO terms denoted as P(t) for each threshold t. We used T to denote the set of experimentally validated GO terms. We evaluated the performance of the prediction according to three widely used statistic indexes: recall, precision, and F-measure. The definitions of recall and precision are as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_5a0b57d7\",\n \"text\": \"eqnarrayright center leftPreifalse(tfalse)= ∑g∈GIfalse(g ∈ Pifalse(tfalse) ∧g ∈ Tifalse)∑g∈GIfalse(g ∈ Pifalse(tfalse)false)\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_7cf09f44\",\n \"text\": \"eqnarrayright center leftRecifalse(tfalse)= ∑g∈GIfalse(g ∈ Pifalse(tfalse) ∧g ∈ Tifalse)∑g∈GIfalse(g ∈ Tifalse)\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b978163b\",\n \"text\": \"where g denotes a specific GO term, and G denotes the set of all GO terms used in our work. The indicator function I(x) is stated as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_78eb11ae\",\n \"text\": \"I(x)={0 x=false1 x=true\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8399e537\",\n \"text\": \"After all the miRNAs had been predicted, the average precision for each threshold t could be calculated on m(t) miRNAs, each of which had at least one predicted GO term with a score greater than the threshold t. In the same way, the average recall could be calculated from the whole benchmark set of N miRNAs. The average precision and recall are defined as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_acce321a\",\n \"text\": \"eqnarrayright center leftPrefalse(tfalse)= 1mfalse(tfalse)×∑i=1mfalse(tfalse)Preifalse(tfalse)\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_e2a49667\",\n \"text\": \"eqnarrayright center leftRecfalse(tfalse)= 1N×∑i=1NRecifalse(tfalse)\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_caf38ad6\",\n \"text\": \"Generally speaking, precision and recall are inversely related. It is not feasible to evaluate the performance of models according to a single precision or recall. To deal with this problem, the maximum F-measure over all thresholds was introduced for the overall evaluation of different models (Zhang J. et al., 2018). It combined the two metrics (precision and recall) to provide a single-score. The maximum F-measure is defined as follows:\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B54\",\n \"text\": \"2018\",\n \"offset_start\": 313,\n \"offset_end\": 317\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_681f06c8\",\n \"text\": \"eqnarrayright center leftFmax=maxtrue(2×Prefalse(tfalse)×Recfalse(tfalse)Prefalse(tfalse)+Recfalse(tfalse)true)\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Evaluation Measures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a074f8a\",\n \"text\": \"As described above, the latent representations of each node in the network act as its low-dimensional topological features. The number of dimensions might have a significant effect on the functional annotations of miRNAs. To assess the influence of the hyper-parameter on the prediction performance, we performed an independent test on the miRNA2GO-337 dataset across a wide range of values for the dimensions. For simplicity, we preset the other parameters, including the number of walks started from one node (n), the walk length (t), and the window size (w), in DeepWalk. The three parameters were selected by conducting experiments of different parameter values and choosing the combination with the best performance (n = 100, t = 80, w = 16).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of Feature Dimensions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a7af5562\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 2 shows the Fmax values when the number of dimensions ranges from 128 to 1024. The results demonstrated that the Fmax reached the max value when the dimension increased to 512. However, as the dimension increased beyond this value, the performance decreased accordingly. Hence, 512 was chosen as the dimensions of the feature vector. It is important to note that the SkipGram model based on Hierarchical Softmax of DeepWalk algorithm is a neural network model and its output layer corresponds to a binary tree. Therefore, the dimensions of the latent representations of the model should be a power of two.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of Feature Dimensions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7ea8d876\",\n \"text\": \"In our method, protein interaction data was incorporated to help improve the effectiveness of the functional annotations of the miRNAs. To confirm this, PmiRGO was carried out on two different network collocations: the global network (consisting of a miRNA co-expression network, miRNA-target interaction network, and PPI network), and the network without PPIs. The comparison was performed in terms of Fmax when the parameters (n, t, w, d) were set to 100, 80, 16, and 512, respectively. The results are shown in Table 1. The Fmax value was 0.31 for the global network and 0.252 for the network without PPIs. The performance increased ~23% with the addition of PPI data. This experiment demonstrated that integrating multiple types of information about other relevant biological entities (e.g., protein) resulted in a great improvement in the performance of predicting miRNA function.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The Effects of PPI Data\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a3292a1\",\n \"text\": \"Recent studies have demonstrated that network representation learning is effective in machine learning, such as in tag recommendation (Tu et al., 2014), vertex classification (Sen et al., 2008), and link prediction (Lü and Zhou, 2011; Yang et al., 2015). Many methods have been proposed to address these issues, most of which investigate network structure for learning, such as DeepWalk (Perozzi et al., 2014), node2vec (Grover and Leskovec, 2016), hin2vec (Fu et al., 2017), and metapath2vec (Dong et al., 2017). DeepWalk used information extracted locally from the truncated random walks in order to learn potential representations. On the basis of DeepWalk, node2vec defined a strategy generating a sequence of bias random walk that used both BFS and DFS to retain different network structure information. Different from DeepWalk and node2vec, hin2vec, and metapath2vec have been proposed for heterogeneous information networks. They were designed to capture rich semantics by exploiting different types of relationships among nodes in forms of meta-paths.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B41\",\n \"text\": \"2014\",\n \"offset_start\": 146,\n \"offset_end\": 150\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B37\",\n \"text\": \"2008\",\n \"offset_start\": 188,\n \"offset_end\": 192\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B27\",\n \"text\": \"2011\",\n \"offset_start\": 229,\n \"offset_end\": 233\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B46\",\n \"text\": \"2015\",\n \"offset_start\": 248,\n \"offset_end\": 252\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B36\",\n \"text\": \"2014\",\n \"offset_start\": 404,\n \"offset_end\": 408\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B18\",\n \"text\": \"2016\",\n \"offset_start\": 442,\n \"offset_end\": 446\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B17\",\n \"text\": \"2017\",\n \"offset_start\": 469,\n \"offset_end\": 473\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B12\",\n \"text\": \"2017\",\n \"offset_start\": 507,\n \"offset_end\": 511\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_833d927e\",\n \"text\": \"In this paper, we compared DeepWalk, hin2vec, and metapath2vec in terms of predicting GO annotations of miRNAs. For the sake of fairness, we used the same global network constructed above, multi-classification models, and benchmarks. Figure 3 demonstrates that DeepWalk significantly outperforms hin2vec and metapath2vec in terms of precision and Fmax. Hence, DeepWalk was employed to extract the topological features of our work.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison of Different Network Representation Algorithms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9f97935f\",\n \"text\": \"To evaluate the performance of PmiRGO further, we compared it with the state-of-the-art method miEAA (Backes et al., 2016). MiEAA is a tool that uses enrichment analysis to perform the functional analysis of sets of miRNAs based on GeneTrail (Backes et al., 2007). Compared to GeneTrail, miEAA was designed for human miRNA precursors and mature miRNAs. The miRNA2GO-337 dataset was utilized to assess the performance of different methods. Since 53.5% of the functional annotations of miRNAs are biological process (BP) terms, according to the statistics of Gene Ontology Consortium database (Ashburner et al., 2000), and since miRNAs are involved in the biological process when they have interactions with other entities, we only evaluated the performance in terms of BPs.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B4\",\n \"text\": \"2016\",\n \"offset_start\": 117,\n \"offset_end\": 121\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B3\",\n \"text\": \"2007\",\n \"offset_start\": 258,\n \"offset_end\": 262\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B2\",\n \"text\": \"2000\",\n \"offset_start\": 610,\n \"offset_end\": 614\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_13bfe77a\",\n \"text\": \"The prediction performance of the two methods is presented in Figure 4. It is quite apparent that PmiRGO outperforms miEAA. For the metric Fmax, PmiRGO achieved 0.310 Fmax on BP terms and had an increase of 0.03 Fmax, while miEAA reached 0.282 Fmax. Also, the recall of PmiRGO reached 0.277 when the Fmax achieved the highest value, and the recall of miEAA was 0.235. Figure 5 shows that the precision-recall curve of PmiRGO is entirely above the curve of miEAA, which means that our method significantly outperforms miEAA. We calculated the P-value with two-tailed, paired t-test to compare the performances of our PmiRGO method and MiEAA. For each time, we randomly selected 50 miRNAs from the miRNA2GO-337 dataset and calculated the Fmax scores for both PmiRGO and MiEAA. We repeated the procedure for 30 times and obtained 30 paired Fmax scores. We calculated the P-value using MATLAB. A P-value score of 0.05 was used to denote statistical significance. The Fmax of our PmiRGO method was higher than that of MiEAA, a difference that was statistically significant (P = 1.86e-05).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7d8074ed\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, the coverage of the two prediction methods on the miRNA2GO-337 dataset was compared. The coverage is defined as the number of miRNAs predicted correctly, a measure that reflects robustness. As presented in Figure 6, PmiRGO correctly annotated 205 miRNAs out of 337 miRNA samples, while miEAA successfully predicted 174 miRNAs, demonstrating that our method is more robust than miEAA.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Performances\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0584ba94\",\n \"text\": \"To illustrate the performance of this prediction method in a real case study, we applied PmiRGO to predict the functions of miRNA has-miR-124-3p. miRNA has-miR-124-3p plays an essential role in mediating tumor growth and the occurrence and development of cancer with high genetic conservation. Recent studies have used high-throughput sequencing to demonstrate that hsa-miR-124-3p has differential expression in normal brain tissue and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Moreover, has-miR-124-3p overexpression expressively inhibits GBM cell proliferation, migration, and tumor angiogenesis, which results in cell cycle arrest and GBM apoptosis putatively via the activation of the NRP-1-mediated PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway in GBM cells, as well as suppressing tumor growth and reducing tumor angiogenesis (Zhang G. et al., 2018). Moreover, hsa-miR-124-3p regulates the expression of the CD151 protein by inosculation with the 5′UTR to take part in the development of gastric cancer (Sheng et al., 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B52\",\n \"text\": \"2018\",\n \"offset_start\": 815,\n \"offset_end\": 819\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B38\",\n \"text\": \"2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 989,\n \"offset_end\": 993\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6d0560f8\",\n \"text\": \"As a result, has-miR-124-3p annotated 250 GO terms in total, the top 31 of which had a probability score >0.9, as shown in Table 2. Of the four most probable GO Terms, GO:0006915 (apoptotic process), responsible for the process of programmed cell death when a cell receives an internal or external signal, and GO:0006725 (cellular aromatic compound metabolic process), the chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, were indirectly related with the occurrence and development of diseases, particularly cancer and tumors. In addition, the predicted GO Terms GO:0008219 (cell death) (ranked 5th), GO:0048468 (cell development) (ranked 7th), and GO:0009987 (cellular process) (ranked 30th) were associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung, breast neoplasms, and colonic neoplasms. Moreover, those GO terms related to metabolic processes, such as GO:0006259 (DNA metabolic process) (ranked 9th), GO:0019216 (regulation of lipid metabolic process) (ranked 12th), and GO:0031323 (regulation of cellular metabolic process) (ranked 15th), were associated with the production of the gene products TCEAL7 and TNFRSF1A, which may promote the occurrence of prostatic neoplasms, lung diseases, and gastric cancer.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Case Study\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aac51979\",\n \"text\": \"Computational function prediction of miRNAs by integrating varieties of miRNA-related biological information is emerging as a tool to elucidate the role of miRNAs in development and for inferring the biological functions of miRNAs. In our work, we proposed a novel approach, PmiRGO, to predict their function. Specifically, we constructed a global heterogeneous network by integrating expression profiles, miRNA-target interactions, and PPI data. Then, DeepWalk, an approach used for learning online social representations, was employed to learn the latent network features of the global network. Finally, we employed SVM to build multi-classification models for predicting the GO annotations.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_15ead922\",\n \"text\": \"In terms of the performance, PmiRGO was used to evaluate the independent dataset miRNA2GO-337. In terms of Fmax and coverage, PmiRGO outperformed miEAA. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the protein interaction data contributes to the improvement of prediction performance for miRNAs. The great performance of our method can be attributed to several factors. At first, the experimentally validated miRNA-target gene interactions, manually curated from reporter assay, blot, and microarray experiments were utilized. More reliable and positive information significantly improves the performance of PmiRGO. Then, we used the miRNA expression profiles to construct a miRNA co-expression network, which is useful for predicting the miRNAs involved in co-regulating one target gene. Finally, the PPI network was introduced to the global network, allowing the performance of function prediction to benefit from the variety of biological entities.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_98538e27\",\n \"text\": \"However, there are still further improvements to be made to our method. Firstly, the experimentally validated miRNA-target gene interactions were sparse. A greater number of validated interactions could enhance the effect of PmiRGO further. Secondly, the expression profiles we used covered only a part of human miRNAs, and the coverage of the expression information was not enough. As such, more reliable miRNA expression profiles need to be collected. Thirdly, more types of biological entities could also be introduced to the global network. Others works, including miRNA family information (Zou et al., 2014) and miRNA-disease networks (Zou et al., 2016; Liao et al., 2018; Zeng X. et al., 2018), would also be useful in this study. This should be the focus of future works.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B59\",\n \"text\": \"2014\",\n \"offset_start\": 607,\n \"offset_end\": 611\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B58\",\n \"text\": \"2016\",\n \"offset_start\": 653,\n \"offset_end\": 657\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B26\",\n \"text\": \"2018\",\n \"offset_start\": 672,\n \"offset_end\": 676\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#B51\",\n \"text\": \"2018\",\n \"offset_start\": 694,\n \"offset_end\": 698\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ed96e387\",\n \"text\": \"LD, JW, and JZ conceived this work and designed the experiments. LD and JW carried out the experiments. LD, JW, and JZ collected the data and analyzed the results. LD, JW, and JZ wrote, revised, and approved the manuscript.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Author Contributions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65fe6328\",\n \"text\": \"We would like to thank the Experimental Center of School of Software of Central South University, for providing computing resources.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgements\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d8e23b6f\",\n \"text\": \"The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.00003/full#supplementary-material\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Supplementary Material\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"F1\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 1\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"PmiRGO flowchart. It consists of six steps: (A) three networks (miRNA co-expression network, miRNA-target interaction network, and PPI network) were constructed according to the co-expression profiles, miRNA-target gene interactions, and protein-protein interactions, respectively. (B) By mapping the target genes into PPI network, the three networks were integrated to build a global heterogeneous network. (C) DeepWalk was employed to learn the latent representations of the network as features of the global heterogeneous network. (D) For each miRNA or protein, a feature vector was obtained. (E) SVM models were trained and the miRNA2GO-337 dataset were used to evaluate the performance. (F) The GO annotations of each miRNA in the miRNA2GO-337 dataset were predicted.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"F2\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 2\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Effect of the number of different feature dimensions on function prediction. The maximum F-measure reaches its highest value 0.31 when the feature dimension is 512.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"F3\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 3\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Performance comparison when different methods (DeepWalk, hin2vec, and metapath2vec) are employed to extract topological features. The performance of three methods were performed in the miRNA2GO independent dataset.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"F4\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 4\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Performance comparison between PmiRGO and miEAA in terms of recall, precision, and Fmax.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"F5\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 5\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Precision-recall curves of PmiRGO and miEAA. 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morbidity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 141.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 152.92,\n \"height\": 215.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"text\": \"Evidence supporting use of traditional screening tools (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 253.3,\n \"width\": 152.92,\n \"height\": 34.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 163.92,\n \"height\": 212.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 2,\n \"text\": \"Epworth Sleepiness Scale and STOP-BANG) in pregnancy is inconsistent, especially for people with class III obesity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 254.57,\n \"width\": 163.92,\n \"height\": 33.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 174.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 185.92,\n \"height\": 163.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 3,\n \"text\": \"This study aims to determine factors associated with referral to sleep clinic and diagnosis of OSA in pregnant people with class III obesity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 201.78,\n \"width\": 185.92,\n \"height\": 86.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 196.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 207.92,\n \"height\": 207.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 4,\n \"text\": \"Method: Retrospective audit of records for people with class III obesity seen in high-risk pregnancy clinic at Canberra Hospital between 1/7/20 and 30/6/21.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 218.92,\n \"height\": 252.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 229.92,\n \"height\": 252.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 240.92,\n \"height\": 113.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 5,\n \"text\": \"It will a) describe patient factors associated with referral to sleep clinic and b) describe patient factors associated with diagnosis of OSA (apnoea-hypopnoea index ≥5).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 153.18,\n \"width\": 240.92,\n \"height\": 134.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 251.92,\n \"height\": 252.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 262.92,\n \"height\": 252.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 273.92,\n \"height\": 38.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 6,\n \"text\": \"Progress to date: Approval to proceed as quality improvement project by ACT Health Ethics Committee.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 284.92,\n \"height\": 252.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 295.92,\n \"height\": 169.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 7,\n \"text\": \"Data collection will be completed in 4-8 weeks.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 209.86,\n \"width\": 295.92,\n \"height\": 78.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 306.92,\n \"height\": 102.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 8,\n \"text\": \"Preliminary results will be available by September-October 2022.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 141.03,\n \"width\": 306.92,\n \"height\": 146.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 317.92,\n \"height\": 97.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 9,\n \"text\": \"Intended outcome and impact: Clinical parameters associated with sleep clinic referral will be presented and compared to existing evidence.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 328.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 339.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 350.92,\n \"height\": 23.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 10,\n \"text\": \"Initial data screening suggests that referral rates to sleep clinic are low and reasons for this will be explored.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 63.41,\n \"width\": 350.92,\n \"height\": 224.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 361.92,\n \"height\": 188.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 11,\n \"text\": \"Clinical features associated with a diagnosis of OSA in those who proceeded for polysomnography will also be presented.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 226.61,\n \"width\": 361.92,\n \"height\": 61.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 372.92,\n \"height\": 252.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 383.92,\n \"height\": 158.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 12,\n \"text\": \"Our results will inform local practice to determine if pregnant people with class III obesity are being appropriately referred to sleep clinic and objectively assessed for OSA.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 198.14,\n \"width\": 383.92,\n \"height\": 89.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 394.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 405.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 416.92,\n \"height\": 59.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 13,\n \"text\": \"Our research will add to the limited research in this area and inform further prospective studies on effective screening in this population.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 97.14,\n \"width\": 416.92,\n \"height\": 190.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 427.92,\n \"height\": 251.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 438.92,\n \"height\": 70.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_456802bb\",\n \"text\": \"Poor sleep health is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 88.98,\n \"width\": 587.92,\n \"height\": 199.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 598.92,\n \"height\": 112.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_456802bb\",\n \"text\": \"This study aims to examine the indicators of sleep health in an Australian-based population and to analyse the relationship between sleep and sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 151.73,\n \"width\": 598.92,\n \"height\": 136.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 609.92,\n \"height\": 251.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 620.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 631.92,\n \"height\": 124.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_456802bb\",\n \"text\": \"Method: We investigated a nationally representative sample of adults aged over 18 (n = 21,562) who participated in the 2011-2013 Australian Health Survey (AHS).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 642.92,\n \"height\": 251.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 653.92,\n \"height\": 251.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 664.92,\n \"height\": 126.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_456802bb\",\n \"text\": \"Participants in the AHS were assigned to either the National Health Survey (NHS) or the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 164.57,\n \"width\": 664.92,\n \"height\": 123.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 675.92,\n \"height\": 252.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 686.92,\n \"height\": 193.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_456802bb\",\n \"text\": \"The NHS collected data on sleeping tablets taken for a mental health condition.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 232.93,\n \"width\": 686.92,\n \"height\": 55.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 697.92,\n \"height\": 252.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_456802bb\",\n \"text\": \"Sleep duration was self-reported in the NNPAS which we categorised into three groups: short sleep (< 7 hours), recommended sleep (7 to 9 hours) and long sleep (> 9 hours).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 708.92,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 719.92,\n \"height\": 252.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 730.92,\n \"height\": 154.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c3598e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Progress to Date: Prevalence of sleeping tablets use among Australian adults who had a mental health condition was 9.5%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 51.77,\n \"height\": 252.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 62.77,\n \"height\": 251.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c3598e3f\",\n \"text\": \"The majority used sleeping tablets for a duration of 6 months or more (73.9%)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 73.77,\n \"height\": 252.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 84.77,\n \"height\": 51.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c3598e3f\",\n \"text\": \"and many took it every night (42.0%).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 360.51,\n \"width\": 84.77,\n \"height\": 147.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c3598e3f\",\n \"text\": \"On a typical night, a majority self-reported having the recommended amount of sleep for adults (67.2%).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 510.33,\n \"width\": 84.77,\n \"height\": 47.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 95.77,\n \"height\": 251.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 106.77,\n \"height\": 90.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c3598e3f\",\n \"text\": \"The sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions are currently being analysed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 398.9,\n \"width\": 106.77,\n \"height\": 159.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 117.77,\n \"height\": 177.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c3598e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Intended Outcome and Impact: Adequately monitoring the domains of sleep health can potentially improve the overall health and wellbeing of a population.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 128.77,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 139.77,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 150.77,\n \"height\": 115.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c3598e3f\",\n \"text\": \"This study will highlight the current gap in the surveillance of sleep health in Australia.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 423.52,\n \"width\": 150.77,\n \"height\": 134.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 161.77,\n \"height\": 199.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c3598e3f\",\n \"text\": \"With limited Australian data available, there is a need to prioritise sleep-related indicators in future national health surveys.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 509.08,\n \"width\": 161.77,\n \"height\": 48.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 172.77,\n \"height\": 252.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 183.77,\n \"height\": 165.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction:\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f4e09db2\",\n \"text\": \"Webb L1,2 , Phillips A. 3 , Roberts J.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 241.77,\n \"height\": 28.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 337.21,\n \"width\": 240.62,\n \"height\": 2.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 342.16,\n \"width\": 241.77,\n \"height\": 44.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 386.23,\n \"width\": 240.62,\n \"height\": 2.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 389.14,\n \"width\": 241.77,\n \"height\": 42.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"P133 MODELLING REM-NREM ACTIVITY CYCLING IN INFANTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f4e09db2\",\n \"text\": \"We extended an existing, physiologically based model of sleepwake behaviour to include a REM-on group and REM-off group, with mutual inhibition between these providing the basis for REM-NREM cycling.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 314.0,\n \"width\": 397.77,\n \"height\": 244.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 408.77,\n \"height\": 251.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 419.77,\n \"height\": 252.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 430.77,\n \"height\": 62.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"P133 MODELLING REM-NREM ACTIVITY CYCLING IN INFANTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f4e09db2\",\n \"text\": \"We model a REM pressure driving the REM-NREM cycling, similar to other proposed models and motivated by the known phenomenon of increased REM sleep following REM deprivation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 372.37,\n \"width\": 430.77,\n \"height\": 185.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 441.77,\n \"height\": 251.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 452.77,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 463.77,\n \"height\": 70.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"P133 MODELLING REM-NREM ACTIVITY CYCLING IN INFANTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a09904da\",\n \"text\": \"We found parameter combinations that produce the REM-NREM cycling observed in infancy and early childhood.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 314.0,\n \"width\": 474.77,\n \"height\": 243.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 485.77,\n \"height\": 216.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"P133 MODELLING REM-NREM ACTIVITY CYCLING IN INFANTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a09904da\",\n \"text\": \"Through varying the parameters governing the dynamics of the REM pressure drive, the model is able to reproduce both newborn infant Wake-REM-NREM behaviours and the older Wake-NREM-REM pattern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 524.49,\n \"width\": 485.77,\n \"height\": 33.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 496.77,\n \"height\": 252.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 507.77,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 518.77,\n \"height\": 252.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 529.77,\n \"height\": 55.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"P133 MODELLING REM-NREM ACTIVITY CYCLING IN INFANTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a09904da\",\n \"text\": \"Our results suggest that REM pressure clearance plays a dominant role in determining the initial sleep state, and increases in REM pressure from wake/NREM controls REM latency and duration.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 364.92,\n \"width\": 529.77,\n \"height\": 193.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 540.77,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 551.77,\n \"height\": 252.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 562.77,\n \"height\": 74.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"P133 MODELLING REM-NREM ACTIVITY CYCLING IN INFANTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_870df65c\",\n \"text\": \"We have identified a plausible mechanism for the immature sleep state cycling observed in infants.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 314.0,\n \"width\": 573.77,\n \"height\": 244.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 584.77,\n \"height\": 129.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"P133 MODELLING REM-NREM ACTIVITY CYCLING IN INFANTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_870df65c\",\n \"text\": \"In line with theories of REM sleep's purpose in cortical synaptic remodelling, a process which evolves rapidly in infancy, we found that REM pressure clearance times likely vary along early development, triggering a switch from REM-first to NREM-first sleep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 439.02,\n \"width\": 584.77,\n \"height\": 119.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 595.77,\n \"height\": 252.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 606.77,\n \"height\": 251.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 617.77,\n \"height\": 252.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 628.77,\n \"height\": 122.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"P133 MODELLING REM-NREM ACTIVITY CYCLING IN INFANTS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cccf2c10\",\n \"text\": \"Webster K. 1 , Ellender C. 1,2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 702.77,\n \"height\": 41.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 347.15,\n \"width\": 701.62,\n \"height\": 2.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 350.06,\n \"width\": 702.77,\n \"height\": 46.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 397.01,\n \"width\": 701.62,\n \"height\": 7.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"1,\",\n \"offset_start\": 27,\n \"offset_end\": 29\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"2\",\n \"offset_start\": 29,\n \"offset_end\": 30\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"P134 SLEEP LABORATORY CONTACT IN ADULTS COMMENCING CPAP: A POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF THE AHEAD TRIAL\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_0\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 3 Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia Sleep states in infancy differ from adult sleep states.Due to different cortical and physical manifestations, the REM and NREM equivalent sleep states in infants are often denoted as Active and Quiet sleep.Key differences in infant REM-NREM cycling include rapid cycling, and commencement of sleep in the REM state, instead of NREM.The physiological mechanisms underlying developmental changes in REM-NREM cycling in infancy are not well understood.\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"1,2\"\n ],\n [\n \"1 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia,\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 2,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.0,\n \"width\": 240.62,\n \"height\": 252.01\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"references\": []\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":25223,"string":"25,223"}}},{"rowIdx":86,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01aea5b4-2703-4795-9492-2db538328bbb.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01aea5b4-2703-4795-9492-2db538328bbb.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"sentence\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"Re-assessment of the saline-dwelling Eucalyptus spathulata complex (Myrtaceae) from southern Western Australia\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"D Nicolle\",\n \"M Brooker\",\n \"K Johnson\",\n \"Nicolle Hill\",\n \"E Proxima\"\n ],\n \"hash\": \"BA651C6E78DD2FAD9C8878091AA1D0A4\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": []\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1b87ba9\",\n \"text\": \"This paper is presented in part to recognise the heterogeneous nature of the specimens attributed to E. vegrandis as proposed in the protologue (Hill and Johnson 1992) and to erect the anomalous part of this taxon as a widespread unnamed species, E. orthostemon.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 567.63,\n \"height\": 385.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 579.63,\n \"height\": 399.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 591.63,\n \"height\": 247.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"(Hill and Johnson 1992)\",\n \"offset_start\": 144,\n \"offset_end\": 167\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1b87ba9\",\n \"text\": \"The paper also aims to clearly describe and delineate the species closely related to E. vegrandis (E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 313.8,\n \"width\": 591.63,\n \"height\": 150.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 603.63,\n \"height\": 238.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1b87ba9\",\n \"text\": \"ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 305.97,\n \"width\": 603.63,\n \"height\": 14.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1b87ba9\",\n \"text\": \"Clinatae Brooker), and those of the E. spathulata complex (E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 322.67,\n \"width\": 603.63,\n \"height\": 142.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 615.63,\n \"height\": 103.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker)\",\n \"offset_start\": 9,\n \"offset_end\": 17\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1b87ba9\",\n \"text\": \"supraspecies Angustae Brooker) in which we describe three new taxa.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 170.97,\n \"width\": 615.63,\n \"height\": 275.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_78dc1b81\",\n \"text\": \"The E. spathulata complex is distinguished from related taxa in E. subser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 641.79,\n \"height\": 285.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_78dc1b81\",\n \"text\": \"Abundae Brooker mainly by the shorter operculum that is often not acute, as opposed to longer and very acute operculum in the related E. eremophila complex (E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 365.73,\n \"width\": 641.79,\n \"height\": 99.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 399.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 135.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_78dc1b81\",\n \"text\": \"supraspecies Longae Brooker).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 188.72,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 123.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_256881b5\",\n \"text\": \"We have recently recognised and studied two important characters useful for taxon delimitation within the complex.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 101.07,\n \"height\": 381.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 113.07,\n \"height\": 77.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_256881b5\",\n \"text\": \"These are: a) staminal arrangement (erect or inflexed), and b) growth form (lignotuber present (mallee) or absent (mallet)).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 130.45,\n \"width\": 113.07,\n \"height\": 40.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 125.07,\n \"height\": 185.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 137.07,\n \"height\": 247.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_29c41fb5\",\n \"text\": \"We have used extensive field and herbarium research combined with long-term cultivation trials by one of us (DN) to assess the E. spathulata complex for both these characters, as well as used other morphological characteristics considered to be either less useful or more variable.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 163.23,\n \"height\": 385.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 175.23,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 187.23,\n \"height\": 343.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_29c41fb5\",\n \"text\": \"We have recircumcribed all taxa in the complex and in E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 398.51,\n \"width\": 187.23,\n \"height\": 52.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 199.23,\n \"height\": 195.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_29c41fb5\",\n \"text\": \"Clinatae.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 247.89,\n \"width\": 199.23,\n \"height\": 37.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"The E. spathulata complex, as delimited here, consists of part of E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 225.39,\n \"height\": 285.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"Erectae Brooker subser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 353.52,\n \"width\": 225.39,\n \"height\": 97.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"Abundae Brooker (the short-operculate taxa of this subseries) as well as the superficially similar but less related E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 237.39,\n \"height\": 399.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 249.39,\n \"height\": 51.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"Clinatae.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 104.01,\n \"width\": 249.39,\n \"height\": 36.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"Thus the complex as described here is not a natural group, but the conglomeration of two natural groupings, viz. the E. spathulata complex sens.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 141.81,\n \"width\": 249.39,\n \"height\": 308.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 261.39,\n \"height\": 246.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"strict.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 300.15,\n \"width\": 261.39,\n \"height\": 23.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"(E. spathulata, E. orthostemon, E. alipes, E. mimica, E. steedmanii and E. suggrandis) and the E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 325.59,\n \"width\": 261.39,\n \"height\": 124.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 273.39,\n \"height\": 261.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(E. spathulata, E. orthostemon, E. alipes, E. mimica, E. steedmanii and E. suggrandis)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 86\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"Clinatae (E. vegrandis, E. proxima, E. cernua and E. vesiculosa).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 313.46,\n \"width\": 273.39,\n \"height\": 137.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 285.39,\n \"height\": 117.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(E. vegrandis, E. proxima, E. cernua and E. vesiculosa)\",\n \"offset_start\": 9,\n \"offset_end\": 64\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"The following taxa are here excluded from the E. spathulata complex: E. subser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 477.27,\n \"height\": 314.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"Annulatae L.A.S. Johnson & K. Hill ex Brooker (3 taxa); E. subser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 381.34,\n \"width\": 477.27,\n \"height\": 69.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 489.27,\n \"height\": 185.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b31dfd3a\",\n \"text\": \"Pedicellatae Blakely (c. 10 taxa); E. supraspecies Latae Brooker (4 taxa); E. supraspecies Longae Brooker (4 or 5 taxa).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 237.48,\n \"width\": 489.27,\n \"height\": 213.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 501.27,\n \"height\": 247.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"The adult leaves of E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 527.43,\n \"height\": 100.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"Erectae subser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 167.65,\n \"width\": 527.43,\n \"height\": 61.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"Abundae (Figure 1A) have numerous densely spaced oil glands obscuring the secondary venation, in contrast to the adult leaves of E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 230.55,\n \"width\": 527.43,\n \"height\": 219.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 539.43,\n \"height\": 333.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"Erectae subser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 388.04,\n \"width\": 539.43,\n \"height\": 62.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"Pedicellatae (Figure 1B), which are much less densely glandular enabling the secondary and tertiary venation to be clearly seen in transmitted light (Brooker 2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 551.43,\n \"height\": 399.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 563.43,\n \"height\": 237.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(Brooker 2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 149,\n \"offset_end\": 163\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"The adult leaves of E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 289.07,\n \"width\": 563.43,\n \"height\": 96.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"Clinatae (Figure 1C), like those of E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 386.43,\n \"width\": 563.43,\n \"height\": 64.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 575.43,\n \"height\": 90.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"Erectae subser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 142.97,\n \"width\": 575.43,\n \"height\": 60.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_803dbf55\",\n \"text\": \"Abundae, are densely glandular, although usually the secondary (but not tertiary) venation can be clearly seen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 204.51,\n \"width\": 575.43,\n \"height\": 246.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 587.43,\n \"height\": 183.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad15c538\",\n \"text\": \"All species in E. supraspecies Angustae except E. suggrandis and E. steedmanii usually occupy subsaline to saline depressions and drainage lines, with some taxa in the complex restricted to such sites (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 613.59,\n \"height\": 385.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 625.59,\n \"height\": 399.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 637.59,\n \"height\": 17.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad15c538\",\n \"text\": \"E. spathulata, E. mimica and E. alipes).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 70.59,\n \"width\": 637.59,\n \"height\": 155.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad15c538\",\n \"text\": \"Conversely, all members of E. ser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 227.93,\n \"width\": 637.59,\n \"height\": 135.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad15c538\",\n \"text\": \"Clinatae occupy nonsaline habitats, although often these are on poorly-drained clay soils in up-land sites.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 365.14,\n \"width\": 637.59,\n \"height\": 85.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 649.59,\n \"height\": 339.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad15c538\",\n \"text\": \"Taxonomy 1. Eucalyptus spathulata Hook. Icon. Pl. 7: t. 611 (1844).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 230.07,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 41.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 89.19,\n \"height\": 221.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Hook. Icon. Pl. 7: t. 611 (1844)\",\n \"offset_start\": 34,\n \"offset_end\": 66\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67394906\",\n \"text\": \"Type: Swan River Colony, J. Drummond,Supp. coll. No. 20 (holo: K).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 115.47,\n \"height\": 273.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Drummond,\",\n \"offset_start\": 28,\n \"offset_end\": 37\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Supp. coll. No. 20 (holo: K)\",\n \"offset_start\": 37,\n \"offset_end\": 65\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb7665e7\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by its combination of non-lignotuberous, mallet habit; the narrow, linear adult leaves, the cream, erect staminal filaments and the small, more or less terete buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 141.63,\n \"height\": 385.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 153.63,\n \"height\": 399.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d9408e8e\",\n \"text\": \"Mallet (obligate seeder), 6 to 12 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 179.79,\n \"height\": 151.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d9408e8e\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber absent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 217.95,\n \"width\": 179.79,\n \"height\": 74.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d9408e8e\",\n \"text\": \"Seedling leaves shortly petiolate, linear.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 293.91,\n \"width\": 179.79,\n \"height\": 156.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d9408e8e\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves linear, glossy, metallic blue-green to green; lamina 45-75 mm long x 2.5-7 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 191.79,\n \"height\": 399.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d9408e8e\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences (3-) 7-flowered; peduncles 4-8 mm long; pedicels terete, 2-6 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 203.79,\n \"height\": 331.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d9408e8e\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds held erect, 9-15 mm long x 2.5-4.5 mm wide; operculum often narrower than hypanthium at join, cylindrical, ±smooth; flowers cream; stamens erect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 383.55,\n \"width\": 203.79,\n \"height\": 67.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 215.79,\n \"height\": 399.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 227.79,\n \"height\": 158.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d9408e8e\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit held erect, distinct from pedicel, obconical to cupularhemispherical, 4-8 mm long x 4-6 mm wide, smooth; valves 3.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 211.35,\n \"width\": 227.79,\n \"height\": 239.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 239.79,\n \"height\": 243.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"The type of E. spathulata has presented problems in the application of the name.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 265.95,\n \"height\": 316.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"The type (held at K) has erect staminal filaments, linear leaves and relatively small buds and fruits for the complex.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 383.95,\n \"width\": 265.95,\n \"height\": 66.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 277.95,\n \"height\": 374.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"These features and the unhelpful type locality indicate the type could be either the fine-leaved mallet taxon (E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 426.83,\n \"width\": 277.95,\n \"height\": 23.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 289.95,\n \"height\": 399.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 11.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 65.39,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 71.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata) or the mallee taxon (E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 140.88,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 146.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"orthostemon), which have overlapping distributions south-east of Perth.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 291.6,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 158.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 313.95,\n \"height\": 130.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"The size of the leaves, buds and fruits in the type is in the common range for that of fine-leaved mallet taxon and at the fine-end of the range for the mallee taxon.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 183.42,\n \"width\": 313.95,\n \"height\": 267.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 325.95,\n \"height\": 364.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"Both the notes on the type specimen and the protologue give no indication of the habit of the individual or species respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 417.24,\n \"width\": 325.95,\n \"height\": 33.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 399.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 349.95,\n \"height\": 49.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b67d57a\",\n \"text\": \"Given that the type specimens are (morphologically) more likely to be that of the mallet taxon and the fact that the mallet taxon has been widespread and common in cultivation for many years while the mallee taxon is virtually unknown in cultivation, we have decided that it is reasonable to assume that E. spathulata refers to the fine-leaved mallet taxon as recognised here.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 101.69,\n \"width\": 349.95,\n \"height\": 349.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 361.95,\n \"height\": 399.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 373.95,\n \"height\": 399.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 385.95,\n \"height\": 280.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8909bc00\",\n \"text\": \"Two subspecies can be recognised, geographically separated (Figure 2A) and restricted to different drainage systems, differing in adult leaf, bud and fruit morphology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 412.11,\n \"height\": 385.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 424.11,\n \"height\": 266.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"1a. Eucalyptus spathulata Hook.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 450.27,\n \"height\": 131.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 183.2,\n \"width\": 450.27,\n \"height\": 24.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata Distinguished from subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 209.19,\n \"width\": 450.27,\n \"height\": 44.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 476.43,\n \"height\": 104.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"salina by the generally narrower (2.5-5 mm wide), bluish adult leaves, consistently 7-flowered inflorescences and smaller fruits (4-7 mm long x 4-6 mm wide).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 171.39,\n \"width\": 476.43,\n \"height\": 279.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 488.43,\n \"height\": 343.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 2B) Cobham, Magenta Rd, 3 July 1984, P. van der Moezel 393 (PERTH); On Pingrup-Lake Grace Rd, 23 km S of its junction with Lake-Grace-Newdegate Rd, 23 km S of Lake Grace, 14 Oct. 1986, S.D. Hopper 5694 (PERTH); 1 km E of Ongerup on main Hwy, 21 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 370 (PERTH); Wagin, N edge Flagstaff Nature Reserve, 2.4 km E of Flagstaff Rd, 3 Nov. 1993, P.J. White 378 (CANB, PERTH); 3 km W of Lake Grace on road to Kukerin-W side of Lake Grace, 3 Nov. 1993, P.J. White 380 (CANB, K, PERTH); 3.7 km S of 129 road along Wishbone South Rd, 8 Nov. 1993, P.J. White 370 (CANB, PERTH); 31 km on Ongerup-Pingrup Rd going S, 18 Oct. 1994, L. Sweedman 3468 (PERTH);Lake Magenta Nature Reserve, May 1995, W. O'Sullivan 198 (PERTH); S of Ongerup on bend in road between golf club and the town, 33° 58' 12\\\"S, Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 395.77,\n \"width\": 488.43,\n \"height\": 45.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 562.71,\n \"height\": 399.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 574.71,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 586.71,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 598.71,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 610.71,\n \"height\": 399.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 622.71,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 634.71,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 646.71,\n \"height\": 399.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 113.19,\n \"height\": 97.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Cobham, Magenta Rd, 3 July 1984, P. van der Moezel 393 (PERTH)\",\n \"offset_start\": 12,\n \"offset_end\": 74\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"N edge Flagstaff Nature Reserve, 2.4 km E of Flagstaff Rd, 3 Nov. 1993\",\n \"offset_start\": 295,\n \"offset_end\": 365\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Ongerup-Pingrup Rd going S, 18 Oct. 1994, L.\",\n \"offset_start\": 603,\n \"offset_end\": 647\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"May 1995, W. O'Sullivan 198 (PERTH)\",\n \"offset_start\": 699,\n \"offset_end\": 734\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"Distributed from the Lake Grace and Newdegate areas southwards to Ongerup and west towards Wagin.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 149.45,\n \"width\": 113.19,\n \"height\": 301.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 125.19,\n \"height\": 102.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"The distribution is more restricted than that outlined by Hill and Johnson (1992).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 155.72,\n \"width\": 125.19,\n \"height\": 294.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 28.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"Hill and Johnson (1992)\",\n \"offset_start\": 58,\n \"offset_end\": 81\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"A collection from 4.5 km W of Tammin (L.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 80.77,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 161.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"Johnson 9112 & M. Johnson) cited in Hill and Johnson (1992), is considered to be a partially naturalized, planted population of E. spathulata (Nicolle and French pers. obs., Sept. 2000).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 243.76,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 206.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 149.19,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 161.19,\n \"height\": 90.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"Hill and Johnson (1992)\",\n \"offset_start\": 36,\n \"offset_end\": 59\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(Nicolle and French pers. obs., Sept. 2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 142,\n \"offset_end\": 185\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"It occurs as several old trees and many younger saplings adjacent to a disused gravel pit on a lateritic rise, growing with both native vegetation and other introduced eucalypt species.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 143.83,\n \"width\": 161.19,\n \"height\": 306.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 173.19,\n \"height\": 399.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"A subspecie typica foliis adultis viridibus plerumque leviter latioribus (3.5-7 mm wide); inflorescentiis 3 vel 7 floribus (constanter 7 floribus in subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 352.35,\n \"height\": 385.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 364.23,\n \"height\": 189.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f2cd929\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata); et fructibus majoribus (6-8 mm long x 6-6.5 mm wide).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 243.15,\n \"width\": 364.23,\n \"height\": 207.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 376.23,\n \"height\": 63.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_5826d441\",\n \"text\": \"Selected\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 514.71,\n \"height\": 33.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_39ce7c0c\",\n \"text\": \"Typus: West of Pingaring on Carganocking-Pingaring road, Western Australia, 32° 45' 41\\\"S, 118° 24' 02\\\"E, 16 Sep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 402.51,\n \"height\": 399.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 51.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_39ce7c0c\",\n \"text\": \"2000, D. Nicolle 3435 & M. French (holo: PERTH 05788625; iso: AD, CANB).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 103.57,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 300.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_39ce7c0c\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 2D) Distinguished from subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 405.2,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 45.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 440.67,\n \"height\": 102.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_39ce7c0c\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata by the generally slightly broader (3.5-7 mm wide), green adult leaves; the 3-and/or 7-flowered inflorescences (consistently 7-flowered in subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 168.51,\n \"width\": 440.67,\n \"height\": 282.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 452.67,\n \"height\": 321.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_39ce7c0c\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata) and the larger fruits (6-8 mm long x 6-6.5 mm wide).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 374.55,\n \"width\": 452.67,\n \"height\": 76.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 464.67,\n \"height\": 172.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_39ce7c0c\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 2C) Specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 0.1 km W of Dornock Rd along the Carganocking-Pingaring Rd, 32° 45' 27\\\"S, 118° 30' 13\\\"E, 12 Sept. 1997 32° 13' 56\\\"S, 117° 13' 52\\\"E, 19 Oct. 2002, M. French 1461 (PERTH).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 224.65,\n \"width\": 464.67,\n \"height\": 45.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 490.83,\n \"height\": 399.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 502.83,\n \"height\": 201.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 332.67,\n \"width\": 586.83,\n \"height\": 117.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 598.83,\n \"height\": 143.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Carganocking-Pingaring Rd, 32° 45' 27\\\"S, 118° 30' 13\\\"E, 12 Sept. 1997\",\n \"offset_start\": 84,\n \"offset_end\": 153\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"32° 13' 56\\\"S, 117° 13' 52\\\"E, 19 Oct. 2002\",\n \"offset_start\": 154,\n \"offset_end\": 195\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \", M. French 1461 (PERTH)\",\n \"offset_start\": 195,\n \"offset_end\": 219\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 625.11,\n \"height\": 99.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"E. spathulata subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 152.31,\n \"width\": 625.11,\n \"height\": 80.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"salina is restricted to the Salt River drainage system in the northern part of the southern wheatbelt, to the north of subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 234.85,\n \"width\": 625.11,\n \"height\": 215.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 637.11,\n \"height\": 261.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 315.39,\n \"width\": 637.11,\n \"height\": 44.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"It is known only from scattered populations from the north of Quairading south-east to Pingaring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 362.86,\n \"width\": 637.11,\n \"height\": 87.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 649.11,\n \"height\": 293.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"It occurs in saline drainage lines and flats, often in small, more or less pure stands, sometimes associated with E. sargentii subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 346.03,\n \"width\": 649.11,\n \"height\": 104.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 399.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"sargentii and E. myriadena.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 112.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 101.19,\n \"height\": 81.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"Known from a few, scattered stands, all of which are under threat from spreading and increased salinization.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 148.62,\n \"width\": 101.19,\n \"height\": 316.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 113.19,\n \"height\": 101.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"A few individuals are known on the edge of Badjaling Nature Reserve.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 168.15,\n \"width\": 113.19,\n \"height\": 266.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"Further survey is needed to establish the extent of populations following which this subspecies may fulfil the requirements for Western Australia's schedule of Declared Rare Flora.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 435.68,\n \"width\": 113.19,\n \"height\": 29.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 125.19,\n \"height\": 399.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 271.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01a3a167\",\n \"text\": \"Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority Three.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 338.16,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 126.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 149.19,\n \"height\": 126.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bee4b6aa\",\n \"text\": \"Etymology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 175.47,\n \"height\": 45.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bee4b6aa\",\n \"text\": \"From the Latin salinus, of salt, alluding to the habitat and also to the Salt River drainage system, on which this subspecies occurs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 112.86,\n \"width\": 175.47,\n \"height\": 351.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 187.47,\n \"height\": 165.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce344cb4\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 213.75,\n \"height\": 25.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce344cb4\",\n \"text\": \"Although differences between this subspecies and typical E. spathulata are relatively minor, the two subspecies are separable both in the field and as preserved herbarium specimens.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 91.97,\n \"width\": 213.75,\n \"height\": 372.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 225.75,\n \"height\": 360.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce344cb4\",\n \"text\": \"The two subspecies are restricted to different drainage systems, with subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 430.07,\n \"width\": 225.75,\n \"height\": 34.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 237.75,\n \"height\": 258.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce344cb4\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata restricted to the westerly tending Blackwood River and upper Pallinup River catchments and inland drainage basins, and subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 325.05,\n \"width\": 237.75,\n \"height\": 139.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 249.75,\n \"height\": 399.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce344cb4\",\n \"text\": \"salina restricted to the more northerly tending Salt River (Avon River) system.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 261.75,\n \"height\": 312.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce344cb4\",\n \"text\": \"Nicolle and Brooker, sp. nov.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 177.21,\n \"width\": 287.91,\n \"height\": 111.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Nicolle and Brooker, sp. nov.\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 29\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce344cb4\",\n \"text\": \"Affinis Eucalypto spathulatae sed habitu pluricauli ('mallee') et praesentia lignotuberis differt.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 314.19,\n \"height\": 377.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Classification of the\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fda48e5b\",\n \"text\": \"Typus: East of Yealering towards Kulin, Western Australia, 32° 35' 10\\\"S, 117° 39' 52\\\"E, 16 Sep. 2000, D. Nicolle 3426 & M. French (holo: PERTH 05788684; iso: AD, CANB).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 340.35,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 352.35,\n \"height\": 283.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Kulin, Western Australia, 32° 35' 10\\\"S, 117° 39' 52\\\"E, 16 Sep. 2000, D.\",\n \"offset_start\": 33,\n \"offset_end\": 104\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fda48e5b\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 3C) Distinguished within the complex by its combination of lignotuberous, mallee habit, linear or almost linear, somewhat metallic ('glazed') olive-green adult leaves, erect staminal filaments, cream flowers, and the small to medium-sized, ±terete buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 350.15,\n \"width\": 352.35,\n \"height\": 45.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 378.51,\n \"height\": 385.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 390.51,\n \"height\": 399.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 402.51,\n \"height\": 199.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Mallee, 3-6 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 428.67,\n \"height\": 76.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber present.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 158.85,\n \"width\": 428.67,\n \"height\": 78.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Seedling leaves shortly petiolate, linear to very narrowlanceolate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 240.45,\n \"width\": 428.67,\n \"height\": 224.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 440.67,\n \"height\": 42.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves linear or almost so, glossy, metallic blue-green to olive-green; lamina 30-80 mm long x 2-7 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 109.05,\n \"width\": 440.67,\n \"height\": 355.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 452.67,\n \"height\": 79.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences (3-)7-flowered; peduncles very slightly flattened to terete, 3-10 mm long; pedicels terete, 2-5 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 145.77,\n \"width\": 452.67,\n \"height\": 319.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 464.67,\n \"height\": 136.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds held erect, 11-12 mm long x 3-4 mm wide; operculum often narrower than hypanthium at join, cylindrical, ±smooth; flowers cream; stamens erect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 202.89,\n \"width\": 464.67,\n \"height\": 262.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 476.67,\n \"height\": 358.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit held erect, distinct from pedicel, obconical to cupular-hemispherical, 5-7 mm long x 5.5-6.6 mm wide, smooth; valves 3 or 4. (Figure 3B) 33° 18' 47\\\"S, 117° 44' 11\\\"E, 19 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 352 (PERTH); 500 m E of junction-Nyabing South Rd and Wallacup Rd, 20 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 366 (PERTH); c. 500 m S Manuel Rd along Nyabing South Rd, 200 m W of road, 20 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 367 & W. O'Sullivan (PERTH); 1.9 km S Peterson Rd along N Datatine Rd, 33° 23' 47\\\"S, 117° 51' 56\\\"E, 23 Feb. 1993 Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 425.25,\n \"width\": 476.67,\n \"height\": 39.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 488.67,\n \"height\": 399.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 500.67,\n \"height\": 99.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 142.6,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 307.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 399.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 110.91,\n \"height\": 301.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 389.19,\n \"height\": 100.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"33° 18' 47\\\"S, 117° 44' 11\\\"E, 19 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 352 (PERTH)\",\n \"offset_start\": 143,\n \"offset_end\": 208\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"N Datatine Rd, 33° 23' 47\\\"S, 117° 51' 56\\\"E, 23 Feb. 1993\",\n \"offset_start\": 445,\n \"offset_end\": 501\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Of widespread but scattered distribution in the central wheatbelt of southwest Western Australia, from Miling and south of Pithara in the north, south to the Gordon River north of Cranbrook.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 153.73,\n \"width\": 389.19,\n \"height\": 296.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 401.19,\n \"height\": 399.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 413.19,\n \"height\": 55.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"It is commonly associated with sub-saline and saline flats or drainage lines, where it may be the dominant mallee species, but also occurs on poorly drained low rises of white to grey loams with ironstone gravel.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 107.55,\n \"width\": 413.19,\n \"height\": 343.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 425.19,\n \"height\": 399.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 437.19,\n \"height\": 72.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"Associated species include E. annulata, E. arachnaea subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 128.6,\n \"width\": 437.19,\n \"height\": 269.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"arachnaea, E. brachycorys, E. celastroides subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 403.83,\n \"width\": 437.19,\n \"height\": 46.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 449.19,\n \"height\": 150.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"virella, E. erythronema var.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 203.07,\n \"width\": 449.19,\n \"height\": 108.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"erythronema, E. flocktoniae subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 313.44,\n \"width\": 449.19,\n \"height\": 137.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"flocktoniae, E. hebetifolia, E. kochii subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 461.19,\n \"height\": 176.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"kochii, E. kondininensis sens.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 230.57,\n \"width\": 461.19,\n \"height\": 120.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"lat., E. latens sens.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 354.67,\n \"width\": 461.19,\n \"height\": 77.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"lat., E. neutra, E. occidentalis, E. phenax subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 435.46,\n \"width\": 461.19,\n \"height\": 15.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 473.19,\n \"height\": 168.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"phenax, E. tenera, E. uncinata, E. vegrandis and E. wandoo subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 221.22,\n \"width\": 473.19,\n \"height\": 229.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 485.19,\n \"height\": 25.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"wandoo.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 78.87,\n \"width\": 485.19,\n \"height\": 34.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 3A) Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 115.73,\n \"width\": 485.19,\n \"height\": 47.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 511.47,\n \"height\": 82.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"This species is widespread and relatively common, and has been recorded from several nature reserves.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 135.39,\n \"width\": 511.47,\n \"height\": 315.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 523.47,\n \"height\": 92.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_427e4783\",\n \"text\": \"The species is under some long-term threat by dryland salinization caused by large-scale vegetation clearance within the central wheatbelt.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 145.94,\n \"width\": 523.47,\n \"height\": 304.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 535.47,\n \"height\": 242.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_7c59ac02\",\n \"text\": \"Selected\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 526.83,\n \"height\": 33.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_02bf0b6b\",\n \"text\": \"Flowering period.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 561.63,\n \"height\": 72.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_02bf0b6b\",\n \"text\": \"September to February.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 126.33,\n \"width\": 561.63,\n \"height\": 94.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7910d8c\",\n \"text\": \"Etymology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 587.91,\n \"height\": 45.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7910d8c\",\n \"text\": \"From the Greek ortho (straight) and stemon (thread -stamen), referring to the erect stamens in contrast to E. vegrandis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 97.63,\n \"width\": 587.91,\n \"height\": 352.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 599.91,\n \"height\": 108.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b0504218\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 626.19,\n \"height\": 25.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b0504218\",\n \"text\": \"This species is one of the many variants traditionally included in E. spathulata var.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 78.03,\n \"width\": 626.19,\n \"height\": 322.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b0504218\",\n \"text\": \"grandiflora.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 401.79,\n \"width\": 626.19,\n \"height\": 48.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b0504218\",\n \"text\": \"More significantly, E. orthostemon is the common species more recently included in E. vegrandis, the type of which is relatively restricted and generally more southerly in distribution.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 638.19,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 650.19,\n \"height\": 321.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus orthostemon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a5d3108\",\n \"text\": \"E. orthostemon is most closely related to E. spathulata subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 254.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a5d3108\",\n \"text\": \"spathulata and is distinguished consistently by the lignotuberous, mallee habit (Figure 3B).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 323.47,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 127.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 241.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a5d3108\",\n \"text\": \"These two species have a more distant relationship to E. vegrandis, which is distinguished most readily by the inflexed staminal filaments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 295.12,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 155.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 393.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e7dd902\",\n \"text\": \"E. orthostemon can be observed growing sympatrically with E. vegrandis south-east of Tambellup.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 113.07,\n \"height\": 385.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e7dd902\",\n \"text\": \"The two species are readily distinguished at this locality on the basis of stamen arrangement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 125.07,\n \"height\": 378.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e7dd902\",\n \"text\": \"Two putative hybrids between the two species were observed at this site (one collected: see appendix).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 432.35,\n \"width\": 125.07,\n \"height\": 18.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 137.07,\n \"height\": 390.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf443dd9\",\n \"text\": \"Hybrids are also known with E. arachnaea subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 163.23,\n \"height\": 196.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf443dd9\",\n \"text\": \"arachnaea, E. erythronema var.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 263.78,\n \"width\": 163.23,\n \"height\": 126.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf443dd9\",\n \"text\": \"marginata and E. wandoo subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 392.43,\n \"width\": 163.23,\n \"height\": 58.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 175.23,\n \"height\": 71.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf443dd9\",\n \"text\": \"wandoo (see appendix).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 125.07,\n \"width\": 175.23,\n \"height\": 96.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf443dd9\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by the combination of non-lignotuberous, mallet habit, narrowelliptical adult leaves, 3-flowered inflorescences, erect staminal filaments, cream flowers and the mediumsized to large, 2-angled buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 277.95,\n \"height\": 385.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 289.95,\n \"height\": 399.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 156.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Mallet (obligate seeder), 3-8 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 327.99,\n \"height\": 142.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber absent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 209.07,\n \"width\": 327.99,\n \"height\": 74.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Seedling leaves shortly petiolate, narrowelliptical to lanceolate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 285.99,\n \"width\": 327.99,\n \"height\": 164.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 339.99,\n \"height\": 86.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves narrow-elliptic, glossy, olive-green; lamina 35-60 mm long x 4-8 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 138.27,\n \"width\": 339.99,\n \"height\": 312.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 351.99,\n \"height\": 21.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences 3-flowered; peduncles flattened, 8-14 mm long; pedicels angular to flattened, 6-8 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 75.63,\n \"width\": 351.99,\n \"height\": 374.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 363.99,\n \"height\": 56.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds held erect, 12-16 mm long x 4.5-6 mm wide; operculum narrower than hypanthium at join, cylindrical to hemispherical, ±smooth; flowers creamy-white; stamens erect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 109.47,\n \"width\": 363.99,\n \"height\": 341.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 375.99,\n \"height\": 377.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit held erect, tapering from pedicel, obconical, 10-12 mm long x 7-8 mm wide, usually 2-ribbed from pedicel; valves 3 or 4. (Figure 4B) Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 429.99,\n \"width\": 375.99,\n \"height\": 20.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 387.99,\n \"height\": 399.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 399.99,\n \"height\": 98.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 426.27,\n \"height\": 96.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Distributed from the Hyden scrub (between Hyden, Coolgardie and Norseman) south to east of Lake King and west nearly to Narembeen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 148.41,\n \"width\": 426.27,\n \"height\": 302.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 438.27,\n \"height\": 218.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"E. alipes occurs in sub-saline to saline drainage lines and depressions in heavy soils or saline sands, often in pure whipstick mallet stands, or sometimes associated with (especially on the edges of such habitats) E. celastroides subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 270.48,\n \"width\": 438.27,\n \"height\": 180.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 450.27,\n \"height\": 399.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 462.27,\n \"height\": 309.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"virella, E. eremophila, E. exigua, E. kondininensis, E. neutra, E. salicola and E. sheathiana.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 361.83,\n \"width\": 462.27,\n \"height\": 88.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 474.27,\n \"height\": 276.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 4A) Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 330.32,\n \"width\": 474.27,\n \"height\": 47.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 317.19,\n \"height\": 81.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Widespread, but of scattered occurrence and restricted to low-lying areas and may be under long-term threat from salinization.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 147.81,\n \"width\": 317.19,\n \"height\": 316.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 329.19,\n \"height\": 171.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd272dc1\",\n \"text\": \"Scattered through the western part of the Hyden scrub and known from Lake Gounter Nature Reserve.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 238.28,\n \"width\": 329.19,\n \"height\": 226.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 341.19,\n \"height\": 168.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_68f5e285\",\n \"text\": \"Selected\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 500.43,\n \"height\": 33.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a4328c3\",\n \"text\": \"Notes: E. alipes is most closely related to E. mimica, the main distinguishing feature being degree of bud and fruit ornamentation (2-angled in E. alipes; 4-winged and square in E. mimica).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 367.47,\n \"height\": 399.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 379.47,\n \"height\": 344.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a4328c3\",\n \"text\": \"E. alipes also generally lacks the sepals seen in E. mimica.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 411.69,\n \"width\": 379.47,\n \"height\": 52.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 391.47,\n \"height\": 172.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a4328c3\",\n \"text\": \"These two mallet species show a more distant relationship (although clearly still closely related) to E. suggrandis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 238.81,\n \"width\": 391.47,\n \"height\": 225.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 403.47,\n \"height\": 223.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a4328c3\",\n \"text\": \"E. alipes is a non-lignotuberous mallet (an obligate seeder; Figure 4B) whereas E. suggrandis is a lignotuberous mallee (a resprouter).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 292.05,\n \"width\": 403.47,\n \"height\": 172.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 415.47,\n \"height\": 360.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af01280\",\n \"text\": \"E. alipes grades into E. spathulata subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 441.63,\n \"height\": 163.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af01280\",\n \"text\": \"salina in the west of its range, between Narembeen and Kondinin (see appendix).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 245.37,\n \"width\": 441.63,\n \"height\": 219.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 453.63,\n \"height\": 101.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af01280\",\n \"text\": \"E. alipes differs from E. spathulata in the broader, narrow-elliptical adult leaves, the consistently three-flowered inflorescences (3-or 7-flowered in E. spathulata), and the larger, 2-ribbed buds and fruits (terete in E. spathulata) on longer peduncles.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 169.47,\n \"width\": 453.63,\n \"height\": 295.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 465.63,\n \"height\": 399.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 477.63,\n \"height\": 268.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af01280\",\n \"text\": \"E. alipes also tends to be a smaller mallet forming whipstick stands (woodland mallet in E. spathulata).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 334.29,\n \"width\": 477.63,\n \"height\": 130.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 489.63,\n \"height\": 268.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af01280\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker & Hopper, Nuytsia 14(3): 344 (2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 154.53,\n \"width\": 515.79,\n \"height\": 176.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker & Hopper, Nuytsia 14(3): 344 (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 43\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus alipes (\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_041c33df\",\n \"text\": \"Type: 11.3 km along Old Ravensthorpe Road from Newdegate-Lake King road, Western Australia, 24 Nov. 1987, M.I.H. Brooker 9811 (holo: PERTH 1391925; iso: AD, CANB, MEL, NSW).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 542.07,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 554.07,\n \"height\": 339.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_811bcb1f\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by its combination of non-lignotuberous, mallet habit (an obligate seeder), narrow-elliptical adult leaves, loosely-erect, 3-flowered inflorescences, erect staminal filaments, cream flowers and medium-sized, 4-ribbed to winged and square buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 580.23,\n \"height\": 385.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 592.23,\n \"height\": 399.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 604.23,\n \"height\": 319.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"Mallet (obligate seeder), 4 to 10 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 630.39,\n \"height\": 148.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber absent.Seedling leaves shortly petiolate, narrowelliptical to lanceolate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 229.29,\n \"width\": 630.39,\n \"height\": 235.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 642.39,\n \"height\": 86.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves narrow-elliptic, glossy, olive-green; lamina 50-85 mm long x 5-8 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 152.37,\n \"width\": 642.39,\n \"height\": 312.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 21.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences held loosely erect, 3-flowered; peduncles slightly flattened, 12-21 mm long; pedicels angular to ribbed in transverse section, 6-14 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 76.11,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 374.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 244.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds held erect, 14-20 mm long x 4.5-5.5 mm wide; hypanthium 4-ribbed to winged, operculum often narrower than hypanthium at join, cylindrical to bluntly to sharply-conical, ±smooth to ribbed; flowers cream; stamens erect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 296.67,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 153.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 399.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 357.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit held erect, tapering from pedicel, narrowly obconical, 11-16 mm long x 8-10 mm wide (including ribs), 3 or 4 ribbed; valves 3 or 4. Brooker and Hopper (2002) describe two subspecies with overlapping distributions based on cited specimens.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 410.55,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 39.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 110.91,\n \"height\": 399.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 122.91,\n \"height\": 83.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 149.07,\n \"height\": 385.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 161.07,\n \"height\": 44.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker and Hopper (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 138,\n \"offset_end\": 163\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"This is due to specimens of E. suggrandis subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 99.05,\n \"width\": 161.07,\n \"height\": 206.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"promiscua being included in both subspecies of E. mimica.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 309.97,\n \"width\": 161.07,\n \"height\": 140.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 173.07,\n \"height\": 95.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"Here, we refine the definition of E. mimica to that of non-lignotuberous mallets (obligate seeders) only.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 147.54,\n \"width\": 173.07,\n \"height\": 303.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 185.07,\n \"height\": 93.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"Under this revised circumscription, the distribution of the two subspecies do not overlap, but rather form a geographical replacement pattern with the more restricted subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 146.64,\n \"width\": 185.07,\n \"height\": 304.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 197.07,\n \"height\": 360.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"continens occurring to the south-west of subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 412.47,\n \"width\": 197.07,\n \"height\": 38.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 209.07,\n \"height\": 149.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3ea8c2a\",\n \"text\": \"mimica.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 203.43,\n \"width\": 209.07,\n \"height\": 31.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8a98f478\",\n \"text\": \"The two subspecies are distinguished by operculum structure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 235.23,\n \"height\": 250.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8a98f478\",\n \"text\": \"Contrary to Brooker and Hopper (2002), we do not recognise habit differences between the two subspecies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 318.13,\n \"width\": 235.23,\n \"height\": 132.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 247.23,\n \"height\": 287.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker and Hopper (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 12,\n \"offset_end\": 37\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8a98f478\",\n \"text\": \"Both subspecies are obligate seeders.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 339.49,\n \"width\": 247.23,\n \"height\": 111.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 259.23,\n \"height\": 33.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8a98f478\",\n \"text\": \"4A) Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 318.91,\n \"width\": 556.11,\n \"height\": 15.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 582.39,\n \"height\": 81.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8a98f478\",\n \"text\": \"Poorly known and in need of further survey.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 135.03,\n \"width\": 582.39,\n \"height\": 174.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8a98f478\",\n \"text\": \"Many populations exist as remnant roadside stands and it is not recorded from a conservation reserve.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 311.89,\n \"width\": 582.39,\n \"height\": 138.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 594.39,\n \"height\": 265.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8a98f478\",\n \"text\": \"Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority Three.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 319.34,\n \"width\": 594.39,\n \"height\": 131.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 606.39,\n \"height\": 126.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 632.55,\n \"height\": 25.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"The taxon was recognised as having affinity with E. steedmanii (Brooker and Hopper 2002) from which it differs in the narrower adult leaves and the smaller buds and fruit.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 77.55,\n \"width\": 632.55,\n \"height\": 372.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 644.55,\n \"height\": 290.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(Brooker and Hopper 2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 63,\n \"offset_end\": 88\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"E. mimica subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 343.59,\n \"width\": 644.55,\n \"height\": 67.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"mimica is also restricted to low-lying, saline sites, unlike the non-saline habitat of E. steedmanii.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 412.47,\n \"width\": 644.55,\n \"height\": 38.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 656.55,\n \"height\": 342.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 239.79,\n \"height\": 97.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"Known only from the type locality, near Lake Lockhardt, south of Newdegate, occurring in a locally saline depression bordering a salt lake.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 149.7,\n \"width\": 239.79,\n \"height\": 300.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 251.79,\n \"height\": 229.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"It occurs in a pure stand abutting E. sargentii subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 281.72,\n \"width\": 251.79,\n \"height\": 168.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 263.79,\n \"height\": 24.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"sargentii.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 77.07,\n \"width\": 263.79,\n \"height\": 37.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"Kelly et al. (1995) report (but do not cite) a population from near Mt Holland.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 116.92,\n \"width\": 263.79,\n \"height\": 290.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b13\",\n \"text\": \"Kelly et al. (1995)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 19\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"This report appears to be erroneous and probably refers to E. alipes, which is known from the Mt Holland area.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 408.19,\n \"width\": 263.79,\n \"height\": 42.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 275.79,\n \"height\": 399.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 4A,C) Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 287.79,\n \"height\": 56.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 314.07,\n \"height\": 83.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"Known from a single population spanning several kilometres where it is the dominant overstorey plant.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 137.55,\n \"width\": 314.07,\n \"height\": 312.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 326.07,\n \"height\": 106.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"It is certainly endangered from roadworks, inappropriate fire management and, in the longer term, rising saline groundwater.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 159.08,\n \"width\": 326.07,\n \"height\": 291.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 338.07,\n \"height\": 197.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6178c6d6\",\n \"text\": \"Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority One.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 250.75,\n \"width\": 338.07,\n \"height\": 199.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 350.07,\n \"height\": 50.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_006cc7b8\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 376.35,\n \"height\": 25.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_006cc7b8\",\n \"text\": \"Only one specimen cited in the protologue is not from the type population (Sullivan Soak -D.L. Serventy 229).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 78.03,\n \"width\": 376.35,\n \"height\": 372.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 388.35,\n \"height\": 58.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_006cc7b8\",\n \"text\": \"Examination of this population in the field reveals a mallee habit and indicates it is E. suggrandis subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 112.11,\n \"width\": 388.35,\n \"height\": 338.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 400.35,\n \"height\": 84.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_006cc7b8\",\n \"text\": \"promiscua.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 138.91,\n \"width\": 400.35,\n \"height\": 44.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4024ddd1\",\n \"text\": \"The retention of the intact, completely formed outer operculum till anthesis in E. mimica subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 426.51,\n \"height\": 385.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4024ddd1\",\n \"text\": \"continens is a feature of many unrelated eucalypts, e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 438.51,\n \"height\": 211.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4024ddd1\",\n \"text\": \"E. subser.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 263.43,\n \"width\": 438.51,\n \"height\": 38.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4024ddd1\",\n \"text\": \"Continentes Brooker (some of the box group of eucalypts, mainly of eastern Australia), but is otherwise unknown in E. sect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 303.03,\n \"width\": 438.51,\n \"height\": 147.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 450.51,\n \"height\": 339.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4024ddd1\",\n \"text\": \"Bisectae.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 393.15,\n \"width\": 450.51,\n \"height\": 36.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4024ddd1\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by the combination of non-lignotuberous, mallet habit (an obligate seeder), somewhat erect to loosely pendulous 3-flowered inflorescences, erect staminal filaments, the cream or very rarely pink flowers and large, 4-winged buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 541.23,\n \"height\": 385.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 553.23,\n \"height\": 399.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 565.23,\n \"height\": 275.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"4a. Eucalyptus mimica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_24ed9475\",\n \"text\": \"Mallet (obligate seeder), 6-12 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 591.39,\n \"height\": 140.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_24ed9475\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber absent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 192.99,\n \"width\": 591.39,\n \"height\": 73.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_24ed9475\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves narrow-elliptical to elliptical, often coarsely crenulate, glossy, olive-green; lamina 52-70 mm long x 11-16 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 267.15,\n \"width\": 591.39,\n \"height\": 183.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 603.39,\n \"height\": 328.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_24ed9475\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences 3flowered; peduncles slightly flattened, 17-26 mm long; pedicels angular to ribbed in transverse section, 8-13 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 381.87,\n \"width\": 603.39,\n \"height\": 68.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 615.39,\n \"height\": 399.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 627.39,\n \"height\": 57.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_24ed9475\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds held somewhat erect to loosely pendulous, 22-25 mm long x 10-14 mm wide (including wings); hypanthium strongly 4-winged, operculum appearing narrower than hypanthium at join due to less prominent ornamentation, bluntly conical, ±smooth to slightly ribbed; flowers cream or very rarely pink; stamens erect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 109.47,\n \"width\": 627.39,\n \"height\": 341.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 639.39,\n \"height\": 399.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 651.39,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 122.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_24ed9475\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit held erect to loosely pendulous, tapering from pedicel, obconical, prominently 4-winged, 18-23 mm long x 13-16 mm wide (including wings); valves 4. Specimens examined: Specimen data have been omitted due to the rarity of this species.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 188.61,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 276.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 331.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 101.19,\n \"height\": 350.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23df9932\",\n \"text\": \"Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 127.47,\n \"height\": 98.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23df9932\",\n \"text\": \"Known from a small area between Wattle Rocks and Middle Ironcap, east of Hyden in Western Australia.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 165.6,\n \"width\": 127.47,\n \"height\": 299.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 139.47,\n \"height\": 110.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23df9932\",\n \"text\": \"It grows on low, broad rises in mallet woodland with other obligate seeders such as E. salubris and E. urna.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 177.4,\n \"width\": 139.47,\n \"height\": 287.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 151.47,\n \"height\": 126.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23df9932\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 4A) Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 193.97,\n \"width\": 151.47,\n \"height\": 47.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 177.75,\n \"height\": 82.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23df9932\",\n \"text\": \"Declared as Rare Flora under Western Australian Government Legislation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 149.37,\n \"width\": 177.75,\n \"height\": 297.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23df9932\",\n \"text\": \"The entire distribution of E. steedmanii suffered a wildfire in 1995, following which seedling regeneration and subsequent flowering has occurred.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 449.1,\n \"width\": 177.75,\n \"height\": 15.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 189.75,\n \"height\": 399.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 201.75,\n \"height\": 138.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23df9932\",\n \"text\": \"This species is well known and relatively common in cultivation in southern Australia.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 205.63,\n \"width\": 201.75,\n \"height\": 259.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 213.75,\n \"height\": 77.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_81bfe81c\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 239.91,\n \"height\": 25.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_81bfe81c\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished from E. mimica in the broader adult leaves and larger buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 92.37,\n \"width\": 239.91,\n \"height\": 327.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_81bfe81c\",\n \"text\": \"It occupies somewhat elevated, non-saline sites unlike E. mimica, which is restricted to saline drainage lines and fringing salt lakes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 421.64,\n \"width\": 239.91,\n \"height\": 43.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 251.91,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 263.91,\n \"height\": 72.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_81bfe81c\",\n \"text\": \"Type: Hamersley Drive, 32.5 km from Old Ongerup Rd, Fitzgerald River National Park, Western Australia, K.D. Hill 3147, 7 Sept. 1988 (holo: NSW; iso: CANB).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 316.47,\n \"height\": 399.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 328.47,\n \"height\": 211.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Hill 3147, 7 Sept. 1988 (holo:\",\n \"offset_start\": 108,\n \"offset_end\": 138\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus steedmanii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a305ff02\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by the combination of lignotuberous, mallee habit (resprouter), erect, 3-and/or 7-flowered inflorescences, erect staminal filaments and medium-sized buds and fruits continuous with and tapering to the 2-angled pedicel.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 354.63,\n \"height\": 385.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 366.63,\n \"height\": 399.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 378.63,\n \"height\": 213.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_748f1222\",\n \"text\": \"Mallee 1.5-6 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 404.79,\n \"height\": 77.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_748f1222\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber present.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 157.29,\n \"width\": 404.79,\n \"height\": 77.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_748f1222\",\n \"text\": \"Seedling leaves petiolate, narrow-lanceolate to ovate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 235.53,\n \"width\": 404.79,\n \"height\": 206.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_748f1222\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves narrow-elliptical to elliptical, glossy, slightly metallic blue-green to olive green; lamina 35-70 mm long x 5-18 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 443.13,\n \"width\": 404.79,\n \"height\": 21.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 416.79,\n \"height\": 399.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 428.79,\n \"height\": 84.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_748f1222\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences 3 or 7-flowered; peduncles slightly flattened to flattened, 7-23 mm long; pedicels angular to flattened, 1-5 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 150.81,\n \"width\": 428.79,\n \"height\": 313.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 440.79,\n \"height\": 182.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_748f1222\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds held erect, 10-18 mm long x 5-6.5 mm wide; operculum usually narrower than hypanthium at join, bluntly conical to cylindrical, ±smooth to densely minutely warty; flowers cream, very rarely pink to red; stamens erect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 248.49,\n \"width\": 440.79,\n \"height\": 216.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 452.79,\n \"height\": 399.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 464.79,\n \"height\": 276.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_748f1222\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit held erect, tapering from pedicel, obconical to somewhat barrel-shaped, 8-14 mm long x 6-10 mm wide, smooth to 2-ribbed from pedicel; valves 3 or 4. E. suggrandis is distinguished most readily from the above related taxa by the mallee habit (E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 343.77,\n \"width\": 464.79,\n \"height\": 120.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 476.79,\n \"height\": 399.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 488.79,\n \"height\": 86.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 514.95,\n \"height\": 352.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_748f1222\",\n \"text\": \"mimica, E. alipes and E. steedmanii are all non-lignotuberous mallets -obligate seeders).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 433.21,\n \"width\": 514.95,\n \"height\": 31.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 526.95,\n \"height\": 322.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d27c8b21\",\n \"text\": \"Two subspecies can be recognised differing primarily in bud morphology, with intergradation occurring in the Dragon Rocks area.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 553.11,\n \"height\": 385.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 565.11,\n \"height\": 143.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished from subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 617.43,\n \"height\": 107.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"promiscua primarily by the absence of sepals and early and clean shedding of an outer operculum.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 190.77,\n \"width\": 617.43,\n \"height\": 273.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 629.43,\n \"height\": 130.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"The adult leaves tend to be broader in this subspecies, the pedicels generally shorter and the buds and fruits less tapering to the pedicels.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 197.85,\n \"width\": 629.43,\n \"height\": 266.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 641.43,\n \"height\": 279.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"broader adult leaves and marginally coarser buds and fruits than from populations further inland, but are consistent with E. suggrandis at the type locality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 399.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 206.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"The coarser coastal populations of E. suggrandis follow a similar pattern to that seen in many other eucalypt taxa.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 273.61,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 191.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 256.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"At Twertup Cottage, E. suggrandis subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 324.43,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 140.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 25.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"suggrandis appears to form hybrid swarms with E. platypus subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 91.52,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 254.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"platypus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 347.59,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 36.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"Six year old progeny from the E. suggrandis hybrid swarm at Twertup segregates towards both putative parents in cultivation (D.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 385.06,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 79.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 110.91,\n \"height\": 399.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 122.91,\n \"height\": 12.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"Nicolle, unpublished research).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 79.18,\n \"width\": 122.91,\n \"height\": 120.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"Putative hybrids are also known with E. proxima and E. phaenophylla (see appendix).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 200.95,\n \"width\": 122.91,\n \"height\": 263.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 134.91,\n \"height\": 60.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074e3a86\",\n \"text\": \"A subspecie typica structura operculata exteriore sero dehiscenti non perfecte in squamis, vel saepe sepala formanti differt.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 187.35,\n \"height\": 385.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 199.35,\n \"height\": 89.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a13ea904\",\n \"text\": \"Typus: NW corner of Harris Nature Reserve, E of Pingaring, Western Australia, 32° 48' 30\\\"S, 118° 47' 19\\\"E, 15 July 2001, D. Nicolle 3814 & M. French (holo: PERTH 06721060; iso: AD, CANB, NSW).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 225.63,\n \"height\": 399.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 237.63,\n \"height\": 353.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a13ea904\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 5B) Distinguished from subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 420.09,\n \"width\": 237.63,\n \"height\": 44.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 263.79,\n \"height\": 104.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a13ea904\",\n \"text\": \"suggrandis primarily by the persistence of the outer operculum, which is either shed late or not cleanly and in scales, or by the common presence of sepals in the buds.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 185.97,\n \"width\": 263.79,\n \"height\": 278.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 275.79,\n \"height\": 381.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a13ea904\",\n \"text\": \"The adult leaves are generally narrower in this subspecies, the pedicels longer and the buds and fruits tend to be more angled.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 449.19,\n \"width\": 275.79,\n \"height\": 15.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 287.79,\n \"height\": 399.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 299.79,\n \"height\": 73.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bbb11b70\",\n \"text\": \"Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 99.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bbb11b70\",\n \"text\": \"Distributed to the north and west of subsp suggrandis, in the area bounded approximately by Pingaring, Pingrup, Lake King and Jerramungup.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 153.15,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 297.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 263.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bbb11b70\",\n \"text\": \"It occurs as a component of mallee shrublands on pale brown or grey sandy loams.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 316.39,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 134.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 196.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bbb11b70\",\n \"text\": \"Associated species include E. calycogona subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 250.57,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 199.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bbb11b70\",\n \"text\": \"calycogona, E. depauperata,E. latens sens. lat.,E. loxophleba subsp. gratiae,E. neutra,E. phaenophylla,E. pileata,E. salmonophloia and E. sheathiana. (Figure 5A) Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 110.91,\n \"height\": 314.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 81.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"E. depauperata,\",\n \"offset_start\": 12,\n \"offset_end\": 27\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"E. latens sens. lat.,\",\n \"offset_start\": 27,\n \"offset_end\": 48\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"E. loxophleba subsp. gratiae,\",\n \"offset_start\": 48,\n \"offset_end\": 77\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"E. neutra,\",\n \"offset_start\": 77,\n \"offset_end\": 87\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"E. phaenophylla,\",\n \"offset_start\": 87,\n \"offset_end\": 103\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"E. pileata,\",\n \"offset_start\": 103,\n \"offset_end\": 114\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"E. salmonophloia and E. sheathiana. (Figure 5A)\",\n \"offset_start\": 114,\n \"offset_end\": 161\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bbb11b70\",\n \"text\": \"Well conserved in conservation reserves such as Lake Magenta Nature Reserve, Dragon Rocks Nature Reserve, Dunn Rock Nature Reserve and Harris Nature Reserve.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 134.86,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 315.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 149.19,\n \"height\": 343.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e73e978b\",\n \"text\": \"Etymology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 175.47,\n \"height\": 45.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e73e978b\",\n \"text\": \"From the Latin promiscuus (promiscuous, mixed), referring to the apparent morphological links of this taxon with E. suggrandis subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 97.85,\n \"width\": 175.47,\n \"height\": 352.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 187.47,\n \"height\": 180.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e73e978b\",\n \"text\": \"suggrandis, E. mimica, E. alipes, E. orthostemon and E. goniocarpa (the latter being part of the E. eremophila complex and is not discussed here).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 234.61,\n \"width\": 187.47,\n \"height\": 216.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 199.47,\n \"height\": 370.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_22f7932b\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 225.75,\n \"height\": 25.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_22f7932b\",\n \"text\": \"Adult material of this subspecies is superficially similar to that of E. mimica, and indeed at least two specimens cited under E. mimica by Brooker and Hopper (2002) have proved to be E. suggrandis subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 78.1,\n \"width\": 225.75,\n \"height\": 372.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 237.75,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 249.75,\n \"height\": 25.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker and Hopper (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 140,\n \"offset_end\": 165\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_22f7932b\",\n \"text\": \"promiscua based on follow-up field examination.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 77.67,\n \"width\": 249.75,\n \"height\": 192.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_22f7932b\",\n \"text\": \"E. suggrandis is distinguished from E. mimica by is lignotuberous, mallee habit and its generally non-saline habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 271.23,\n \"width\": 249.75,\n \"height\": 179.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 261.75,\n \"height\": 274.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_22f7932b\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by its combination of non-lignotuberous, mallet habit (obligate seeder), the linear to elliptical adult leaves, the erect, 7-flowered inflorescences, inflexed staminal filaments, creamy-white flowers and relatively small, 4 or 5-valved fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 352.35,\n \"height\": 385.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 364.35,\n \"height\": 399.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 376.35,\n \"height\": 285.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"6a. Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp. suggrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_beeabf4f\",\n \"text\": \"Mallee, 2-6 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 402.51,\n \"height\": 74.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_beeabf4f\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber present.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 141.51,\n \"width\": 402.51,\n \"height\": 77.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_beeabf4f\",\n \"text\": \"Seedling leaves shortly petiolate, linear to elliptical.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 221.53,\n \"width\": 402.51,\n \"height\": 205.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_beeabf4f\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves linear-elliptical, glossy, green to olive-green; lamina 30-60 mm long x 3-25 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 428.91,\n \"width\": 402.51,\n \"height\": 21.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 343.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_beeabf4f\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences 7-flowered; peduncles slightly flattened, 6-16 mm long; pedicels slightly angular, 1-3 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 395.19,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 55.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 426.51,\n \"height\": 369.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_beeabf4f\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds held erect, 7-12 mm long x 3-5 mm wide; operculum equal in width to slightly narrower than hypanthium at join, hemispherical to shortly cylindrical, ±smooth; flowers cream; stamens inflexed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 421.83,\n \"width\": 426.51,\n \"height\": 28.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 438.51,\n \"height\": 399.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 450.51,\n \"height\": 378.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_beeabf4f\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit held erect, relatively distinct from pedicel, obconical to cupular, thin-rimmed, 5-12 mm long x 5-8 mm wide, smooth; valves 4 or 5.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 430.35,\n \"width\": 450.51,\n \"height\": 20.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 462.51,\n \"height\": 399.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 474.51,\n \"height\": 87.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_90c2cc73\",\n \"text\": \"Two subspecies are recognised on the basis of adult leaf, bud and fruit morphology; subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 500.67,\n \"height\": 385.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_90c2cc73\",\n \"text\": \"vegrandis represents the narrow-leaved extreme of the species, while subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 512.67,\n \"height\": 291.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_90c2cc73\",\n \"text\": \"recondita is the more southwestern, broad-leaved variant of E. vegrandis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 343.47,\n \"width\": 512.67,\n \"height\": 107.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 524.67,\n \"height\": 184.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_90c2cc73\",\n \"text\": \"The two subspecies form a geographical replacement pattern, with subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 238.12,\n \"width\": 524.67,\n \"height\": 212.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 536.67,\n \"height\": 81.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_90c2cc73\",\n \"text\": \"recondita occurring to the south and west of subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 137.07,\n \"width\": 536.67,\n \"height\": 218.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_90c2cc73\",\n \"text\": \"vegrandis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 360.15,\n \"width\": 536.67,\n \"height\": 41.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_90c2cc73\",\n \"text\": \"They form intermediate populations (intergrades) in geographically intermediate zones.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 406.35,\n \"width\": 536.67,\n \"height\": 44.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 548.67,\n \"height\": 302.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0884e49e\",\n \"text\": \"E. vegrandis is clearly distinguished from E. orthostemon, which has been included in E. vegrandis in the past, by the inflexed staminal filaments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 574.83,\n \"height\": 385.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 586.83,\n \"height\": 175.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0884e49e\",\n \"text\": \"Hill and Johnson (1992) erroneously described the stamen arrangement of E. vegrandis as erect, perhaps because their concept of E. vegrandis included the more northerly material described here as E. orthostemon.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 227.19,\n \"width\": 586.83,\n \"height\": 223.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 598.83,\n \"height\": 399.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 610.83,\n \"height\": 207.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"Hill and Johnson (1992)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 23\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0884e49e\",\n \"text\": \"The staminal arrangement is correctly described for E. vegrandis by Brooker and Hopper (2002), however these authors had only assessed the type population at the time and made no comment with regard to more northerly E. vegrandis material (=E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 260.08,\n \"width\": 610.83,\n \"height\": 190.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 622.83,\n \"height\": 399.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 634.83,\n \"height\": 399.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 646.83,\n \"height\": 17.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker and Hopper (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 68,\n \"offset_end\": 93\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0884e49e\",\n \"text\": \"orthostemon).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 71.04,\n \"width\": 646.83,\n \"height\": 55.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0884e49e\",\n \"text\": \"E. vegrandis generally occurs to the south of E. orthostemon, although the two are\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 128.79,\n \"width\": 646.83,\n \"height\": 321.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fcca05d2\",\n \"text\": \"sympatric in the northern part of the range of E. vegrandis and the far south-western part of the range of E. orthostemon (from north of Cranbrook to near Nyabing).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 399.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 245.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7a8fd6e\",\n \"text\": \"Two subspecies are recognized differing primarily by adult leaf morphology and also, less reliably, by bud and fruit size.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 101.07,\n \"height\": 385.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 113.07,\n \"height\": 84.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7a8fd6e\",\n \"text\": \"7a.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 139.35,\n \"height\": 12.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7a8fd6e\",\n \"text\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 64.72,\n \"width\": 139.35,\n \"height\": 224.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7a8fd6e\",\n \"text\": \"vegrandis Distinguished from subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 290.67,\n \"width\": 139.35,\n \"height\": 41.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 165.51,\n \"height\": 106.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7a8fd6e\",\n \"text\": \"recondita by the narrower, linear to narrowly elliptical adult leaves (30-55 mm long x 3-13 mm wide) and the generally smaller buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 174.99,\n \"width\": 165.51,\n \"height\": 275.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 177.51,\n \"height\": 295.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41424d51\",\n \"text\": \"Selected specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 0.5 miles N of Gnowangerup, 31 Mar. 1956 6A) Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 203.67,\n \"height\": 377.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 221.35,\n \"width\": 553.95,\n \"height\": 15.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 580.23,\n \"height\": 80.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"N of Gnowangerup, 31 Mar. 1956\",\n \"offset_start\": 58,\n \"offset_end\": 88\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41424d51\",\n \"text\": \"Of scattered occurrence in highly fragmented agricultural land.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 132.59,\n \"width\": 580.23,\n \"height\": 241.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41424d51\",\n \"text\": \"Not known to occur in a nature reserve.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 375.13,\n \"width\": 580.23,\n \"height\": 75.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 592.23,\n \"height\": 75.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5ab7a460\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 618.39,\n \"height\": 25.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5ab7a460\",\n \"text\": \"This subspecies occurs to the north and east of subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 79.47,\n \"width\": 618.39,\n \"height\": 220.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5ab7a460\",\n \"text\": \"recondita, and is distinguished most readily by its narrower, linear to narrowly-elliptical leaves and also by its generally smaller buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 302.91,\n \"width\": 618.39,\n \"height\": 147.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 630.39,\n \"height\": 399.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5ab7a460\",\n \"text\": \"Australia, 7 Oct. 1982, M.I.H. Brooker 7695 (holo: CANB;iso: PERTH 1488368).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 127.35,\n \"height\": 314.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Australia, 7 Oct. 1982, M.I.H. Brooker 7695 (holo: CANB;\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 56\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"iso: PERTH 1488368)\",\n \"offset_start\": 56,\n \"offset_end\": 75\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5ab7a460\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 5C) = E. 'recondita' ined.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 381.28,\n \"width\": 127.35,\n \"height\": 45.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 153.63,\n \"height\": 82.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5ab7a460\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker and Kleinig (1990).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 148.71,\n \"width\": 153.63,\n \"height\": 110.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b11\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker and Kleinig (1990)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 26\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e84ad03\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished from subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 179.79,\n \"height\": 100.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e84ad03\",\n \"text\": \"vegrandis by the broad, elliptical adult leaves (42-60 mm long x 13-25 mm wide) and the generally larger buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 181.17,\n \"width\": 179.79,\n \"height\": 283.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 191.79,\n \"height\": 183.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e84ad03\",\n \"text\": \"34° 12' 43\\\"S, 117° 54' 23\\\"E, 10 Feb. 2001, D. Nicolle 3780 & M. French (CANB, PERTH); Off Climie Rd, W of Albany HW at Cranbrook, 34° 18' 43\\\"S, 117° 30' 08\\\"E, 10 Feb. 2001, D. Nicolle 3782 & M. French (PERTH).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 289.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 313.95,\n \"height\": 37.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"34° 12' 43\\\"S, 117° 54' 23\\\"E, 10 Feb. 2001, D. Nicolle 3780 & M. French (CANB, PERTH)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 84\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Albany HW at Cranbrook, 34° 18' 43\\\"S, 117° 30' 08\\\"E, 10 Feb. 2001, D. Nicolle 3782 & M. French (PERTH)\",\n \"offset_start\": 106,\n \"offset_end\": 208\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 340.23,\n \"height\": 99.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"Occurs from the Cranbrook area in the west, eastwards through the Stirling Range and adjacent areas, although not on the range itself.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 166.77,\n \"width\": 340.23,\n \"height\": 297.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 352.23,\n \"height\": 222.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"It occurs in a variety of sites, although usually on heavy, poorly drained soils, from clayey lateritic rises to winter-wet depressions, often on somewhat saline sites.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 289.41,\n \"width\": 352.23,\n \"height\": 175.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 364.23,\n \"height\": 399.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 376.23,\n \"height\": 48.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"Associated eucalypt species include E. annulata, E. astringens subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 118.41,\n \"width\": 376.23,\n \"height\": 297.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"astringens, E. phaenophylla, E. pleurocarpa, E. thamnoides and E. wandoo subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 420.49,\n \"width\": 376.23,\n \"height\": 44.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 388.23,\n \"height\": 285.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"wandoo.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 353.74,\n \"width\": 388.23,\n \"height\": 34.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 6A) Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 390.69,\n \"width\": 388.23,\n \"height\": 47.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 81.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"Although relatively widespread, this taxon is of scattered distribution, with many populations occurring as roadside populations or as fragmented remnants near salt lakes or saline drainage lines.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 148.37,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 316.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 426.51,\n \"height\": 399.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 438.51,\n \"height\": 57.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_36e7fd7f\",\n \"text\": \"It has been recorded from Stirling Range National Park.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 124.74,\n \"width\": 438.51,\n \"height\": 218.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0dfb3d34\",\n \"text\": \"Flowering period.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 464.79,\n \"height\": 72.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0dfb3d34\",\n \"text\": \"Early spring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 140.35,\n \"width\": 464.79,\n \"height\": 51.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3f62d7f\",\n \"text\": \"Etymology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 490.95,\n \"height\": 45.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3f62d7f\",\n \"text\": \"From the Latin reconditus (hidden, concealed), alluding to the fact that this taxon was assumed to be part of the E. spathulata complex and merely a broad-leaved form.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 113.54,\n \"width\": 490.95,\n \"height\": 351.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 502.95,\n \"height\": 309.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3f62d7f\",\n \"text\": \"Its distinction was only recognised in the field by flower bud dissections.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 375.7,\n \"width\": 502.95,\n \"height\": 89.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 514.95,\n \"height\": 196.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7519b5f4\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 541.23,\n \"height\": 25.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7519b5f4\",\n \"text\": \"This is the south-westerly distributed subspecies of E. vegrandis, distinguished most readily from the typical subspecies by the broader, elliptical adult leaves and also by the generally larger buds and fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 93.2,\n \"width\": 541.23,\n \"height\": 371.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 553.23,\n \"height\": 399.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 565.23,\n \"height\": 40.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7519b5f4\",\n \"text\": \"Nicolle & Brooker, sp. nov.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 158.97,\n \"width\": 591.51,\n \"height\": 104.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Nicolle & Brooker, sp. nov.\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 27\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7519b5f4\",\n \"text\": \"Inter complexum habitu pluricauli (mallee), lignotuber formanti, foliis adultis ovatis vel late lanceolatis, inflorescentiis 7 floribus rigide inflexis, staminibus inflexis, floribus rubris vel rare cremeis, operculis non verrucatis et fructibus 4 valvis mediocribus distinguitur.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 617.67,\n \"height\": 385.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 629.67,\n \"height\": 399.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 641.67,\n \"height\": 222.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7519b5f4\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by the combination of lignotuberous, mallee habit (resprouter), ovate to broad-lanceolate adult leaves, rigidly down-curved, 7-flowered inflorescences, inflexed and red or rarely creamy-yellow staminal filaments, non-warty operculum and medium-sized, 4-valved fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 113.19,\n \"height\": 385.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 125.19,\n \"height\": 399.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 394.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A B C\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Mallee 1-3 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 163.35,\n \"height\": 69.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber present.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 135.63,\n \"width\": 163.35,\n \"height\": 76.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Seedling leaves distinctly petiolate, ovate to broad lanceolate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 213.63,\n \"width\": 163.35,\n \"height\": 237.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves elliptical to broad-lanceolate, glossy, olive green; lamina 50-80 mm long x 15-20 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 175.35,\n \"height\": 399.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences 7-flowered; peduncles strongly flattened, 13-18 mm long; pedicels stout, 1-4 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 187.35,\n \"height\": 399.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds mostly rigidly down-turned, 9-13 mm long x 6-7 mm wide; operculum often narrower than hypanthium at join, hemispherical, ±smooth; flowers red, rarely creamy-yellow; stamens inflexed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 199.35,\n \"height\": 399.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 211.35,\n \"height\": 378.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit rigidly down-curved, ±sessile to shortly pedicellate, obconical, 10-13 mm long x 9-12 mm wide ribbed; valves 3-5.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 430.11,\n \"width\": 211.35,\n \"height\": 20.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 223.35,\n \"height\": 399.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 235.35,\n \"height\": 44.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 6C) Flowering period.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 96.58,\n \"width\": 235.35,\n \"height\": 45.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 496.23,\n \"height\": 72.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80266e3f\",\n \"text\": \"October-November.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 126.63,\n \"width\": 496.23,\n \"height\": 81.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67ca0029\",\n \"text\": \"Etymology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 522.51,\n \"height\": 45.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67ca0029\",\n \"text\": \"From the Latin proximus (nearest) referring to the species relationship to E. cernua.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 98.54,\n \"width\": 522.51,\n \"height\": 332.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67ca0029\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 548.79,\n \"height\": 25.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67ca0029\",\n \"text\": \"Included in the concept of E. cernua by Brooker and Hopper (2002), but clearly distinguished by the lignotuberous mallee habit (Figure 6C).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 78.56,\n \"width\": 548.79,\n \"height\": 371.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 560.79,\n \"height\": 181.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker and Hopper (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 40,\n \"offset_end\": 65\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67ca0029\",\n \"text\": \"The distribution of E. proxima and E. cernua overlap in the southern part of the Ravensthorpe Range although generally E. proxima is more southern and western in distribution compared to E. cernua.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 234.19,\n \"width\": 560.79,\n \"height\": 216.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 572.79,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 584.79,\n \"height\": 185.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_866e3143\",\n \"text\": \"Flower colour cannot be used as a reliable distinguishing feature between E. proxima and E. cernua as both species can have red and pale yellow flowers on different individuals within a single population.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 610.95,\n \"height\": 385.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 622.95,\n \"height\": 399.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_866e3143\",\n \"text\": \"E. proxima is commonly red-flowered and only occasionally pale-yellow-flowered, while E. cernua more often has pale yellow flowers.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 634.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 646.95,\n \"height\": 118.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_866e3143\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker & Hopper, Nuytsia 14(3): 342 (2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 152.49,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 177.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker & Hopper, Nuytsia 14(3): 342 (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 43\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus proxima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_43d7f24f\",\n \"text\": \"Type: 4.6 km N of Ravensthorpe-Albany road on Lake Grace Rd, Western Australia, 4 Sep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 89.19,\n \"height\": 348.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_43d7f24f\",\n \"text\": \"1987, M.I.H. Brooker 8657 (holo: CANB; iso: AD, MEL, NSW, PERTH 1289519).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 414.86,\n \"width\": 89.19,\n \"height\": 49.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 101.19,\n \"height\": 267.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f1952494\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by its combination of non-lignotuberous, mallet habit (obligate seeder); the narrow-ovate to broad-lanceolate adult leaves; the down-curved, 7-flowered inflorescences; the inflexed, red or creamy-yellow staminal filaments; the non-warty operculum and the medium-sized, 5-6-valved fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 127.35,\n \"height\": 385.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 139.35,\n \"height\": 399.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 151.35,\n \"height\": 399.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 163.35,\n \"height\": 69.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Mallet (obligate seeder) 4-12 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 189.51,\n \"height\": 142.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber absent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 223.53,\n \"width\": 189.51,\n \"height\": 74.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Seedling leaves distinctly petiolate, ovate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 299.61,\n \"width\": 189.51,\n \"height\": 165.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves narrow-ovate to broad-lanceolate; glossy, olive-green; lamina 50-95 mm long x 18-25 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 201.51,\n \"height\": 399.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 213.51,\n \"height\": 21.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences 7-flowered; peduncles strongly flattened, 20-28 mm long; pedicels angular in transverse section, 0-4 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 89.85,\n \"width\": 213.51,\n \"height\": 374.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 225.51,\n \"height\": 124.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds down-curved, 10-16 mm long x 6-10 mm wide; operculum narrower than hypanthium at join, hemispherical, ±smooth; flowers pale yellow or less commonly red; stamens inflexed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 190.77,\n \"width\": 225.51,\n \"height\": 274.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 237.51,\n \"height\": 399.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 249.51,\n \"height\": 69.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit down-curved, tapering from pedicel, obconical to cupular, 12-17 mm long x 11-15 mm wide, coarsely ribbed; valves 5 or 6. (Figure 6B) Bandalup Hill, ca. 31 km ESE of Ravensthorpe, 33° 39' 41\\\"S, 120° 24' 02\\\"E, 18 Feb. 1998, G.F. Craig 3616 (PERTH);Bandalup Hill, c. 31 km ESE of Ravensthorpe, 33° 37' 35\\\"S, 120° 22' 47\\\"E, 19 Feb. 1998, G.F. Craig 3645 (PERTH); N of Ravensthorpe on road to Lake King, 33° 32' 31\\\"S, 120° 00' 16\\\"E, 5 Nov. 2000, D. Nicolle 3574 & M. French (AD, CANB, PERTH).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 137.25,\n \"width\": 249.51,\n \"height\": 327.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 261.51,\n \"height\": 230.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 431.79,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 443.79,\n \"height\": 399.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 455.79,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 467.79,\n \"height\": 205.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Bandalup Hill, ca. 31 km ESE of Ravensthorpe, 33° 39' 41\\\"S, 120° 24' 02\\\"E, 18 Feb. 1998, G.F. Craig 3616 (PERTH);\",\n \"offset_start\": 139,\n \"offset_end\": 252\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Bandalup Hill, c. 31 km ESE of Ravensthorpe, 33° 37' 35\\\"S, 120° 22' 47\\\"E, 19 Feb. 1998, G.F. Craig 3645 (PERTH)\",\n \"offset_start\": 252,\n \"offset_end\": 363\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"King, 33° 32' 31\\\"S, 120° 00' 16\\\"E, 5 Nov. 2000, D. Nicolle 3574 & M. French (AD, CANB, PERTH)\",\n \"offset_start\": 399,\n \"offset_end\": 492\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 620.79,\n \"height\": 25.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Although the type of E. cernua clearly represents the non-lignotuberous mallet taxon often with pale yellow flowers, the notes in the protologue of the species (Brooker and Hopper 2002) indicate that these authors concept of the new species included that of E. proxima.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 92.09,\n \"width\": 620.79,\n \"height\": 372.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 632.79,\n \"height\": 399.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 644.79,\n \"height\": 270.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(Brooker and Hopper 2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 160,\n \"offset_end\": 185\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"The Latin diagnosis, description and specimens cited in the protologue of E. cernua indicate both mallet variants (E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 337.48,\n \"width\": 644.79,\n \"height\": 127.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 320.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"cernua) and mallee, commonly red-flowered variants (E.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 372.92,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 77.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 142.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"proxima) were included in the Brooker and Hopper concept of the new species.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 195.28,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 255.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 51.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Here, we restrict the application of the name E. cernua to the type form i.e. the nonlignotuberous, mallet populations often with pale yellow but occasionally with red flowers.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 105.14,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 345.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 352.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 6B) Under the note of E. vesiculosa, Brooker and Hopper (2002) state that E. cernua (unlike E. vesiculosa) does not occur in pure stands.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 404.75,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 45.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 125.19,\n \"height\": 385.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 114.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker and Hopper (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 45,\n \"offset_end\": 70\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"While E. proxima occurs as a component of mallee shrubland and as such is not known to occur in pure stands, E. cernua, as delimited here, often occurs in pure or almost pure mallet stands.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 166.73,\n \"width\": 137.19,\n \"height\": 283.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 149.19,\n \"height\": 399.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 161.19,\n \"height\": 54.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker & Hopper, Nuytsia 14(3): 341 (2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 156.63,\n \"width\": 187.35,\n \"height\": 177.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Brooker & Hopper, Nuytsia 14(3): 341 (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 43\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4857af72\",\n \"text\": \"Distinguished within the complex by its combination of non-lignotuberous, mallet habit (obligate seeder), elliptical to orbicular adult leaves; rigidly down-curved, 7-flowered inflorescences; inflexed staminal filaments, red flowers, warty operculum and large, 5 to 7-valved fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 251.79,\n \"height\": 385.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 263.79,\n \"height\": 399.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 275.79,\n \"height\": 312.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus cernua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9182c7e5\",\n \"text\": \"Mallet (obligate seeder) 3-6 m tall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 139.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9182c7e5\",\n \"text\": \"Lignotuber absent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 206.91,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 74.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9182c7e5\",\n \"text\": \"Seedling leaves distinctly petiolate, ovate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 283.83,\n \"width\": 301.95,\n \"height\": 166.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9182c7e5\",\n \"text\": \"Adult leaves broad-elliptical to almost orbicular, glossy, olive-green; lamina 40-45 mm long x 20-35 mm wide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 313.95,\n \"height\": 399.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 325.95,\n \"height\": 21.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9182c7e5\",\n \"text\": \"Inflorescences 7-flowered; peduncles broadly flattened, 15-18 mm long; pedicels angular, 0-4 mm long.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 73.71,\n \"width\": 325.95,\n \"height\": 376.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 20.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9182c7e5\",\n \"text\": \"Flower buds rigidly down-turned, 15-18 mm long x 8-11 mm wide; operculum narrower than hypanthium at join, hemispherical, prominently warty; flowers red; stamens inflexed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 73.59,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 376.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 349.95,\n \"height\": 324.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9182c7e5\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit rigidly downturned, tapering from pedicel, obconical to cupular, 13-18 mm long x 14-19 mm wide, coarsely ribbed; valves 5 to 7. Flowering period.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 376.47,\n \"width\": 349.95,\n \"height\": 74.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 361.95,\n \"height\": 399.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 373.95,\n \"height\": 52.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 574.83,\n \"height\": 72.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9182c7e5\",\n \"text\": \"September to October (Brooker and Hopper 2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 125.31,\n \"width\": 574.83,\n \"height\": 200.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(Brooker and Hopper 2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 21,\n \"offset_end\": 46\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd87a500\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 601.11,\n \"height\": 25.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd87a500\",\n \"text\": \"Superficially similar to E. platypus subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 78.32,\n \"width\": 601.11,\n \"height\": 165.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd87a500\",\n \"text\": \"platypus, particularly in habit, differing in the larger adult leaves, the larger buds with a hemispherical, prominently warty operculum; the red, inflexed staminal filaments and the larger, 5 to 7-valved fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 245.31,\n \"width\": 601.11,\n \"height\": 205.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 613.11,\n \"height\": 399.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 625.11,\n \"height\": 212.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Eucalyptus vesiculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d7251f33\",\n \"text\": \"The senior author is most grateful to Malcolm French for accompaniment on many 'vegrandis' field trips and general discussions about the complex, as well as welcomed hospitality in Perth.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 79.17,\n \"width\": 432.51,\n \"height\": 385.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 444.51,\n \"height\": 339.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgements\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d7251f33\",\n \"text\": \"We thank Peter White (CALM) for continued input towards resolving the E. spathulata complex.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 406.15,\n \"width\": 444.51,\n \"height\": 58.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 456.51,\n \"height\": 325.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgements\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d7251f33\",\n \"text\": \"We are grateful to CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products for financial assistance in the later part of the study.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 392.51,\n \"width\": 456.51,\n \"height\": 72.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 65.01,\n \"width\": 468.51,\n \"height\": 355.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgements\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"Selected specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA:20 km N of Hopetoun, 5 Oct. 1966, P.G.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 371.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"Wilson 5514 (CANB, PERTH); Lucy Rock, ca. 3 miles N of Holt Rock, 21 Sep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 423.31,\n \"width\": 62.91,\n \"height\": 27.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 261.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"1971, K.M. Allan 802 (CANB, MEL, PERTH); 106 km from Esperance along road to Ravensthorpe, Munglinup River crossing, 8 Jan. 1979, M.D. Crisp 4938 (CANB, PERTH); Ravensthorpe Range, 1.5 km SW of Mount Desmond, 9 Jan. 1979, M.D. Crisp 4974 (CANB, PERTH); 15 km E of Dunn Swamp, ca.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 313.72,\n \"width\": 74.91,\n \"height\": 136.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 86.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 98.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 110.91,\n \"height\": 219.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"90 km ENE of Ravensthorpe, 15 Nov. 1980, K.R. Newbey 8130 (PERTH);38 km W of Bald Rock, 33° 23' 53\\\"S, 120° 58' 02\\\"E, 3 Oct. 1983, M.A. Burgman 2654 & S. McNee (PERTH); Eldverton via Ravensthorpe, 4 Sep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 271.27,\n \"width\": 110.91,\n \"height\": 179.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 122.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 134.91,\n \"height\": 222.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"1984, M.I.H. Brooker 8659 (CANB, PERTH); 13.5 km from highway on Fitzgerald Rd, 18 Jan.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 274.29,\n \"width\": 134.91,\n \"height\": 176.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 146.91,\n \"height\": 183.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"1985, M.I.H. Brooker 8808 (CANB, PERTH); 6 km S of highway on Fuss Rd, 11 Apr.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 235.81,\n \"width\": 146.91,\n \"height\": 214.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 158.91,\n \"height\": 111.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"1985, M.I.H. Brooker 8930 (CANB, PERTH); 44 km W of Ravensthorpe-Albany Rd on Lake King Rd, 9 Nov. 1986, K. Hill 2381, L.A.S. Johnson & D.F. Blaxell (NSW, PERTH); 7.6 km from Ravensthorpe-Hopetoun Rd on Jerdacuttup Rd, 16 July 1987, M.I.H. Brooker 9718, 9719 (CANB, PERTH); Devil's Creek Rd, 10 km NW of Fitzgerald River National Park entrance, 6 Sep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 163.97,\n \"width\": 158.91,\n \"height\": 286.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 170.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 182.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 194.91,\n \"height\": 376.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"1988, K. Hill 3111 (CANB, NSW, PERTH); 2.2 km S of highway on Farrells Rd, 25 Nov. 1991, M.I.H. Brooker 10908 (CANB, PERTH); Ravensthorpe-Hopetoun Rd, 33° 44' 05\\\"S, 120° 11' 28\\\"E, 9 Dec. 1992, D. Nicolle 197 (PERTH); Track to Dragon Rocks, S of Hyden, 32° 46' 02\\\"S, 119° 05' 26\\\"E, 13 Dec. 1992, D. Nicolle 311 (PERTH); 9.2 km E of Hopetoun-Ravensthorpe Rd along Jerdacuttup Rd, 33° 44' 06\\\"S, 120° 16' 47\\\"E, 25 Feb. 1993, P.J. White 509 (CANB, PERTH); 7.1 km N of Jerdacuttup Rd along track past W side of Bandalup Hill, 33° 40' 09\\\"S, 120° 22' 15\\\"E, 25 Feb. 1993, P.J. White 510 -514 (CANB, PERTH); 1.5 km W of West Point Rd along Bandalup Rd, 33° 33' 00\\\"S, 120° 31' 17\\\"E, 26 Feb. 1993, P.J. White 517, 519, 520 (CANB, PERTH); Foothills of Ravensthorpe range, Mount Short Rd, 0.2 km N of junction with Floater Rd, 33° 28' 23\\\"S, 120° 01' 11\\\"E, 31 Mar.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 428.17,\n \"width\": 194.91,\n \"height\": 22.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 206.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 218.91,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 230.91,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 242.91,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 254.91,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 266.91,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 278.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 290.91,\n \"height\": 399.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 302.91,\n \"height\": 146.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"1993, P.J. White 600 (CANB, PERTH); 8 km from South Coast Hwy along Carlingup Rd, 33° 34' 47\\\"S, 120° 02' 36\\\"E, 1 Apr.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 198.56,\n \"width\": 302.91,\n \"height\": 251.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 314.91,\n \"height\": 208.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"1993, P.J. White 603 (CANB, PERTH); SE corner Bradfords property/Dunn Rock Nature Reserve 36445, 1.8 km S Old Newdegate Rd, 33° 17' 21\\\"S, 119°3 5' 44\\\"E, 11 Nov. 1993, P.J. White 704, 706, 707 (CANB, PERTH); Truslove area on Coolgardie-Esperance Hwy, 33° 22' 03\\\"S, 121° 41' 36\\\"E, 22 Nov. 1994, D. Nicolle 1100 (PERTH); Twertup Cottage, Fitzgerald River National Park, 34° 01' 29\\\"S, 119° 22' 31\\\"E, 23 Nov. 1994, D. Nicolle 1128 (PERTH); 5 km S of Telegraph Track on way to Quoin Head, Fitzgerald River National Park, 33° 57' 08\\\"S, 119° 48' 09\\\"E, 6 Apr.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 260.64,\n \"width\": 314.91,\n \"height\": 189.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 326.91,\n \"height\": 756.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 55.71,\n \"width\": 338.91,\n \"height\": 394.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 350.91,\n \"height\": 399.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 362.91,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 374.91,\n \"height\": 350.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"1995, M.I.H. Brooker 12196W (AD, CANB, NSW, PERTH); SE Cascades on Cascades Rd, 33° 30' 59\\\"S, 121° 10' 35\\\"E, 15 Nov. 1997, M. French 342 (PERTH);Cocanarup Rd, 0.3 km from Albany-Esperance Hwy, 33° 38' 26\\\"S, 119° 49' 51\\\"E, 9 Nov.1999, W. O'Sullivan 798 (PERTH); ca. 5 km SW of Cascades Rd on West Point Rd, 33° 21' 29\\\"S, 120° 49' 32\\\"E, 20 July 2001, D. Nicolle 3962 & M. French (CANB, PERTH); Collets Rd, Fitzgerald River National Park, 34° 07' 25\\\"S, 119° 26' 54\\\"E, 31 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4433 & I. Brooker (AD, CANB, PERTH); Hamersley Drive, Fitzgerald River National Park, 33° 53' 26\\\"S, 119° 55' 41\\\"E, 31 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4435 & I. Brooker (PERTH); 5.2 km from the new Cascade-Lake King road on the road to Lake Tay, 33° 10' 23\\\"S, 120° 42' 44\\\"E, 1 Aug. 2002, D. Nicolle 4436 & I. Brooker (AD, CANB, PERTH).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 402.72,\n \"width\": 374.91,\n \"height\": 47.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 386.91,\n \"height\": 399.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 398.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 410.91,\n \"height\": 399.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 422.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 434.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 446.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 458.91,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 470.91,\n \"height\": 383.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"Distribution and habitat.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 497.19,\n \"height\": 102.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"Distributed from north of Bremer Bay eastwards to Truslove, north of Esperance, usually within approximately 80 km of the coast, but occurring inland towards Lake Tay and Dragon Rocks.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 157.33,\n \"width\": 497.19,\n \"height\": 293.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 509.19,\n \"height\": 399.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 521.19,\n \"height\": 58.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"Occurs in mixed mallee communities on sandplain to lateritic clays.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 110.22,\n \"width\": 521.19,\n \"height\": 257.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"Associated eucalypts include E. proxima, E. astringens subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 368.6,\n \"width\": 521.19,\n \"height\": 81.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 533.19,\n \"height\": 170.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"redacta, E. calycogona subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 226.03,\n \"width\": 533.19,\n \"height\": 125.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"calycogona, E. cernua, E. cylindriflora, E. densa subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 356.24,\n \"width\": 533.19,\n \"height\": 94.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 545.19,\n \"height\": 135.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"improcera, E. depauperata, E. flocktoniae subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 191.04,\n \"width\": 545.19,\n \"height\": 207.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"flocktoniae, E. forrestiana, E. incrassata sens.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 403.48,\n \"width\": 545.19,\n \"height\": 47.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 557.19,\n \"height\": 134.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"lat., E. leptocalyx, E. micranthera, E. perangusta, E. phaenophylla, E. pileata, E. platypus subsp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 186.9,\n \"width\": 557.19,\n \"height\": 263.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 569.19,\n \"height\": 119.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"platypus, E. pleurocarpa, E. quadrans, E. redunca, E. scyphocalyx, E. sporadica, E. tetraptera, E. tumida, E. valens and E. uncinata.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 174.19,\n \"width\": 569.19,\n \"height\": 276.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 581.19,\n \"height\": 259.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99ba331d\",\n \"text\": \"(Figure 5A)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 313.23,\n \"width\": 581.19,\n \"height\": 47.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d4a4f72a\",\n \"text\": \"Conservation status.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 607.47,\n \"height\": 83.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d4a4f72a\",\n \"text\": \"This subspecies is widespread and well conserved in conservation reserves, including Fitzgerald River National Park.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 138.07,\n \"width\": 607.47,\n \"height\": 312.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 619.47,\n \"height\": 159.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6821c0c8\",\n \"text\": \"Notes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 645.63,\n \"height\": 25.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6821c0c8\",\n \"text\": \"The manuscript name E. 'verruculosa' has been used (Brooker and Kleinig, 1990) for populations of this taxon in the western part of Fitzgerald River National Park.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 77.41,\n \"width\": 645.63,\n \"height\": 373.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 657.63,\n \"height\": 247.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b11\",\n \"text\": \"(Brooker and Kleinig, 1990)\",\n \"offset_start\": 51,\n \"offset_end\": 78\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6821c0c8\",\n \"text\": \"These populations usually have slightly Selected specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 16 miles E of Pingrup, 6 miles W of Greenshield Soak, Feb. 1953 D.L. Serventy 183 (PERTH); 15 miles E Newdegate, 23 Apr.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 299.58,\n \"width\": 657.63,\n \"height\": 150.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 325.95,\n \"height\": 399.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 306.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6821c0c8\",\n \"text\": \"1953, R.D. Royce 4185 (PERTH); Junction of Needilup Rd North and Newdegate Rd, 33° 24' 20\\\"S, 118° 47' 40\\\"E, 23 May 1989, A Napier & A Kelly 435 (PERTH); 14.5 km E of Lake Grace on road to Newdegate, 33° 06' 05\\\"S, 118° 36'\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 373.37,\n \"width\": 337.95,\n \"height\": 91.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 349.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 361.95,\n \"height\": 399.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ccb0eb3c\",\n \"text\": \"54\\\"E, 23 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 392 (PERTH); 1.9 km S of junction of Mallee Hill Rd along 14 Mile Rd, 33°1 5' 03\\\"S, 118° 44' 15\\\"E, 13 Dec. 1992, P.J. White 436 (PERTH); 3.9 km N Reserve Rd along Lake Magenta Rd, 33° 32' 13\\\"S, 119° 15' 17\\\"E, 24 Feb. 1993, P.J. White 495 (PERTH); Junction of Kerr Rd and E boundary of Dragon Rocks Nature Reserve, 32° 49' 30\\\"S, 119° 08' 25\\\"E, 30 Mar. 1993, P.J. White 574, 575 (CANB, PERTH); Newdegate, Mallee Hill Rd, 3 km E of Beynon Rd, 33° 09' 18\\\"S, 118° 55' 23\\\"E, 10 Nov. 1993, P.J. White 699, 700 (CANB, PERTH); 1.8 km W of eastern boundary along track dividing CALM Reserve 29018 and Newdegate Research Station, 33° 08' 55\\\"S, 118° 48' 56\\\"E, 16 Sep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 373.95,\n \"height\": 766.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.01,\n \"width\": 385.95,\n \"height\": 394.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 397.95,\n \"height\": 399.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 409.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 421.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 433.95,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 445.95,\n \"height\": 273.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ccb0eb3c\",\n \"text\": \"1996, P.J. White 970 (PERTH); Pingrup-Townsend Rd, 23 May 1994, T. Overheu 647b (PERTH); 0.3 km W of Quiss Rd between Jerramungup and Ravensthorpe, 29 Aug. 1998, M.I.H. Brooker 12917 & A.V. Slee (AD, CANB, PERTH); Tarin Rock North Rd, NW of Lake Grace, 33° 03' 26\\\"S, 118° 14' 32\\\"E, 8 Sep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 340.53,\n \"width\": 445.95,\n \"height\": 124.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 457.95,\n \"height\": 399.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 469.95,\n \"height\": 399.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 481.95,\n \"height\": 280.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ccb0eb3c\",\n \"text\": \"1998, M. French 670 (PERTH); W of Newdegate on Lake Grace Rd, 33° 06' 08\\\"S, 118° 52' 26\\\"E, 12 Nov. 1998, M. French 759 (PERTH); Near Buniche Siding, road verge and railway reserve, 1.5 km along the Biddy-Cam Rd, 33° 00' 03\\\"S, 118°5 0' 38\\\"E, 16 Aug.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 346.42,\n \"width\": 481.95,\n \"height\": 118.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 493.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 505.95,\n \"height\": 756.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.07,\n \"width\": 517.95,\n \"height\": 62.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ccb0eb3c\",\n \"text\": \"1999, E. Bishop 108 (PERTH); Hyden-Newdegate Rd, S of Pingrup-Lake King Rd, 45 km NW of Newdegate, 4 Sep.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 133.35,\n \"width\": 517.95,\n \"height\": 331.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 529.95,\n \"height\": 113.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ccb0eb3c\",\n \"text\": \"1999, A.V. Slee 4191 (AD, CANB, NSW, PERTH); Stewart Property, Loc.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 179.43,\n \"width\": 529.95,\n \"height\": 285.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ccb0eb3c\",\n \"text\": \"No. 1178, Lake Grace Shire, Aug. 2000, J. & M. Stewart 65 (PERTH); Between Lake Grace and Newdegate, 33° 06' 19\\\"S, 118° 52' 31\\\"E, 21 Jan. 2001, D. Nicolle 3720, 3721 & M. French (CANB, PERTH); Burngup North Road, north of Pingaring, 32° 43' 45\\\"S, 118° 39' 38\\\"E, 15 July 2001, D. Nicolle 3812 & M.French (CANB, PERTH); 17.6 km from Koornong Rd on Fitzgerald Rd, 33° 36' 43\\\"S, 119° 31' 06\\\"E, 21 July 2001, D. Nicolle 3974, 3975 & M. French (CANB, PERTH); 20.6 km W from Fitzgerald Rd on South Coast Hwy, 33° 50' 03\\\"S, 119° 15' 34\\\"E, 21 July 2001, D. Nicolle 3977 & M. French (CANB, PERTH); North Rd, NE of Pingaring, 32° 44' 41\\\"S, 118° 39' 35\\\"E, 29 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4413 & I. Brooker (CANB, PERTH); Ryan Rd, SW of Newdegate, 33° 24' 30\\\"S, 118° 56' 43\\\"E, 30 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4422 & I. Brooker (AD, CANB, PERTH); Sullivan Soak, Lake Magenta Nature Reserve, 33° 29' 05\\\"S, 118° 59' 11\\\"E, 30 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4425 & I. Brooker (CANB, PERTH).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 541.95,\n \"height\": 399.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 553.95,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 565.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 577.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 589.95,\n \"height\": 399.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 601.95,\n \"height\": 399.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 613.95,\n \"height\": 399.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 625.95,\n \"height\": 399.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 637.95,\n \"height\": 399.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 649.95,\n \"height\": 142.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75e6adc2\",\n \"text\": \"Selected specimen: 32.3 km from Kondinin towards Hyden, 32° 30' 00\\\"S, 118° 35' 52\\\"E, 15\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 92.67,\n \"height\": 347.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"118° 35' 52\\\"E, 15\",\n \"offset_start\": 70,\n \"offset_end\": 87\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"E. alipes -E. spathulata subsp. salina intergrades\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_0\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 1 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 1.Leaf venation and oil gland pattern typical of: A -E. ser.Erectae subser.Abundae (E.eremophila; Burra Rock); B -E. ser.Erectae subser.Pedicellatae (E.astringens subsp.redacta; Brooker 12918); C -E. ser.Clinatae (E.vesiculosa; Brooker 9910).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 63.8,\n \"height\": 399.7\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Dumbleyung, 17 June 1920, C.A. Gardner 15 (PERTH); Pingrup, 32 mls S of Lake Grace, 21 Sep.1933, W.E. Blackall 3038 (PERTH); 2 mls E of Ongerup, 3 Aug.1957, J.W. Green 1465 (PERTH); Ongerup townsite, May 1969, B. Rockel A22 (PERTH); 24 km from Katanning along road to Nyabing, 16 Jan.1979, M.D. Crisp 5195 (CANB, MO, NSW, PERTH); Lake\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 2 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 2. A -Distribution of E. spathulata subsp.spathulata and subsp.salina in Western Australia; B -Habit of E. spathulata subsp.spathulata (Katanning-Nyabing Rd, 33° 41' 10\\\"S, 117° 45' 19\\\"E); C -Habit of E. spathulata subsp.salina (Mt Stirling Road, NE of Quairading, 31° 53' 42\\\"S, 117° 30' 20\\\"E); D -Isotype of E. spathulata subsp.salina (D.Nicolle 3435 & M. French).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 139.97,\n \"width\": 449.9,\n \"height\": 116.75\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_3\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 3 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 3.A -Distribution of E. orthostemon in Western Australia; B -Habit of E. orthostemon at type locality (East of Yealering towards Kulin, 32° 35' 10\\\"S, 117° 39' 52\\\"E); C -Isotype of E. orthostemon (D.Nicolle 3426 & M. French).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 73.57,\n \"width\": 477.3,\n \"height\": 183.4\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_4\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill) Nicolle & Brooker, stat.nov.Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp.alipes L.A.S. Johnson and K.D. Hill.Telopea 4(4): 581 (1992).-Type: 46.0 km N of Coolgardie-Hyden road on Southern Cross road, Western Australia, K.D. Hill 2894, 26 Aug. 1988 (holo: NSW; iso: CANB, PERTH 05087910).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_5\",\n \"label\": \"4\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 4 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 4.A -Distribution of E. alipes , E. steedmanii , E. mimica subsp.mimica and subsp.continens in WA; B -Habit of E. alipes (2.2 km S from Biddy-Cam Rd on Hewson Rd, 33° 00' 41\\\"S, 119° 31' 09\\\"E); C -Habit of E. mimica subsp.continens near type locality (Lockhardt Rd, S of Newdegate, 33° 17' 07\\\"S, 119° 01' 23\\\"E).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 138.22,\n \"width\": 460.25,\n \"height\": 242.9\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_6\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"mimica Brooker & Hopper subsp.continensBrooker & Hopper, Nuytsia 14(3): 345 (2002).Type: 11 km S along Lockhardt Rd from MagentaRd, Western Australia, 17 Dec. 1987, M.I.H. Brooker 9841 (holo: PERTH 1378163; iso: AD, CANB, MEL, NSW).Distinguished from subsp.mimica by the sepaline whorl in the form of an outer operculum which is persistent to anthesis.Specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 21.9 km S of hwy at Newdegate on Lockhardt Rd (to Pingrup), 15 May 1988, L.A.S. Johnson 9087 & M. Johnson (NSW, PERTH); Lockhardt Rd, 11 km S of Magenta Rd, 21 July 1988, M.I.H. Brooker 10007 (CANB, PERTH); 21.4 km S of Newdegate, 4.3 km N along Lockhardt Rd from Dykes Rd, 33° 17' 20\\\"S, 119° 01' 15\\\"E, 25 May 1989, A. Napier & A. Kelly s.n.(PERTH); Lockhardt Rd, S of Newdegate, 33° 17' 07\\\"S, 119° 01' 23\\\"E, 22 Nov. 1994, D. Nicolle 1114 (PERTH).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_7\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill, Telopea 4(4): 580 (1992).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_8\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"6b.\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Eucalyptus suggrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp.promiscua Nicolle & Brooker, subsp.nov.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_9\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill, Telopea 4(4): 577 (1992).Type: 5 km NW of Ongerup, Western Australia, K.D. Hill 337, L.A.S. Johnson & D.F. Blaxell, 23 Oct. 1983 (holo: NSW; iso: CANB, PERTH 1562088).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_10\",\n \"label\": \"5\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 5 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 5.A -Distribution of E. suggrandis subsp.suggrandis and subsp.promiscua in Western Australia; B -Isotype of E. suggrandis subsp.promiscua (D.Nicolle 3814 & M. French); C -Isotype of E. vegrandis subsp.recondita (M.I.H. Brooker 7695).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 65.07,\n \"width\": 302.5,\n \"height\": 194.21\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_11\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"7b.\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Eucalyptus vegrandis L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill subsp.recondita Nicolle & Brooker, subsp.nov.Ab subspecie vegrands foliis adultis latioribus et alabastris fructibusque majoribus distinguitur.Typus: 2.3 km along N boundary fire trail from Bluff Knoll Rd, Stirling Range National Park, Western\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_12\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Typus: c. 6 km N of Jerdacuttup W. Rd on Hopetoun-Ravensthorpe road, 33° 39' 14\\\"S, 120° 09' 47\\\"E, 1 Aug. 2002, M.I.H. Brooker 13240 & D. Nicolle (holo: PERTH 07212836; iso: AD, CANB, MEL, NSW).(Figure 6D)\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_13\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Selected specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 6 miles NW of Ravensthorpe, 5 Nov. 1969, M.I.H. Brooker 2290 (PERTH); Valley on N side of Mt McMahon, ca. 9 km direct NE of Ravensthorpe, 14 Sep.1978, L.D. Pryor & J.D. Briggs 103 (CANB, PERTH); N side of Mt McMahon, NE of Ravensthorpe, 14 Sep.1978, D. Blaxell 1737 (NSW, PERTH); 4.7 km NW of Highway 1 on Ravensthorpe-Lake King Rd, 10 Oct. 1984, B. Briggs 7717 & L. Johnson (AD, CANB, MEL, NSW, PERTH); 6.5 km along track near Bandalup Hill, 15 Jan. 1985, M.I.H. Brooker 8786 (CANB, PERTH); 8.4 km S of highway on Mason Bay Rd (S of Bandalup Hill),, 9 Nov. 1986, K. Hill 2364, L.A.S. Johnson, D.F. Blaxell & M.I.H. Brooker (NSW, PERTH); 3.1 km W of Ravensthorpe-Hopetoun road on Road 11, 9 Nov. 1986, K. Hill 2370, L.A.S. Johnson, D.F. Blaxell & M.I.H. Brooker (NSW, PERTH); Bandalup Hill area, 33° 41' 46\\\"S, 120° 21' 58\\\"E, 8 Dec. 1992, D. Nicolle 182 (PERTH); 5.4 km from Ravensthorpe on Lookout Rd to north, 7 Apr.1995, M.I.H. Brooker 12201 (AD, CANB, NSW, PERTH); 0.4 km W of Carlingup Rd in Ravensthorpe Range on track leading to Vineyard Block, 33° 33' 42\\\"S, 120° 07' 01\\\"E, 9 Nov. 1997, M. Bennett 22 (PERTH);\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_14\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Distribution and habitat.Restricted to the Ravensthorpe Range and Bandalup Hill and adjacent undulating areas in Western Australia, over a maximum linear range of less than 50 km.It grows in clayey soils, often in minor creeklines and depressions in undulating topography.Associated eucalypt species include E. extensa, E. flocktoniae subsp.flocktoniae, E. leptocalyx, E. phenax subsp.phenax and E. stoatei.(Figure6A) Conservation status.Relatively frequent and locally dominant and not considered to be at risk.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_15\",\n \"label\": \"period\",\n \"head\": \"Flowering period .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"October to December.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_16\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Type:\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"4 km W of Norman Rd, E of Monjemup Rd, Western Australia, 8 Apr.1995, M.I.H. Brooker 12213 & S.D. Hopper (holo: CANB; iso: AD, NSW, PERTH 05698952).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_17\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Between Ongerup and Borden, June 1972, Schoolteacher s.n.(PERTH); Boxwood Hill-Ongerup Rd, between Norman Rd and Monjemup Rd at edge of Corackerup Nature Reserve, 34° 13' 06\\\"S, 118° 39' 14\\\"E, 5 May 1999, A.V. Slee 4133 (CANB, PERTH); Southern boundary of Corackerup Nature Reserve, 34° 13' 18\\\"S, 118° 39' 21\\\"E, 4 Nov. 2000, D. Nicolle 3565 & M.E.French (CANB, PERTH).Distribution and habitat.Known from a few populations in a small area of the Corackerup Creek catchment between Ongerup and Bremer Bay in Western Australia.Grows in clayey soils in undulating topography.Associated eucalypt species include E. annulata, E. calycogona subsp.calycogona, E. neutra, E.conglobata subsp .perataand E. vegrandis subsp.vegrandis.(Figure 6A) Conservation status.Known from Corackerup Nature Reserve.Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority Two.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_18\",\n \"label\": \"6\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 6 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 6.A -Distribution of E. vesiculosa , E. cernua , E. proxima , E. vegrandis subsp.vegrandis and subsp.recondita in WA; B -Habit of E. cernua at type locality (4.6 km N of Ravensthorpe-Albany rd on Lake Grace rd); C -Habit of type individual of E. proxima (M.I.H. Brooker 13240 & D. Nicolle); D -Isotype of E. proxima (M.I.H. Brooker 13240 & D. Nicolle).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 73.57,\n \"width\": 479.95,\n \"height\": 182.85\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b14d161f\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 48.22,\n \"width\": 24.88,\n \"height\": 425.94\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_0\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Eucalyptus spathulata complex\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"\",\n \"E. mimica Brooker & Hopper\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"subsp. mimica\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"subsp. continens Brooker & Hopper\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"E. steedmanii C. Gardner\"\n ],\n [\n \"subsp. spathulata\",\n \"E. ser. Clinatae Brooker\"\n ],\n [\n \"subsp. salina Nicolle & Brooker\",\n \"E. vegrandis L. Johnson & K. Hill\"\n ],\n [\n \"E. orthostemon Nicolle & Brooker\",\n \"subsp. vegrandis\"\n ],\n [\n \"E. suggrandis L. Johnson & K. Hill\",\n \"subsp. recondita Nicolle & Brooker\"\n ],\n [\n \"subsp. suggrandis\",\n \"E. proxima Nicolle & Brooker\"\n ],\n [\n \"subsp. promiscua Nicolle & Brooker\",\n \"E. cernua Brooker & Hopper\"\n ],\n [\n \"E. alipes (L. Johnson & K. Hill) Nicolle & Brooker\",\n \"E. vesiculosa Brooker & Hopper\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 11,\n \"column_count\": 2,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"E. ser.Erectae Brooker E. subser.Abundae Brooker E. supraspecies Angustae Brooker E. spathulata Hook.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 51.03,\n \"width\": 311.55,\n \"height\": 387.96\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_1\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"May 1999, A. Slee 4138 (CANB, PERTH); Parsons Rd, E of Lee Rd, S of Newdegate, 33° 10' 10\\\"S, 119° 05' 36\\\"E, 30 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4420, 4421 & I. Brooker (CANB, PERTH); Katanning-Nyabing Rd, 33° 41' 10\\\"S, 117° 45' 19\\\"E, 30 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4429 & I. Brooker (CANB, PERTH).\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"A 118° 30' 03\\\"E, 5\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"B\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"C\",\n \"D\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 3,\n \"column_count\": 2,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 79.29,\n \"width\": 68.03,\n \"height\": 209.43\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_2\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"E. spathulata occurs in saline drainage lines and depressions, often fringing salt lakes, in heavy grey clay soils.It often forms ±pure stands, sometimes associated with E. extensa, E. kondininensis and E. occidentalis.Conservation status.Under medium to long-term threat from rising saline groundwater, causing salinization of low-lying habitats.Recorded from Flagstaff and Lake Magenta Nature Reserves.Notes.Hybrids are known with E. platypus (common in the Ongerup area, i.e. the type locality of E. platypus var.heterophylla -Brooker and Hopper 2002) and E. tenera.\",\n \"content\": null,\n \"note\": \"1b. Eucalyptus spathulata Hook.subsp.salina Nicolle & Brooker, subsp.nov.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 199.35,\n \"height\": 399.72\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_4\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"PERTH); 4.6 km S of Kondut, 27 Aug.1988, K. Hill 2935 (CANB, NSW, PERTH); E outskirts of Dumbleyung townsite,\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: ¼ mile north of Wongan Hills, 21 May 1970,\"\n ],\n [\n \"M.I.H. Brooker 2550 (CANB, PERTH); ½ mile north of Wongan Hills, 5 June 1969, M.I.H. Brooker 1827\"\n ],\n [\n \"(CANB, PERTH); 3 miles E of Cunderdin, 5 Feb. 1970, K.R. Newbey 3100, (CANB, PERTH); Between\"\n ],\n [\n \"Pankie and Gabalong, 3 Oct. 1976, J.S. Beard 7989 (PERTH); Between Bolgart and Goomalling, 15 June\"\n ],\n [\n \"1977, J.S. Beard 8032 (CANB, PERTH); S of Tammin, 13 Oct. 1977, J.S. Beard 8088 (CANB, PERTH);\"\n ],\n [\n \"Beaufort River crossing, 22 Nov. 1979, G.J. Keighery 2610 (PERTH); c. 12 km E of rail crossing at Carani,\"\n ],\n [\n \"26 Aug. 1982, M.I.H. Brooker 7584 (CANB, PERTH); 13.2 km NE of Calingiri on Wongan Hills Road, 28\"\n ],\n [\n \"Aug. 1983 M.I.H. Brooker 8285 (CANB, PERTH); 9 miles E of Wongan Hills, 31 Jan. 1986, B.H. Smith 642\"\n ],\n [\n \"(CANB, PERTH); Mosquito Hill, Bolgart East Road, 3 Sep. 1987, M.I.\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 9,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"H. Brooker 9751 (CANB, PERTH); 0.9 km from Dowerin-Trayning road, on Minnievale Road, 3 Sep.1988, M.I.H. Brooker 9748 (CANB, NSW, PERTH); 27.4 km S of Moora on Mogumber Road, 7 Aug. 1988, M.I.H. Brooker 10022 (AD, CANB,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 526.83,\n \"height\": 399.64\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_5\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \", P.J. White 482 (PERTH); Junction of Crosby Rd and Kukerin South Rd, Nature Reserve 26381, 33° 27' 34\\\"S, 118° 07' 06\\\"E, 23 Feb. 1993, P.J. White 485 (PERTH); Goomalling, 21 Oct. 1993, P. White 670 (CANB, PERTH); 0.7 km N of Watercarrin road along Cunderdin-Wyalkatchem road, 21 Oct. 1993, P.J. White 673 (CANB, PERTH); Nature Reserve 15197, 8 km E White Wells Rd/Nippering Rd junction, along White Wells Rd, 33° 12' 20\\\"S, 117° 44' 08\\\"E, 7 Nov. 1993, P.J. White 687 (CANB, PERTH); South of Moora, 30° 53' 09\\\"S, 116° 01' 40\\\"E, 25 Jan. 1996, D. Nicolle 1657 (PERTH); 0.9 km W of Bullaring along side railway line, 32° 30' 15\\\"S, 117°4 4' 10\\\"E, 12 Sep.1997, P.J. White 1043 (PERTH); 1.2 km WNW of Bullaring, 32° 29' 29\\\"S, 117° 43' 44\\\"E, 12 Sep.1997, P.J. White 1045 (PERTH); Yenyenning Lakes Ski Club access rd, 1.7 km from Mears Rd, 32°1 3' 46\\\"S, 117° 10' 30\\\"E, 21 Sep.1997, P.J. White 1024 (PERTH); Gravel pit, Wickepin-Kulin Rd, 8.8 km E of Wickepin, 25 Sep.1997, P.J. White 1060 (NSW, PERTH); Peter Valley Rd, NW of Cranbrook, E of Albany Hwy, 34° 10' 58\\\"S, 117° 29' 51\\\"E, 1 Nov. 1997, M. French 329 (PERTH); 16 km S of Corrigin-Brookton Road, S of Bullaring, 28 Apr.1999, A.V. Slee 4078 (CANB, PERTH); Gabalong East Road, NW of Wongan Hills, 30° 43' 20\\\"S, 116° 27' 36\\\"E, 25 May 2000, M. French 1205 (PERTH); North-east of Calingiri, 31° 03' 51\\\"S, 116° 29' 37\\\"E, 13 Jan.2001, D. Nicolle 3691 & M. French (CANB, PERTH); Grays Road, S of Harrismith, 33° 02' 49\\\"S, 117° 53' 33\\\"E, 21 Jan. 2001, D. Nicolle 3731 & M. French (CANB, PERTH; 7.4 km on Toolbrunup Road from Great Southern Hwy, SE of Tambellup, 34° 05' 25\\\"S, 117° 44' 45\\\"E, 10 Feb. 2001, D. Nicolle 3776 & M. French (CANB, PERTH); 2.1 km from Yonka Rd on Peter Valley Rd, N of Cranbrook, 34° 11' 01\\\"S, 117° 30' 00\\\"E, 10 Feb. 2001, D. Nicolle 3783 & M. French (AD, CANB, PERTH); Pingrup-Nyabing Rd, 33° 35' 12\\\"S, 118° 26' 38\\\"E, 30 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4428 & I. Brooker (PERTH); Damboring West Rd, S of Pithara, 30° 31' 26\\\"S, 116° 40' 02\\\"E, 3 Aug.2002, D. Nicolle 4442 & M. French (CANB, PERTH).\",\n \"content\": null,\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 110.91,\n \"height\": 766.77\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_6\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 44 km E of Hyden on Norseman track, 3 Oct. 1975, M.I.H. Brooker 4978 (NSW, PERTH); 5 km N of Hyden on road to Southern Cross, 13 Sep.1978D.F.Blaxell 1731 (PERTH); 2.1 km W of Bold Rock on track to Rabbit Proof Fence, 40 km NE of Hyden, 21 Sep.1978,S.D. Hopper 1138 (PERTH); 1 km S of Holland track gate along State Barrier Fence, 32° 26' 119° 30' 55\\\"E, 31 Mar.1993,P.J. White 587 (CANB, PERTH); Hewson Rd, 7.4 km N of Newdegate-Ravensthorpe Rd, 33° 00' 53\\\"S, 119° 30' 55\\\"E, 31 Mar.1993,P.J. White 588 (CANB, PERTH); 4.1 km W of Cross Rds between Three Star Lake and Peter Soak, 33° 05' 00\\\"S, 120° 34' 23\\\"E, 2 Apr.1993, P.J. White 631 (CANB, PERTH); Lake King-Norseman Rd, 49.6 km E of Vermin Proof Fence,32° 52' 41\\\"S, 120° 25' 30\\\"E, 3 Apr.1993,P.J. White 637 (PERTH); 11 km E of Hyden-Ravensthorpe Rd along lake Carmody Rd, 32° 27' 43\\\"S, 119° 09' 44\\\"E, 3 Apr.1993,P.J. White 642 (PERTH); Graham Rock, c. 1 km N of access track along private property boundary, 32° 27' 14\\\"S, 119° 03' 26\\\"E, 24 Nov. 1993, P.J. White 757, 758 (AD, MEL, NSW, PERTH); Newdegate, 1.8 km east of Magenta Rd along Parsons Rd (Hoskins Rd), 33° 09' 15\\\"S, 119° 02' 51\\\"E, 10 Dec. 1993, P.J. White 701 (CANB, PERTH); Just SW of Varley Rock which is E of Hyden-Varley road, N of Holt Rock (town), 32° 38' 04\\\"S, 119° 21' 46\\\"E, 1 May 1999, A.V. Slee 4101 (CANB, PERTH); 0.7 km from Soldiers Rd on track around salt pan, 3.5 km W of Bailey Rd, E of Narembeen, 32° 02' 13\\\"S, 118° 32' 41\\\"E, 4 Sep.1999,W.O'Sullivan 710 (PERTH); 11.1 km E of Narembeen-Muntadgin Rd along Soldiers Rd, 500 m S of road, 32° 02' 17\\\"S, 118° 32' 14\\\"E, 25 Sep.1997,P.J. White 1065 (PERTH); Lake Gounter Nature Reserve, NW of Hyden onWorland Hill Rd, 32° 23' 49\\\"S, 118° 49' 19\\\"E, 21 Feb. 1999, M. French 770 (PERTH); S of crossroads on Forrestania-Southern Cross road, 32° 33' 31\\\"S, 119° 45' 45\\\"E, 6 Nov. 1999 M. French 1087 (PERTH); 15.8 km S of Lake Cronin crossroads towards South Ironcap, 32° 33' 40\\\"S, 119° 45' 54\\\"E, 10 Nov. 2000, D. Nicolle 3668 & M. French (CANB, PERTH); 3.3 km S of Varley towards Lake King, 32° 49' 17\\\"S, 119° 31' 46\\\"E, 11 Nov. 2000, D. Nicolle 3675 & M. French (AD, CANB, PERTH); NW of Hyden on the Vermin Proof Fence, 32° 20' 14\\\"S, 119° 17' 39\\\"E, 14 Apr.2001, M. French 1305 (PERTH); On Emu Fence Rd, S of Southern Cross, 31° 57' 00\\\"S, 119° 18' 24\\\"E, 15 Apr.2001, M. French 1311 (PERTH); 2.2 km S from Biddy-Cam Rd on Hewson Rd, 33° 00' 41\\\"S, 119° 31' 09\\\"E, 1 Aug. 2002, D. Nicolle 4438 & I. Brooker (AD, CANB, PERTH); 42.5 km N from Hyden towards Narembeen, 32° 05' 53\\\"S, 118° 49' 15\\\"E, 2 Aug. 2002, D. Nicolle 4439 & I. Brooker (CANB, PERTH).\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"43\\\"S, 119° 26' 36\\\"E, 16 Dec. 1992, P.J. White 448 (PERTH); 11.5 km SE of the Lake King-Norseman Rd\"\n ],\n [\n \"on the E side of the State Barrier Fence, 33° 12' 09\\\"S, 120° 08' 12\\\"E, 16 Dec. 1992, P.J. White 450 (PERTH);\"\n ],\n [\n \"14.6 km NW of Hyden-Norseman Rd along Vermin Proof Fence, 32° 29' 54\\\"S, 119° 17' 41\\\"E, 27 Feb. 1993,\"\n ],\n [\n \"P.J. White 541, 542, 545 (CANB, PERTH); 2.2 km SW of Mount Walker School on E edge of salt lake, 32°0\"\n ],\n [\n \"3' 21\\\"S, 118° 41' 52\\\"E, 28 Feb. 1993, P.J. White 550, 551 (PERTH); Hewson Rd, 9.9 km N of Newdegate-\"\n ],\n [\n \"Ravensthorpe Rd, 33° 00' 53\\\"S,\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 6,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 500.43,\n \"height\": 766.56\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_7\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Brooker & Hopper subsp.mimicaDistinguishedfrom subsp.continens by the sepaline whorl forming distinct sepals which may not be persistent, often being shed before anthesis.Selected specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA:19.6km SE of highway E of Newdegate on Old Ravensthorpe Rd, 15 May 1988, L.A.S. Johnson 9086 & M. Johnson (NSW, PERTH); 6 km S of Lee Rd along Old Ravensthorpe Rd, 14 Sep.1988, A. Napier & A. Kelly 303 (PERTH); 23 km E of Newdegate on Lake King Rd, 14 Sep.1988, A. Napier & A. Kelly 304 (PERTH); 8.9 km N of Newdegate-RavensthorpeRd on Newdegate North Rd, 15 Sep.1988, A. Napier & A. Kelly 305 (PERTH); 19 km SE from Newdegate along the Old Ravensthorpe Rd, 33° 13' 03\\\"S, 119° 09' 57\\\"E, 23 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 398 (PERTH); 26.2 km from Newdegate along the Old Ravensthorpe Rd, 23 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 399 (PERTH); Newdegate, 7.1 km E Magenta Rd along Breed Rd, 33° 11' 05\\\"S, 119° 11' 59\\\"E,10 Nov. 1993, P.J. White 703 (PERTH); 11.4 km S of Newdegate-Lake King Rd on Old Ravensthorpe Rd, 33° 09' 40\\\"S, 119° 09' 54\\\"E, 2 May 1999, A.V. Slee 4115 (CANB, PERTH); Alymore Rd, just N of Buniche Rd, 32° 56' 53\\\"S, 118° 53' 19\\\"E, 29 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4414 & I. Brooker (AD, CANB, PERTH); 11.1 km from Lake King-Newdegate Rd on Old Ravensthorpe Rd, 33° 09' 23\\\"S, 119° 09' 41\\\"E, 30 July 2002, D. Nicolle 4415, 4416 & I. Brooker (CANB, PERTH).and habitat.Only known from the Newdegate area, to the north, east and south of Newdegate.It occurs in heavy soils or low-lying sands, often in locally saline depressions or drainage lines.Associated eucalypts include E. celastroides subsp.virella, E. extensa, E.kondininensis, E. myriadena, E. olivina and E. sargentii subsp.sargentii.(Figure\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Distribution\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 1,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 285.39,\n \"height\": 399.72\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_8\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"C. Gardner, J. Proc.Roy.Soc.W. Australia 19: 87 (1933).\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Type: Forrestania, S of Southern Cross, Western Australia, Feb. 1928, H. Steedman s.n. (holo: PERTH\"\n ],\n [\n \"1005960).\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 2,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 476.79,\n \"height\": 399.6\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_9\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \", J.W. Green 385 (PERTH); 2 miles NW ofOngerup, 9 Dec. 1961, K.R. Newbey 118 (PERTH); Due 3 miles NW ofOngerup, 12 Mar.1962,K.R. Newbey 154 (PERTH); 9 miles E Ongerup, 7 Oct. 1962, K.R. Newbey 556 (PERTH); 6 miles E of Ongerup, 12 Jan.1973, H. Demarz 4277 (PERTH); 6 km N of Borden, Stirling district, 15 Jan. 1979, M.D. Crisp 5174 (CANB, NSW, PERTH); 1.5 km ENE of Jerramungup, 96 km W of Phillips River Bridge, 4 May 1982, S.D. Hopper 2286, 2287 (PERTH); 2.2 km N of Bremer Bay turnoff on Jerramungup-Albany road, 8 June 1983, M.I.H. Brooker 8180 (CANB, PERTH); Needilup, almost opposite loading shed, 13 Jan.1988, M.I.H. Brooker 9865 (CANB, PERTH); 5.9 km S along Carlawillup South Rd, 9 Mar.1988, M.I.H. Brooker 9905 (CANB, PERTH); 19.9 km SE of Gnowangerup on Ongerup Rd, 31 Oct. 1988, L.A.S. Johnson 9165 & B.G. Briggs (NSW, PERTH); Gnowangerup townsite, W side -in vacant block, 15 Oct. 1991, P.J. White 270 (PERTH); Opposite loading shed at Needilup, 33° 57' 16\\\"S, 118° 46' 11\\\"E, 9 Dec. 1992, D. Nicolle 201 (PERTH); Due S of Gairdner, 34° 04' 21\\\"S, 119° 02' 43\\\"E, 9 Dec. 1992, D. Nicolle 207 (PERTH); Needilup, 29 Aug. 1998, M.I.H. Brooker 12915 (AD, CANB, PERTH); Hassell Highway, 15 km from Jerramungup towards Boxwood Hill, 34° 03' 59\\\"S, 118° 56' 10\\\"E, 5 May 1999, Distribution and habitat.Of scattered occurrence from between Katanning and Nyabing, south-east to the Bremer River area.It typically occurs in diverse mallee communities on sands to clay-loams.Associated eucalypt species include E. annulata, E. calycogona subsp.calycogona, E. celastroides subsp.virella, E. extensa, E. longicornis, E. loxophleba subsp.loxophleba, E. neutra, E. phaenophylla, E. phenax subsp.phenax, E. platypus subsp.platypus, E. pleurocarpa, E. sporadica, E. thamnoides, E. vesiculosa, and E. xanthonema.(Figure\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"A.V. Slee 4131 (CANB, PERTH); Ongerup, NW edge of town on road to Gnowangerup, 33° 57' 48\\\"S, 118°2\"\n ],\n [\n \"8' 49\\\"E, 5 May 1999, A.V. Slee 4139 (CANB, PERTH); Monjebup Rd, 10 km S of Ongerup-Boxwood Hill\"\n ],\n [\n \"Rd, 34° 17' 39\\\"S, 118° 36' 37\\\"E, 19 Sep. 1999, M.I.H. Brooker 13042 (CANB, PERTH); Fence Rd, 0.2 km\"\n ],\n [\n \"from Pingrup-Ongerup Rd, 33° 34' 47\\\"S, 118° 28' 44\\\"E, 16 Feb. 2000, M.E. French 1118 (PERTH); On\"\n ],\n [\n \"Monjebup Rd, 4.8 km S at Telstra tower site, 34° 15' 10\\\"S, 118° 37' 50\\\"E, 4 March 2000, M.E. French 1166\"\n ],\n [\n \"(PERTH); Ca. 17 km north of Ongerup towards Lake Grace, 33° 49' 56\\\"S, 118° 28' 47\\\"E, 4 Nov. 2000,\"\n ],\n [\n \"D. Nicolle 3563 & M. French (PERTH); 200 m from Katanning-Nyabing Rd on Shaw Rd, 33° 38' 19\\\"S,\"\n ],\n [\n \"117° 54' 48\\\"E, 26 Jan. 2001, D. Nicolle 3741 & M. French (PERTH); Communication tower on Monjebup\"\n ],\n [\n \"Rd, 34° 15' 19\\\"S, 118° 38' 00\\\"E, 26 Jan. 2001, D. Nicolle 3745 & M. French (CANB, PERTH).\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 9,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 203.67,\n \"height\": 757.11\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_10\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Selected specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Tachalarup Rd, S of Stirling Range, 13 Apr.1985, M.I.H. Brooker 8948 (CANB, PERTH); Sandalwood Rd, c. 3 km E of Amelup, 13 Apr.1985, M.I.H. Brooker 8952 (CANB, PERTH); Kamballup Nature Reserve, SW corner, 27 Jan.1988, A. Napier & A. Taylor 205 (CANB, PERTH); E of Amelup, N of Stirling Range, 34° 15' 49\\\"S, 118° 14' 35\\\"E, 8 Oct. 1996, D. Nicolle 1883 (PERTH); Formby South Rd, N of Stirling Range, 34° 11' 40\\\"S, 118° 04' 24\\\"E, 20 Jan. 1996, D. Nicolle 1621 & P. Dunlop (CANB, PERTH); 4.4 km from Hassel Rd on Yetermerup Rd, NE of Cranbrook,\",\n \"content\": null,\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 65.13,\n \"width\": 217.95,\n \"height\": 399.61\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_11\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Selected specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 8.1 mls S Ravensthorpe on Hamersley River Rd, s.dat., R. Bowyer 620802 (PERTH); Eyre Range, 2 Nov. 1965, A.S. George 7260 (PERTH); 1 km S of Ravensthorpe, 21 May 1967, P.G.Wilson 5877 (PERTH); 6.7 miles SE of Ravensthorpe, 26 Mar.1968, G.M. Chippendale 415 (CANB, PERTH); 17.5 km SE of Ravensthorpe, Kundip, 9 Jan. 1979, M.D. Crisp 4979 (CANB, PERTH); Fitzgerald River National Park, 4 km W of Annie Peak, 11 Jan. 1979, M.D. Crisp 5030, 5031 (CANB, PERTH); 2.3 km along firebreak from Moir Rd, 33° 40' 30\\\"S, 119° 58' 10\\\"E, 10 Sep.1987, A. Napier & A. Taylor 48 (PERTH); 18.6 km S of Ravensthorpe on Hopetoun Rd in Kundip area, 9 Nov. 1997, M. Bennett 21 (PERTH); 36.9 km N of Hopetoun towards Ravensthorpe, 33° 38' 16\\\"S, 120° 09' 01\\\"E, 5 Nov. 2000, D. Nicolle 3571 & M. French (PERTH).Restricted to the southern part of the Ravensthorpe Range and southwards to the Eyre Range and near Hamersley Inlet, over a maximum linear range of approximately 40 km .It occurs on broad rises in mallee shrubland vegetation.Associated eucalypt species include E. astringens subsp.redacta, E. clivicola, E. densa subsp.improcera, E. flocktoniae subsp.flocktoniae, E. incrassata, E. phaenophylla, E. scyphocalyx and E. suggrandis subsp.suggrandis.(Figure 6A) Conservation status.Recorded from Fitzgerald River National Park.Conservation Codes for Western Australia Flora: Priority Four.\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Distribution and habitat.\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 1,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 50.91,\n \"width\": 261.51,\n \"height\": 399.74\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"references\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"b1\",\n \"target\": \"b0\",\n \"title\": \"platypus subsp. platypus × E spathulata subsp. spathulata [Representative of the type of E. platypus var. heterophylla\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"platypus subsp. platypus × E spathulata subsp. spathulata [Representative of the type of E. platypus var. heterophylla] Selected specimens: 4.8\",\n \"journal\": \"Selected specimens\",\n \"volume\": \"4\",\n \"issue\": \"8\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b2\",\n \"target\": \"b1\",\n \"title\": \"of Ongerup on road to Pingrup\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"km N of Ongerup on road to Pingrup, 21 Oct. 1992, P.J. White 371 (PERTH); 2.3\",\n \"journal\": \"P.J. White\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1992-10-21\",\n \"year\": 1992,\n \"volume\": \"371\",\n \"pages\": \"3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b3\",\n \"target\": \"b2\",\n \"title\": \"Jerramungup road on Ongerup-Pingrup road\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"km N of Ongerup-Jerramungup road on Ongerup-Pingrup road, 8 Apr. 1995, M.I.H. Brooker 12210 (AD, CANB, NSW, PERTH);\",\n \"authors\": \"Ongerup\",\n \"editors\": \"M.I.H. Brooker 12210\",\n \"publisher\": \"AD\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1995-04-08\",\n \"year\": 1995\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b4\",\n \"target\": \"b3\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"km N of Ongerup on North Ongerup Rd, 10 July 2000, N. McQuoid 556 (PERTH).\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Ongerup\",\n \"Ongerup North\",\n \"Rd\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"N. McQuoid\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2000-07-10\",\n \"year\": 2000,\n \"pages\": \"556\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b5\",\n \"target\": \"b4\",\n \"title\": \"platypus × E suggrandis subsp. suggrandis Selected specimen: Twertup Field Studies Centre, ca. 35 km from junction of South Coast Hwy and Quiss Rd in Fitzgerald River National Park\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"E. platypus subsp. platypus × E suggrandis subsp. suggrandis Selected specimen: Twertup Field Studies Centre, ca. 35 km from junction of South Coast Hwy and Quiss Rd in Fitzgerald River National Park, 12 Mar. 1989, S.D. Hopper 7130 (PERTH).\",\n \"authors\": \"E\",\n \"editors\": \"S.D. Hopper\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1989-03-12\",\n \"year\": 1989,\n \"pages\": \"7130\",\n \"notes\": \"platypus subsp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b6\",\n \"target\": \"b5\",\n \"title\": \"spathulata × E. tenera Selected specimen: 13 mls N of Pingrup on road to Lake Grace\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"E. spathulata subsp. spathulata × E. tenera Selected specimen: 13 mls N of Pingrup on road to Lake Grace, 4 Apr. 1968, S.G.M. Carr 677 (PERTH).\",\n \"authors\": \"E Subsp\",\n \"editors\": \"S.G.M. Carr\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1968-04-04\",\n \"year\": 1968,\n \"pages\": \"677\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b7\",\n \"target\": \"b6\",\n \"title\": \"suggrandis -subsp. promiscua intergrades Selected specimen: 50 miles E of Ongerup, 13 Mar. 1957\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"E. suggrandis subsp. suggrandis -subsp. promiscua intergrades Selected specimen: 50 miles E of Ongerup, 13 Mar. 1957, J.W. Green 1185 (PERTH).\",\n \"authors\": \"E Subsp\",\n \"journal\": \"J.W. Green\",\n \"pages\": \"1185\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b8\",\n \"target\": \"b7\",\n \"title\": \"recondita -subsp. vegrandis intergrades Selected specimen: 7.4 km on Toolbrunup Rd from Great Southern Hwy\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"E. vegrandis subsp. recondita -subsp. vegrandis intergrades Selected specimen: 7.4 km on Toolbrunup Rd from Great Southern Hwy, SE of Tambellup, 34° 05' 25\\\"S, 117° 44' 45\\\"E, 10 Feb. 2001, D. Nicolle 3778 & M. French (CANB, PERTH).\",\n \"authors\": \"E Subsp\",\n \"editors\": [\n \"D Nicolle\",\n \"M French\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"SE of Tambellup\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2001-02-10\",\n \"year\": 2001,\n \"volume\": \"34\",\n \"issue\": \"25\",\n \"page_start\": \"117\",\n \"page_end\": \"144\",\n \"notes\": \"E\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b9\",\n \"target\": \"b8\",\n \"title\": \"recondita × E. xanthonema Selected specimens\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"E. vegrandis subsp. recondita × E. xanthonema Selected specimens: c. 80\",\n \"authors\": \"E Subsp\",\n \"pages\": \"80\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b10\",\n \"target\": \"b9\",\n \"title\": \"m E of firebreak & 10 m N of E-W firebreak running off E, (i.e. in the NE corner of junction of tracks), Stirling Range National Park, adjacent to\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"m E of firebreak & 10 m N of E-W firebreak running off E, (i.e. in the NE corner of junction of tracks), Stirling Range National Park, adjacent to caravan park, N boundary of park, 23 Nov. 1983, S.D. Hopper 3588, 3589, 3590 (PERTH). References\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1983-11-23\",\n \"year\": 1983,\n \"pages\": \"3590\",\n \"notes\": \"PERTH\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b11\",\n \"target\": \"b10\",\n \"title\": \"Taxonomy of species deriving from the publication of Eucalyptus subseries Cornutae (Myrtaceae)\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Brooker, M.I.H. and Hopper, S.D. (2002). Taxonomy of species deriving from the publication of Eucalyptus subseries Cornutae (Myrtaceae). Nuytsia 14(3): 325-360.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Brooker\",\n \"S Hopper\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Nuytsia\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2002\",\n \"year\": 2002,\n \"volume\": \"14\",\n \"issue\": \"3\",\n \"page_start\": \"325\",\n \"page_end\": \"360\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b12\",\n \"target\": \"b11\",\n \"title\": \"Field Guide to Eucalypts\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Brooker, M.I.H. and Kleinig, D.A. (1990). Field Guide to Eucalypts Vol. 2, 428 pp. (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Brooker\",\n \"D Kleinig\"\n ],\n \"publisher\": \"Inkata Press\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1990\",\n \"year\": 1990,\n \"volume\": \"2\",\n \"pages\": \"428\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b13\",\n \"target\": \"b12\",\n \"title\": \"Systematic studies in the eucalypts. 5. New taxa and combinations in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Western Australia\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Hill, K. D. and Johnson, L.A.S. (1992). Systematic studies in the eucalypts. 5. New taxa and combinations in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Western Australia. Telopea 4(4): 561-634.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"K Hill\",\n \"L Johnson\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Telopea\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1992\",\n \"year\": 1992,\n \"volume\": \"4\",\n \"issue\": \"4\",\n \"page_start\": \"561\",\n \"page_end\": \"634\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b14\",\n \"target\": \"b13\",\n \"title\": \"Survey of rare and poorly known eucalypts of Western Australia\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Kelly, A.E., Napier, A.C. and Hopper, S.D. (1995). Survey of rare and poorly known eucalypts of Western Australia. CALMScience Supplement 2: 1-207.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"A Kelly\",\n \"A Napier\",\n \"S Hopper\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"CALMScience Supplement\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1995\",\n \"year\": 1995,\n \"volume\": \"2\",\n \"page_start\": \"1\",\n \"page_end\": \"207\"\n }\n ]\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":246185,"string":"246,185"}}},{"rowIdx":87,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01b3288c-d03a-4e73-bfae-75246cec108f.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01b3288c-d03a-4e73-bfae-75246cec108f.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"sentence\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"IR photometric properties of Red Giants in <i>ω</i> Cen\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"A Sollima\",\n \"F Ferraro\",\n \"L Origlia\",\n \"E Pancino\",\n \"M Bellazzini\"\n ],\n \"doi\": \"10.1051/0004-6361:20035634\",\n \"hash\": \"1B6F358351E7D1970186D7F89C2D37D1\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2004-05-14\",\n \"publication_year\": 2004,\n \"publisher\": \"EDP Sciences\",\n \"journal\": \"Astronomy & Astrophysics\",\n \"abstract\": [\n [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"We present a near-infrared J and K photometric catalog containing more than 73 000 stars in the central region of the giant Globular Cluster ω Centauri .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 95.04,\n \"width\": 290.54,\n \"height\": 414.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 55.56,\n \"width\": 300.8,\n \"height\": 149.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"text\": \"This is the largest IR data set ever published for this cluster and has been used to completely characterize the morphology and the properties of the Red Giant Branch (RGB).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 207.96,\n \"width\": 301.58,\n \"height\": 301.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 55.56,\n \"width\": 312.5,\n \"height\": 330.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 2,\n \"text\": \"In particular, we concentrated our attention on (i) the anomalous RGB (RGB-a), recently discovered in this cluster and (ii) the RGB of the dominant metal poor population (RGB-MP) in both the infrared (K, J -K) and optical-infrared (K, V -K) color magnitude diagrams.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 388.12,\n \"width\": 312.5,\n \"height\": 120.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 55.56,\n \"width\": 323.42,\n \"height\": 453.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 55.56,\n \"width\": 333.68,\n \"height\": 409.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 3,\n \"text\": \"The full set of morphological parameters and photometric indices has been measured and compared with the empirical relations by Ferraro et al. (2000).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 467.4,\n \"width\": 334.46,\n \"height\": 41.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 55.56,\n \"width\": 345.39,\n \"height\": 453.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 55.56,\n \"width\": 356.31,\n \"height\": 45.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro et al. (2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 128,\n \"offset_end\": 149\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": 4,\n \"text\": \"We find that the detailed photometric properties of the RGB-a are in full agreement with the recent spectroscopic metallicity estimates that place it at the metal-rich extreme of the stellar population mix in ω Centauri.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 103.7,\n \"width\": 356.31,\n \"height\": 405.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 55.56,\n \"width\": 366.56,\n \"height\": 366.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37f8410a\",\n \"text\": \"The origin and star formation history in ω Centauri, the most luminous and massive globular cluster in our Galaxy, is one of the most intriguing problems of modern stellar astrophysics.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 440.93,\n \"height\": 249.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 453.8,\n \"height\": 249.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 465.69,\n \"height\": 249.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37f8410a\",\n \"text\": \"ω Centauri is the only known Galactic globular cluster which shows clear variations in the metal content of its giants.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 476.81,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 489.57,\n \"height\": 228.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37f8410a\",\n \"text\": \"This evidence has been firmly estabilished in the past by extensive low (Norris et al. 1996;Suntzeff & Kraft 1996) and high resolution (Norris & Da Costa 1995;Smith et al. 2000) spectroscopic surveys.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 258.92,\n \"width\": 489.57,\n \"height\": 17.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 501.57,\n \"height\": 249.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 513.57,\n \"height\": 249.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 525.45,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 537.45,\n \"height\": 32.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"(Norris et al. 1996;\",\n \"offset_start\": 72,\n \"offset_end\": 92\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b38\",\n \"text\": \"Suntzeff & Kraft 1996)\",\n \"offset_start\": 92,\n \"offset_end\": 114\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b22\",\n \"text\": \"(Norris & Da Costa 1995;\",\n \"offset_start\": 135,\n \"offset_end\": 159\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"Smith et al. 2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 159,\n \"offset_end\": 177\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37f8410a\",\n \"text\": \"More recently, the scenario has become more complicated due to the discovery of an additional, metal-rich population with its own distinct RGB (hereafter RGB-a) that contains approximately 5% of the red giants in ω Cen (Lee et al. 1999;Pancino et al. 2000Pancino et al. , 2002)).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 62.27,\n \"width\": 537.45,\n \"height\": 214.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 549.45,\n \"height\": 249.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 561.33,\n \"height\": 249.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 572.45,\n \"height\": 249.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 585.21,\n \"height\": 109.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b19\",\n \"text\": \"(Lee et al. 1999;\",\n \"offset_start\": 219,\n \"offset_end\": 236\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. 2000\",\n \"offset_start\": 236,\n \"offset_end\": 255\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. , 2002))\",\n \"offset_start\": 255,\n \"offset_end\": 278\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37f8410a\",\n \"text\": \"In spite of the huge observational effort carried out so far, the global picture of the cluster formation and evolution is far from being completely understood.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 140.16,\n \"width\": 585.21,\n \"height\": 136.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 597.21,\n \"height\": 249.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 609.21,\n \"height\": 237.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_83fa8e23\",\n \"text\": \"In this framework, we have started a long-term project devoted to the detailed study of the properties of the different stellar populations in this cluster (see the overview of the project by Ferraro et al. 2001).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 42.12,\n \"width\": 622.41,\n \"height\": 234.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 634.41,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 646.29,\n \"height\": 249.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 658.29,\n \"height\": 122.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b11\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro et al. 2001)\",\n \"offset_start\": 192,\n \"offset_end\": 212\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_83fa8e23\",\n \"text\": \"Within this project a number of Send offprint requests to: A. Sollima, e-mail: s sollima@astbo4.bo.astro.it\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 151.69,\n \"width\": 658.29,\n \"height\": 124.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 28.56,\n \"width\": 683.18,\n \"height\": 133.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 694.11,\n \"height\": 157.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f026edeb\",\n \"text\": \"Based on UVES observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile, within the observing programmes 64.N-0038 and 68.D-0287.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 42.12,\n \"width\": 705.5,\n \"height\": 234.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 716.42,\n \"height\": 249.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 727.34,\n \"height\": 131.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"The entire IR catalog is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 42.12,\n \"width\": 738.62,\n \"height\": 234.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 749.54,\n \"height\": 95.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 760.47,\n \"height\": 88.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"(130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/420/173 results have been published, in particular on the identification of the anomalous RGB-a, and on the definition of its chemical and kinematic properties (see Pancino et al. 2000Pancino et al. , 2002Pancino et al. , 2003;;Bellazzini et al. 2001;Ferraro et al. 2002;Origlia et al. 2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 121.33,\n \"width\": 760.47,\n \"height\": 88.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 771.39,\n \"height\": 248.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 422.12,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 434.12,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 446.01,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 458.01,\n \"height\": 249.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 470.01,\n \"height\": 25.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(130.79.128.5)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 14\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. 2000\",\n \"offset_start\": 233,\n \"offset_end\": 252\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. , 2002\",\n \"offset_start\": 252,\n \"offset_end\": 273\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b28\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. , 2003;;\",\n \"offset_start\": 273,\n \"offset_end\": 296\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"Bellazzini et al. 2001;\",\n \"offset_start\": 296,\n \"offset_end\": 319\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro et al. 2002;\",\n \"offset_start\": 319,\n \"offset_end\": 339\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"Origlia et al. 2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 339,\n \"offset_end\": 359\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"Most of the actual observational knowledge comes from the optical (photometric or spectroscopic) study of RGB stars.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 315.8,\n \"width\": 470.01,\n \"height\": 221.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 481.89,\n \"height\": 249.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"Only sparse literature of near infrared observations existed up to now.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 493.89,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 505.89,\n \"height\": 29.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"Two pioneering studies by Glass & Feast (1973, 1977) and Persson et al. (1980) present J, H and K magnitudes for a few tens of bright giants.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 319.55,\n \"width\": 505.89,\n \"height\": 217.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 517.77,\n \"height\": 249.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 529.77,\n \"height\": 100.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b15\",\n \"text\": \"Glass & Feast (1973\",\n \"offset_start\": 26,\n \"offset_end\": 45\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b16\",\n \"text\": \", 1977)\",\n \"offset_start\": 45,\n \"offset_end\": 52\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"Persson et al. (1980)\",\n \"offset_start\": 57,\n \"offset_end\": 78\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"More recently, the NICMOS camera on board of HST has been used by Pulone et al. (1998) to obtain extremely deep photometry of a tiny area (20 × 20 ) 7 arcmin away from the cluster center.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 391.03,\n \"width\": 529.77,\n \"height\": 146.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 541.65,\n \"height\": 249.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 552.77,\n \"height\": 249.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 565.64,\n \"height\": 118.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b31\",\n \"text\": \"Pulone et al. (1998)\",\n \"offset_start\": 66,\n \"offset_end\": 86\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"The 2MASS survey has instead covered a very wide area (3 • × 2 • ) around ω Cen, which however does not include the central region of the cluster.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 409.21,\n \"width\": 565.64,\n \"height\": 128.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 577.53,\n \"height\": 110.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 399.0,\n \"width\": 575.29,\n \"height\": 3.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 405.24,\n \"width\": 576.65,\n \"height\": 13.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 419.04,\n \"width\": 575.29,\n \"height\": 3.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 422.88,\n \"width\": 576.65,\n \"height\": 114.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 589.52,\n \"height\": 213.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"This paper presents a large J and K photometric catalog of more than 73 000 stars in an area covering ∼13 × 13 around the center of ω Cen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 504.35,\n \"width\": 589.52,\n \"height\": 33.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 601.52,\n \"height\": 249.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 612.53,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 624.53,\n \"height\": 38.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c50de5b\",\n \"text\": \"By combining the IR-data set with wide field optical photometry (Pancino et al. 2000(Pancino et al. , 2003)), we measured the complete set of morphological parameters defined by Ferraro et al. (2000, hereafter F00), which fully characterize the photometric properties of the RGB of different populations in ω Centauri.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 328.94,\n \"width\": 625.4,\n \"height\": 208.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 637.29,\n \"height\": 249.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 649.29,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 661.29,\n \"height\": 249.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 672.29,\n \"height\": 243.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"(Pancino et al. 2000\",\n \"offset_start\": 64,\n \"offset_end\": 84\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b28\",\n \"text\": \"(Pancino et al. , 2003))\",\n \"offset_start\": 84,\n \"offset_end\": 108\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro et al. (2000, hereafter F00)\",\n \"offset_start\": 178,\n \"offset_end\": 214\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab6a0c61\",\n \"text\": \"A large set of J and K images were obtained at ESO, La Silla (Chile), during two observing runs (Run #1 and #2, see Table 1) at the New Technology Telescope (NTT) using the near-IR imager/spectrometer SOFI.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 722.96,\n \"height\": 249.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 734.96,\n \"height\": 249.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 746.96,\n \"height\": 249.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 141.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab6a0c61\",\n \"text\": \"The observations were secured as back-up programmes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 432.54,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 104.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 121.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab6a0c61\",\n \"text\": \"SOFI is an imager/spectrometer During Run#1, we covered the central region of the cluster with a mosaic of nine partially overlapping fields (hereafter Science fields), sampling a total area of ∼13 × 13 around the cluster center (see Fig. 1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 411.24,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 126.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 507.56,\n \"height\": 234.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 519.44,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 530.57,\n \"height\": 249.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 543.44,\n \"height\": 123.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab6a0c61\",\n \"text\": \"A set of high-S/N flatfields in each filter has been obtained with a halogen lamp, alternately switched on and off.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 183.88,\n \"width\": 543.44,\n \"height\": 122.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 555.33,\n \"height\": 249.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 567.33,\n \"height\": 83.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab6a0c61\",\n \"text\": \"For each field observed in the cluster, a corresponding sky field has also been observed (∼10 arcmin away from the cluster center) using the same instrument configuration.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 144.0,\n \"width\": 567.33,\n \"height\": 162.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 579.21,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 591.21,\n \"height\": 249.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 603.21,\n \"height\": 41.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab6a0c61\",\n \"text\": \"Each sky image was obtained as the median of at least 5 frames, shifted by some hundreds of pixels with respect to each other.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 101.71,\n \"width\": 603.21,\n \"height\": 204.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 615.09,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 627.09,\n \"height\": 55.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab6a0c61\",\n \"text\": \"The final set consists of 18 sky-subtracted and flatfield corrected images, 9 for each filter.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 115.86,\n \"width\": 627.09,\n \"height\": 190.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 639.09,\n \"height\": 168.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_990b08c0\",\n \"text\": \"During Run#2 a set of 4 additional fields (hereafter Calibration fields), entirely within the area sampled in Run#1, has been obtained for photometric calibration purposes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 651.09,\n \"height\": 234.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 663.09,\n \"height\": 249.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 675.09,\n \"height\": 230.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_990b08c0\",\n \"text\": \"The same pre-reduction procedure used for the Science fields has been also applied to the Calibration fields.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 291.02,\n \"width\": 675.09,\n \"height\": 15.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 686.97,\n \"height\": 249.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 698.97,\n \"height\": 169.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_555066bf\",\n \"text\": \"All photometric reductions were carried out using ROMAFOT (Buonanno et al. 1983).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 234.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 153.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(Buonanno et al. 1983)\",\n \"offset_start\": 58,\n \"offset_end\": 80\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_555066bf\",\n \"text\": \"The details of the reduction procedure have already been reported in previous papers (Ferraro et al. 1994(Ferraro et al. , 1995)).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 214.84,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 91.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 249.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 135.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b7\",\n \"text\": \"(Ferraro et al. 1994\",\n \"offset_start\": 85,\n \"offset_end\": 105\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b8\",\n \"text\": \"(Ferraro et al. , 1995))\",\n \"offset_start\": 105,\n \"offset_end\": 129\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_555066bf\",\n \"text\": \"We just mention here that for the IR frames we used the PSF-fitting routine specifically modified to deal with under-sampled stellar images (Buonanno & Iannicola 1988).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 197.18,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 109.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 249.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 89.37,\n \"height\": 124.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b2\",\n \"text\": \"(Buonanno & Iannicola 1988)\",\n \"offset_start\": 140,\n \"offset_end\": 167\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_555066bf\",\n \"text\": \"The source detection was performed independently on each field; more than 80 000 separate stars have been detected in total in the nine science fields observed during Run#1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 445.22,\n \"width\": 89.37,\n \"height\": 122.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 101.37,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 113.37,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 125.25,\n \"height\": 85.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observational material\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a5bffb80\",\n \"text\": \"During Run#2, a set of nine standard stars from the Persson et al. (1998) list was observed together with the 4 Calibration fields in the cluster.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 167.96,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 179.96,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 191.85,\n \"height\": 77.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b30\",\n \"text\": \"Persson et al. (1998)\",\n \"offset_start\": 52,\n \"offset_end\": 73\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a5bffb80\",\n \"text\": \"Five measurements for each standard were secured and averaged, for each filter.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 397.49,\n \"width\": 191.85,\n \"height\": 169.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 203.85,\n \"height\": 145.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a5bffb80\",\n \"text\": \"The calibrating equations linking the aperture photometry to the standard system are:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 466.15,\n \"width\": 203.85,\n \"height\": 101.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 215.73,\n \"height\": 235.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_39d29769\",\n \"text\": \"K = k + 22.30 ± 0.02 J = j + 23.03 ± 0.02\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 318.12,\n \"width\": 233.69,\n \"height\": 85.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cdb0bbc3\",\n \"text\": \"where j and k are the instrumental magnitudes, J and K the calibrated ones.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 268.29,\n \"height\": 249.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 280.29,\n \"height\": 51.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cdb0bbc3\",\n \"text\": \"The existence of a slight residual colour equation (with slope < 0.01) in both filters cannot be totally excluded.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 371.31,\n \"width\": 280.29,\n \"height\": 196.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 291.29,\n \"height\": 242.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c3fe6d5\",\n \"text\": \"The two above equations have been used to calibrate the 4 Calibration fields in ω Cen: as usual the most isolated and brightest stars in the field have been employed to link the aperture magnitudes to the fitting instrumental magnitudes, after normalizing for exposure time and correcting for airmass.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 332.76,\n \"width\": 304.17,\n \"height\": 234.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 315.17,\n \"height\": 249.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 328.05,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 340.05,\n \"height\": 249.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 351.93,\n \"height\": 238.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c3fe6d5\",\n \"text\": \"A catalog with more than 10 000 calibrated stars in the cluster has been produced that has been used to calibrate the global IR catalog, including more than 73 000 stars.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 560.07,\n \"width\": 351.93,\n \"height\": 7.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 363.93,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 375.93,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 387.81,\n \"height\": 178.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9607320\",\n \"text\": \"Our calibration was compared with the previous photometric catalogues.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 332.76,\n \"width\": 399.81,\n \"height\": 234.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 411.69,\n \"height\": 57.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9607320\",\n \"text\": \"Unfortunately, only 8 stars were found in common between the present catalog and the pioneering work by Persson et al. (1980), while no star is in common with the very deep study by Pulone et al. (1998).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 378.53,\n \"width\": 411.69,\n \"height\": 188.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 423.69,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 435.69,\n \"height\": 249.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 447.57,\n \"height\": 165.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"Persson et al. (1980)\",\n \"offset_start\": 104,\n \"offset_end\": 125\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b31\",\n \"text\": \"Pulone et al. (1998)\",\n \"offset_start\": 182,\n \"offset_end\": 202\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9607320\",\n \"text\": \"The average magnitude differences found are ∆J = 0.034 ± 0.063 and ∆K = 0.093 ± 0.079, fully consistent with there being no systematic offset between our catalog and the one by Persson et al. (1980) within the errors.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 486.23,\n \"width\": 447.57,\n \"height\": 81.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 458.69,\n \"height\": 249.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 470.69,\n \"height\": 249.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 483.45,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 495.45,\n \"height\": 69.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"Persson et al. (1980)\",\n \"offset_start\": 177,\n \"offset_end\": 198\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9607320\",\n \"text\": \"A much more significant comparison can be achieved with the 2MASS catalog1 (see also Sect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 389.53,\n \"width\": 495.45,\n \"height\": 177.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 507.32,\n \"height\": 207.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9607320\",\n \"text\": \"5), showing that our calibrated magnitudes are in very good agreement with the 2MASS photometric system (∆J = 0.00 ± 0.10 and ∆K = -0.04 ± 0.10).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 528.79,\n \"width\": 507.32,\n \"height\": 38.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 519.32,\n \"height\": 249.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 530.45,\n \"height\": 249.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 542.33,\n \"height\": 86.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Photometric calibration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8055eb28\",\n \"text\": \"The photometrically calibrated catalog has been compared with the large proper motion catalog by van Leeuwen et al. (2000), which lists accurate positions for more than 10 000 red giants in ω Cen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 585.92,\n \"height\": 249.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 597.92,\n \"height\": 249.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 609.81,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 620.93,\n \"height\": 39.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b40\",\n \"text\": \"van Leeuwen et al. (2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 97,\n \"offset_end\": 122\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8055eb28\",\n \"text\": \"We used a software package under development at the Bologna Observatory (Montegriffo et al. 2004, in preparation), specifically designed to correlate populous and crowded stellar catalogs, and to obtain precise astrometry of large fields.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 360.82,\n \"width\": 621.81,\n \"height\": 206.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 633.81,\n \"height\": 249.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 645.69,\n \"height\": 249.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 657.69,\n \"height\": 249.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(Montegriffo et al. 2004, in preparation)\",\n \"offset_start\": 72,\n \"offset_end\": 113\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8055eb28\",\n \"text\": \"We thus were able to produce coordinates in the J2000 reference frame for stars in the whole catalog, with a typical rms of 200 mas.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 669.57,\n \"height\": 249.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 681.57,\n \"height\": 249.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 693.57,\n \"height\": 35.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"The final on-line catalog format and content is illustrated in Table 2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 332.76,\n \"width\": 705.45,\n \"height\": 234.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 717.45,\n \"height\": 43.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"For each star we present, along with the star number and coordinates, the J and K magnitudes and their errors, obtained as the standard deviation from the mean of repeated Table 2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 363.87,\n \"width\": 717.45,\n \"height\": 203.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 729.45,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 741.33,\n \"height\": 249.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 370.46,\n \"height\": 30.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"A sample of the online catalog.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 60.72,\n \"width\": 370.58,\n \"height\": 115.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"Only a few entries are displayed to illustrate the catalog format and contents.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 178.82,\n \"width\": 370.58,\n \"height\": 97.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 381.62,\n \"height\": 185.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"See text for a detailed description on the measurement procedures.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 214.72,\n \"width\": 381.62,\n \"height\": 61.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 392.55,\n \"height\": 180.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"measurements: when a star was measured only once, we assigned a null error value to its magnitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 529.76,\n \"height\": 249.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 541.65,\n \"height\": 180.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 2 shows the typical photometric errors for the J and K bands, as a function of the magnitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 211.93,\n \"width\": 541.65,\n \"height\": 64.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 553.65,\n \"height\": 249.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 565.53,\n \"height\": 109.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"The mean error at the Horizontal Branch (HB) magnitude level (J 14.2, K 14) is about 0.02 mag in both bands.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 140.0,\n \"width\": 565.53,\n \"height\": 136.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 577.53,\n \"height\": 134.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 179.88,\n \"width\": 577.53,\n \"height\": 28.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 226.44,\n \"width\": 577.53,\n \"height\": 50.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 589.53,\n \"height\": 96.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e727412f\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 3 presents the (K, J -K) color Magnitude Diagram (CMD) obtained from the final IR catalog.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 125.87,\n \"width\": 588.65,\n \"height\": 150.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 601.41,\n \"height\": 249.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_37cbd63b\",\n \"text\": \"Id J K σ J σ K RA Dec (mag) (mag) (mag) (mag) (deg)(deg\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 33.24,\n \"width\": 417.68,\n \"height\": 218.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\",\n \"label\": \"(deg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_009044bd\",\n \"text\": \"The IR catalog has also been correlated with the partially published wide field optical catalog by Pancino et al. (2000Pancino et al. ( , 2003)).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 42.12,\n \"width\": 615.09,\n \"height\": 234.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 627.09,\n \"height\": 249.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 638.97,\n \"height\": 25.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. (2000\",\n \"offset_start\": 99,\n \"offset_end\": 119\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b28\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. ( , 2003))\",\n \"offset_start\": 119,\n \"offset_end\": 144\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_009044bd\",\n \"text\": \"A final multi-wavelength catalog (B, V, I, J and K) has been obtained and will be used throughout the paper.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 55.34,\n \"width\": 638.97,\n \"height\": 221.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 650.97,\n \"height\": 221.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_009044bd\",\n \"text\": \"As an example of combined optical-infrared CMD, Fig. 4 shows the (K, B -K) CMD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 252.34,\n \"width\": 650.97,\n \"height\": 24.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 662.97,\n \"height\": 249.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 673.97,\n \"height\": 69.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Astrometry and resulting catalog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb7e0568\",\n \"text\": \"The main features of the CMDs presented in Figs. 3 and4 are listed below:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 718.16,\n \"height\": 249.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 730.16,\n \"height\": 51.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Colour magnitude diagrams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dc3d0970\",\n \"text\": \"1. the CMDs sample the entire evolved populations in the cluster, reaching the TO region (K ∼ 17); 2. the complex structure of the RGB in ω Cen is clearly visible, starting from the blue side, where the dominant metalpoor population defines the main RGB (RGB-MP); 3. the anomalous RGB (RGB-a, as defined by Pancino et al. 2000), is clearly visible as a well separated population at the extreme red side of the main RGB structure, having K < 13 and (J -K) > 0.6 (see Fig. 3) and (B-K) > 3.4 (see Fig. 4); 4. an intermediate RGB component (RGB-MInt), which uniformly populates the CMD region between the RGB-MP and the RGB-a, can also be easily noticed; 5. the AGB stars appear well separated from the RGB in both CMDs; 6. the HB is well defined ((B -K) < 2); in particular, a significant population of under-luminous HB stars The dominant RGB-MP component is extremely well populated, allowing a robust measurement of the RGB-tip (Bellazzini et al. 2004, in preparation) and the RGB bump position.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 29.64,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 247.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 42.12,\n \"width\": 769.97,\n \"height\": 164.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 290.4,\n \"width\": 614.57,\n \"height\": 247.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 627.33,\n \"height\": 234.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 639.33,\n \"height\": 204.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 290.4,\n \"width\": 651.33,\n \"height\": 247.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 663.21,\n \"height\": 234.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 674.33,\n \"height\": 234.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 686.33,\n \"height\": 234.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 290.4,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 247.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 234.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 169.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 290.4,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 247.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 49.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 290.4,\n \"width\": 757.97,\n \"height\": 247.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 234.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 396.09,\n \"height\": 249.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 408.09,\n \"height\": 249.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 419.97,\n \"height\": 249.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 431.97,\n \"height\": 24.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. 2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 307,\n \"offset_end\": 327\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(Bellazzini et al. 2004, in preparation)\",\n \"offset_start\": 929,\n \"offset_end\": 969\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Colour magnitude diagrams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dc3d0970\",\n \"text\": \"In the following, we will discuss the photometric properties and the evolutionary features of the two best defined RGB populations: the RGB-MP and the RGB-a, since the intermediate population is spread within these two extremes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 84.47,\n \"width\": 431.97,\n \"height\": 222.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 443.85,\n \"height\": 249.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 455.85,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 467.85,\n \"height\": 234.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Colour magnitude diagrams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6882f874\",\n \"text\": \"The first step to study the photometric properties of the two populations is the determination of the mean ridge lines.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 519.32,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 531.21,\n \"height\": 224.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6882f874\",\n \"text\": \"To do this, we applied the standard procedure, already described in Ferraro at al. (1999Ferraro at al. ( , 2000)).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 283.79,\n \"width\": 531.21,\n \"height\": 22.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 543.21,\n \"height\": 249.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 555.09,\n \"height\": 107.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro at al. (1999\",\n \"offset_start\": 68,\n \"offset_end\": 88\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro at al. ( , 2000))\",\n \"offset_start\": 88,\n \"offset_end\": 113\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8649b470\",\n \"text\": \"As usual, a first selection was made by eye.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 567.57,\n \"height\": 186.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8649b470\",\n \"text\": \"In particular, in the case of RGB-MP, we took special care in excluding HB and AGB stars, which are easily identified from the high quality CMDs shown in Figs. 3 and4.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 263.1,\n \"width\": 567.57,\n \"height\": 43.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 579.57,\n \"height\": 249.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 591.57,\n \"height\": 249.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 603.45,\n \"height\": 180.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8649b470\",\n \"text\": \"The selection of the RGB samples could in principle be disturbed by the presence of the RGB-MInt stars.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 240.43,\n \"width\": 603.45,\n \"height\": 66.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 615.45,\n \"height\": 249.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 627.33,\n \"height\": 117.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8649b470\",\n \"text\": \"However, RGB-a stars are well separated from the remaining populations when selected from the optical-infrared CMD of Fig. 4. The contamination of the RGB-MP population from the RGB-MInt stars can be quantified to be <10%, with negligible impact on the ridge line determination of the former.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 178.26,\n \"width\": 627.33,\n \"height\": 128.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 639.33,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 651.33,\n \"height\": 249.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 663.21,\n \"height\": 249.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 674.33,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 687.21,\n \"height\": 106.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8649b470\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 5 shows the adopted selection boxes for the RGBs of the different populations.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 166.43,\n \"width\": 687.21,\n \"height\": 140.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 212.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8649b470\",\n \"text\": \"We used a low-order polynomial to fit the selected stars and an iterative procedure to automatically reject stars lying more than 2σ away from the best-fit line.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 272.42,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 34.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 111.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8649b470\",\n \"text\": \"The iteration was continued until convergence to a stable fit was obtained.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 171.4,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 135.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 167.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8649b470\",\n \"text\": \"The resulting mean ridge lines in various planes are reported in To convert the derived RGB mean ridge lines to the absolute M K , (J -K) 0 and M K , (V -K) 0 planes and to measure the photometric indices and morphology parameters defined by F00 (see Sect. 4), we need to make some basic assumptions for the metallicity, reddening and distance for the subpopulations of ω Cen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 227.45,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 79.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 180.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 332.76,\n \"width\": 541.88,\n \"height\": 234.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 553.88,\n \"height\": 32.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 351.24,\n \"width\": 553.01,\n \"height\": 76.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 428.64,\n \"width\": 553.01,\n \"height\": 138.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 565.77,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 577.77,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 589.77,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 600.77,\n \"height\": 87.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB fiducial lines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a91f8123\",\n \"text\": \"For the dominant metal-poor (RGB-MP) population we adopted the metallicity obtained by the most extensive spectroscopic survey performed in ω Cen by Norris et al. (1996), who provided a peak value of [Ca/H] = -1.4\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 651.32,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 663.21,\n \"height\": 249.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 674.33,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 686.33,\n \"height\": 161.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"Norris et al. (1996)\",\n \"offset_start\": 149,\n \"offset_end\": 169\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a91f8123\",\n \"text\": \"± 0.1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 481.68,\n \"width\": 686.33,\n \"height\": 23.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a91f8123\",\n \"text\": \"Using the stars in our sample which have both [Ca/H] from Norris et al. (1996) and [Fe/H] abundances from Suntzeff & Kraft (1996), we translated the [Ca/H] peak assumed above into [Fe/H] ∼ -1.6 ± 0.1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 507.83,\n \"width\": 687.21,\n \"height\": 59.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 249.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 722.09,\n \"height\": 249.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"Norris et al. (1996)\",\n \"offset_start\": 58,\n \"offset_end\": 78\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b38\",\n \"text\": \"Suntzeff & Kraft (1996)\",\n \"offset_start\": 106,\n \"offset_end\": 129\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a91f8123\",\n \"text\": \"Both high-resolution optical spectra (Pancino et al. 2002) and medium-resolution IR spectra (Origlia et al. 2003) suggest a significantly higher metallicity for the anomalous (RGB-a) population, [Fe/H] = -0.6 ± 0.15.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 249.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 249.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 769.97,\n \"height\": 137.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"(Pancino et al. 2002\",\n \"offset_start\": 37,\n \"offset_end\": 57\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b25\",\n \"text\": \"(Origlia et al. 2003\",\n \"offset_start\": 92,\n \"offset_end\": 112\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a91f8123\",\n \"text\": \"Straniero & Chieffi (1991) and Salaris et al. (1993) showed that, when computing the isochrones of Population II stars, the contribution of the α-element enhancement can be taken into account by simply rescaling standard models to the global metallicity [M/H], according to the following relation\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 42.12,\n \"width\": 465.2,\n \"height\": 234.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 477.09,\n \"height\": 249.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 488.21,\n \"height\": 249.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 501.09,\n \"height\": 249.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 512.97,\n \"height\": 213.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b36\",\n \"text\": \"Straniero & Chieffi (1991)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 26\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b33\",\n \"text\": \"Salaris et al. (1993)\",\n \"offset_start\": 31,\n \"offset_end\": 52\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_fc093115\",\n \"text\": \"[M/H] = [Fe/H] + log 10 (0.638 f α + 0.362)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 533.09,\n \"height\": 171.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_da42d88b\",\n \"text\": \"where f α is the enhancement factor for the α-elements.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 553.73,\n \"height\": 249.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_da42d88b\",\n \"text\": \"We assumed [α/Fe] +0.3 for the RGB-MP (Norris & Da Costa 1995;Smith et al. 2000) and a lower enhancement [α/Fe] +0.1 for the RGB-a, following Pancino et al. (2002) and Origlia et al. (2003).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 566.6,\n \"height\": 84.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 133.56,\n \"width\": 565.73,\n \"height\": 143.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 578.49,\n \"height\": 249.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 589.61,\n \"height\": 249.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 602.49,\n \"height\": 96.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b22\",\n \"text\": \"(Norris & Da Costa 1995;\",\n \"offset_start\": 38,\n \"offset_end\": 62\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"Smith et al. 2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 62,\n \"offset_end\": 80\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 142,\n \"offset_end\": 163\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b25\",\n \"text\": \"Origlia et al. (2003)\",\n \"offset_start\": 168,\n \"offset_end\": 189\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_da42d88b\",\n \"text\": \"Thus, we obtained a global metallicity of [M/H] = -1.39 ± 0.10 and [M/H] = -0.53\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 126.06,\n \"width\": 602.49,\n \"height\": 150.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 613.49,\n \"height\": 190.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_da42d88b\",\n \"text\": \"± 0.21 for the RGB-MP and the RGB-a, respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 220.32,\n \"width\": 613.49,\n \"height\": 56.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 626.37,\n \"height\": 155.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Metallicity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_61c612f2\",\n \"text\": \"To convert the fiducial ridge lines into the absolute plane, we need to assume a distance modulus and a reddening correction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 675.2,\n \"height\": 249.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 687.2,\n \"height\": 249.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 30.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"ZAHB level\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_61c612f2\",\n \"text\": \"In the following, we adopt the distance scale presented by Ferraro et al. (1999), which is based on the comparison between the actual level of the Zero Age Horizontal Branch (ZAHB) and the theoretical models computed by Straniero et al. (1997).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 62.18,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 214.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 249.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 249.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 249.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 119.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro et al. (1999)\",\n \"offset_start\": 59,\n \"offset_end\": 80\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b37\",\n \"text\": \"Straniero et al. (1997)\",\n \"offset_start\": 220,\n \"offset_end\": 243\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"ZAHB level\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_61c612f2\",\n \"text\": \"Using the optical photometric catalog partially published by Pancino et al. (2000) and following the prescriptions of Ferraro et al. (1999), we obtain for ω Cen V ZAHB = 14.55 ± 0.09.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 152.65,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 124.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 249.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 391.01,\n \"height\": 107.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 398.28,\n \"width\": 391.01,\n \"height\": 62.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. (2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 61,\n \"offset_end\": 82\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro et al. (1999)\",\n \"offset_start\": 118,\n \"offset_end\": 139\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"ZAHB level\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_61c612f2\",\n \"text\": \"Assuming a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -1.6 for the main population (see above) and following Eq.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 462.7,\n \"width\": 391.88,\n \"height\": 74.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 403.01,\n \"height\": 249.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 415.77,\n \"height\": 76.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"ZAHB level\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_61c612f2\",\n \"text\": \"( 4) of Ferraro et al. (1999), we obtain M ZAHB V = 0.56 ± 0.09.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 369.82,\n \"width\": 415.77,\n \"height\": 167.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.48,\n \"width\": 427.85,\n \"height\": 8.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 297.12,\n \"width\": 426.14,\n \"height\": 19.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 296.76,\n \"width\": 432.93,\n \"height\": 4.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 319.44,\n \"width\": 426.89,\n \"height\": 57.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"Ferraro et al. (1999)\",\n \"offset_start\": 8,\n \"offset_end\": 29\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"ZAHB level\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_61c612f2\",\n \"text\": \"Adopting E(B -V) = 0.11 ± 0.01 (Lub 2002), the distance modulus finally turns out to be (m -M) 0 = 13.65 ± 0.13, in nice agreement with the most recent determinations by Thompson et al. (2001) and Caputo et al. (2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 379.32,\n \"width\": 426.89,\n \"height\": 158.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 438.89,\n \"height\": 239.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 531.12,\n \"width\": 438.89,\n \"height\": 6.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 450.77,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 463.65,\n \"height\": 238.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b20\",\n \"text\": \"(Lub 2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 31,\n \"offset_end\": 41\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b39\",\n \"text\": \"Thompson et al. (2001)\",\n \"offset_start\": 170,\n \"offset_end\": 192\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b3\",\n \"text\": \"Caputo et al. (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 197,\n \"offset_end\": 217\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"ZAHB level\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_16a7229c\",\n \"text\": \"The ridge lines of Tables 3 and4 have been transformed to the absolute planes M K , (J -K) 0 and M K ,(V -K) 0 , using the distance modulus and the reddening discussed above, and assuming A J = 0.87 E(B -V) and A K = 0.38 E(B -V) extinction coefficients in the J and K bands, respectively (Savage & Mathis 1979).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 516.2,\n \"height\": 249.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 527.33,\n \"height\": 249.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 540.2,\n \"height\": 249.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 552.09,\n \"height\": 42.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 334.44,\n \"width\": 551.21,\n \"height\": 99.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 438.6,\n \"width\": 551.21,\n \"height\": 98.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 564.08,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 576.08,\n \"height\": 55.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b34\",\n \"text\": \"(Savage & Mathis 1979)\",\n \"offset_start\": 289,\n \"offset_end\": 311\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison with the F00 sample\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_16a7229c\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 6 compares the ridge lines of ω Cen with the lines of a few globular clusters belonging to the sample presented by F00.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 346.2,\n \"width\": 575.21,\n \"height\": 191.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 587.97,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 599.97,\n \"height\": 58.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison with the F00 sample\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7ede3e94\",\n \"text\": \"In both planes the RGB-MP ridge line is located between the metal-poor clusters M 68 ([Fe/H] ∼ -1.99) and M 4 ([Fe/H] ∼ -1.19), close to M 55 ([Fe/H] ∼ -1.61) as expected, given its metallicity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 302.88,\n \"width\": 614.01,\n \"height\": 234.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 625.13,\n \"height\": 249.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 637.01,\n \"height\": 249.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 649.89,\n \"height\": 111.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison with the F00 sample\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7ede3e94\",\n \"text\": \"The RGB-a is located between the metal-rich clusters 47 Tuc ([Fe/H] ∼ -0.7) and NGC 6528 ([Fe/H] ∼ -0.38), in good agreement with the spectroscopic constraints.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 401.27,\n \"width\": 649.89,\n \"height\": 136.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 661.01,\n \"height\": 249.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 672.89,\n \"height\": 249.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 685.77,\n \"height\": 45.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Comparison with the F00 sample\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf0a4eea\",\n \"text\": \"In order to quantitatively describe the morphology and properties of the RGBs of the different populations in ω Cen, we measured the full set of photometric parameters defined by F00.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 746.96,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 757.97,\n \"height\": 249.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 238.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf0a4eea\",\n \"text\": \"Table 5. Inferred (J -K) 0 RGB colors at fixed magnitudes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 348.68,\n \"height\": 213.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_dec9e7d1\",\n \"text\": \"(J -K) -5.5 0 (J -K) -5 0 (J -K) -4 0 (J -K) -3\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 109.92,\n \"width\": 373.6,\n \"height\": 183.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_20fb614a\",\n \"text\": \"0 RGB-MP 0.81 ± 0.02 0.77 ± 0.02 0.69 ± 0.02 0.64 ± 0.02 RGB-a 1.10 ± 0.03 1.02 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.04 0.79 ± 0.03 Table 6.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 286.56,\n \"width\": 380.24,\n \"height\": 2.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 66.48,\n \"width\": 392.0,\n \"height\": 230.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 71.04,\n \"width\": 402.92,\n \"height\": 226.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 431.54,\n \"height\": 30.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_20fb614a\",\n \"text\": \"Inferred (V -K) 0 RGB colors at fixed magnitudes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 89.4,\n \"width\": 430.88,\n \"height\": 182.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_851058b0\",\n \"text\": \"(V -K) -5.5 0 (V -K) -5 0 (V -K) -4 0 (V -K) -3\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 109.2,\n \"width\": 455.92,\n \"height\": 184.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_745c2e59\",\n \"text\": \"0 RGB-MP 3.24 ± 0.03 3.03 ± 0.03 2.69 ± 0.03 2.44 ± 0.03 RGB-a 4.19 ± 0.21 3.83 ± 0.20 3.27 ± 0.09 2.87 ± 0.08\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 287.16,\n \"width\": 462.44,\n \"height\": 2.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 66.48,\n \"width\": 474.2,\n \"height\": 230.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 71.04,\n \"width\": 485.24,\n \"height\": 226.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ba58bd2\",\n \"text\": \"The main RGB observables measured in the IR CMDs are the following:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 518.12,\n \"height\": 234.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 530.12,\n \"height\": 56.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7fa2ae90\",\n \"text\": \"the RGB (J -K) 0 and (V -K) 0 colors at different magnitude levels; the RGB M K magnitude at fixed colors; the RGB slope.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 62.04,\n \"width\": 547.97,\n \"height\": 73.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 135.96,\n \"width\": 547.97,\n \"height\": 51.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 187.08,\n \"width\": 548.84,\n \"height\": 119.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 560.84,\n \"height\": 25.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 62.04,\n \"width\": 572.59,\n \"height\": 168.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 62.04,\n \"width\": 584.59,\n \"height\": 71.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_053f76a5\",\n \"text\": \"In Tables 5 and6, the inferred (J -K) 0 and (V -K) 0 colors at fixed M K magnitudes are listed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 602.57,\n \"height\": 249.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 615.44,\n \"height\": 127.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_053f76a5\",\n \"text\": \"Our results are in good agreement with the empirical relations proposed by F00 in both colors and magnitudes, the (J -K) 0 colors of the RGB-a ridge line being only slightly redder than predicted, but still within the overall uncertainties.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 186.8,\n \"width\": 615.44,\n \"height\": 119.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 627.33,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 638.45,\n \"height\": 249.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 651.32,\n \"height\": 249.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 663.21,\n \"height\": 98.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0722405a\",\n \"text\": \"Following F00, we also measured the absolute M K magnitude at (V-K) 0 = 3 and (J-K) 0 = 0.7.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 675.2,\n \"height\": 234.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 687.2,\n \"height\": 59.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 119.52,\n \"width\": 686.33,\n \"height\": 61.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 184.56,\n \"width\": 686.33,\n \"height\": 24.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0722405a\",\n \"text\": \"In Fig. 9 the dependence of these two parameters on global metallicity is shown; the measurements taken on the RGB-MP and RGB-a mean lines of ω Cen are overplotted as solid symbols.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 210.59,\n \"width\": 687.2,\n \"height\": 96.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 249.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 249.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 722.09,\n \"height\": 167.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0722405a\",\n \"text\": \"At (V -K) 0 = 3, we observe a nice agreement between the magnitudes measured for both the RGB-MP and RGB-a populations and the relations proposed by F00.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 227.04,\n \"width\": 722.09,\n \"height\": 45.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 276.0,\n \"width\": 722.09,\n \"height\": 30.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 734.96,\n \"height\": 249.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 746.96,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 71.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0722405a\",\n \"text\": \"At (J -K) 0 = 0.7, the absolute M K magnitudes observed for the two RGB populations of ω Cen are instead clearly underestimated.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 132.11,\n \"width\": 757.97,\n \"height\": 48.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 186.0,\n \"width\": 757.97,\n \"height\": 120.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 769.97,\n \"height\": 249.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 639.08,\n \"height\": 124.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0722405a\",\n \"text\": \"This discrepancy can be due to uncertaintes in the reddening assumptions: in fact errors of a few hundredths of a magnitude produce uncertainties of about 0.2-0.3 in K, depending on the RGB region intercepted.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 444.17,\n \"width\": 639.08,\n \"height\": 123.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 651.08,\n \"height\": 249.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 662.97,\n \"height\": 249.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 674.97,\n \"height\": 225.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e6294dfc\",\n \"text\": \"To further describe the properties of the RGBs of ω Cen, we have measured the RGB slope, adopting the technique described by Kuchinski et al. (1995) and using the RGB samples described in Sect. 3 and shown in Fig. 5. Following the prescriptions by Kuchinski et al. (1995), only the brightest portion of the RGB (∼1 mag above the HB level) has been considered in the fit.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 332.76,\n \"width\": 686.33,\n \"height\": 234.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 249.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 249.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 34.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b17\",\n \"text\": \"Kuchinski et al. (1995)\",\n \"offset_start\": 125,\n \"offset_end\": 148\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b17\",\n \"text\": \"Kuchinski et al. (1995)\",\n \"offset_start\": 248,\n \"offset_end\": 271\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e6294dfc\",\n \"text\": \"As already emphasized by F00, although linear fits are not the best representation of the RGB shape, the measurement Table 7. RGB magnitudes and slopes for the RGB-MP and RGB-a of ω Cen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 354.36,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 212.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 249.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 376.58,\n \"height\": 249.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 386.96,\n \"height\": 25.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_3e4de3df\",\n \"text\": \"M (J-K) 0 = 0.7 K M (V-K) 0 = 3 K Slope RGB\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 92.04,\n \"width\": 409.6,\n \"height\": 157.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d7755c95\",\n \"text\": \"RGB-MP -4.00 ± 0.14 -4.93 ± 0.14 -0.050 ± 0.003 RGB-a -2.07 ± 0.16 -3.34 ± 0.24 -0.093 ± 0.006 of the RGB slope is still important since it represents a distance and reddening independent parameter to describe the RGB morphology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 42.12,\n \"width\": 429.2,\n \"height\": 219.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 46.56,\n \"width\": 440.9,\n \"height\": 25.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 88.44,\n \"width\": 440.12,\n \"height\": 173.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 500.84,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 512.73,\n \"height\": 249.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 524.73,\n \"height\": 75.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d7755c95\",\n \"text\": \"The inferred slopes for the RGB-MP and the RGB-a are consistent, within the uncertainties, with those of clusters of similar metal content (see Fig. 10).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 105.67,\n \"width\": 524.73,\n \"height\": 171.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 536.61,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 548.61,\n \"height\": 196.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d7755c95\",\n \"text\": \"The adopted absolute M K magnitudes at (V -K) 0 = 3 and (J -K) 0 = 0.7 and the slopes of the RGB for the two main populations of ω Cen are listed in Table 7.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 226.68,\n \"width\": 548.61,\n \"height\": 50.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 559.73,\n \"height\": 138.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 165.36,\n \"width\": 564.02,\n \"height\": 3.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 171.84,\n \"width\": 559.73,\n \"height\": 60.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 231.96,\n \"width\": 564.02,\n \"height\": 3.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 238.56,\n \"width\": 559.73,\n \"height\": 38.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 571.61,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 584.49,\n \"height\": 80.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"RGB colors and morphology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0dca73ac\",\n \"text\": \"The transformation of the RGB observed colors and magnitudes onto the theoretical plane (M Bol , log T e ) has been performed using the bolometric corrections and temperature scale for Population II giants computed by Montegriffo et al. (1998).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 639.32,\n \"height\": 249.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 651.32,\n \"height\": 249.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 663.21,\n \"height\": 249.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 675.21,\n \"height\": 249.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"Montegriffo et al. (1998)\",\n \"offset_start\": 218,\n \"offset_end\": 243\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The theoretical plane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_efd699f0\",\n \"text\": \"In Fig. 11 the fiducial lines for the two populations of ω Cen are compared to a sample of GGCs from F00 in the theoretical plane.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 686.33,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 249.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 24.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The theoretical plane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_efd699f0\",\n \"text\": \"From this diagram, we can easily derive the RGB effective temperature at a given bolometric magnitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 54.93,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 221.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 209.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The theoretical plane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_efd699f0\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 12 shows the effective temperature at M Bol = -3 as a function of metallicity for the RGB-MP, the RGB-a and for the sample of clusters of F00.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 238.32,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 38.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 158.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 189.72,\n \"width\": 734.09,\n \"height\": 86.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 746.96,\n \"height\": 249.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 63.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The theoretical plane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_efd699f0\",\n \"text\": \"We find a good consistency between the data and the empirical relation of F00.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 93.32,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 183.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 133.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The theoretical plane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_58c25d92\",\n \"text\": \"To enlarge our sample, both in size and in covered area, we correlated our catalog with that obtained in the external region of the cluster by the 2MASS survey, which extends to a very wide area of 3 • × 2 • .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 663.2,\n \"height\": 249.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 675.2,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 687.2,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 35.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 323.28,\n \"width\": 696.85,\n \"height\": 3.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 329.52,\n \"width\": 698.21,\n \"height\": 13.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 343.32,\n \"width\": 696.85,\n \"height\": 3.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 347.16,\n \"width\": 699.08,\n \"height\": 2.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_58c25d92\",\n \"text\": \"Using 1419 common stars, we verified the absence of any significant magnitude offset (see Sect. 2), and then constructed an extended catalog where our magnitudes were maintained in the overlapping regions, while in the outer regions (r > 6 ) the 2MASS catalog objects were added.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 352.44,\n \"width\": 699.08,\n \"height\": 185.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 711.08,\n \"height\": 249.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 249.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 249.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 746.09,\n \"height\": 215.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_58c25d92\",\n \"text\": \"We thus obtained J and K magnitudes for a global sample of more than 120 000 stars which allowed us to identify with good accuracy The slope variation and the RGB bump location have been marked.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 505.5,\n \"width\": 746.96,\n \"height\": 32.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 339.86,\n \"height\": 249.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_58c25d92\",\n \"text\": \"The contribution of the redder part of the RGB (dotted line) and of the bluer part (dashed line) to the bump is also shown in the small panel.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 350.78,\n \"height\": 249.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 361.71,\n \"height\": 246.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_61764862\",\n \"text\": \"one of the most subtle features along the RGB: the RGB bump (Iben 1968).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 395.24,\n \"height\": 249.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 407.24,\n \"height\": 49.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b18\",\n \"text\": \"(Iben 1968\",\n \"offset_start\": 60,\n \"offset_end\": 70\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d55e625c\",\n \"text\": \"The identification of the RGB bump is not an easy task because of the need of large observational samples (Crocker & Rood 1984;Fusi Pecci et al. 1990).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 419.72,\n \"height\": 234.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 431.72,\n \"height\": 249.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 443.61,\n \"height\": 145.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b4\",\n \"text\": \"(Crocker & Rood 1984;\",\n \"offset_start\": 106,\n \"offset_end\": 127\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"Fusi Pecci et al. 1990\",\n \"offset_start\": 127,\n \"offset_end\": 149\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d55e625c\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, since in metal poor clusters the RGB bump occurs at brighter luminosities, in a region that is intrinsically poorly populated, its identification is even more difficult.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 205.27,\n \"width\": 443.61,\n \"height\": 101.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 455.61,\n \"height\": 249.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 467.49,\n \"height\": 249.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 479.49,\n \"height\": 125.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d55e625c\",\n \"text\": \"To correctly locate the bump we used both the cumulative and differential RGB luminosity functions (LF), by detecting the slope variation in the former and identifying the corresponding peak in the latter (Fusi Pecci et al. 1990).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 186.15,\n \"width\": 479.49,\n \"height\": 120.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 491.49,\n \"height\": 249.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 503.37,\n \"height\": 249.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 515.37,\n \"height\": 249.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 527.37,\n \"height\": 49.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"(Fusi Pecci et al. 1990\",\n \"offset_start\": 205,\n \"offset_end\": 228\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d55e625c\",\n \"text\": \"We identified the RGB-MP bump with good accuracy both in the K-band and in the V-band (using the optical catalogue of Pancino et al. 2000) at the observed magnitudes V Bump = 14.40 ± 0.05 and K Bump = 11.76 ± 0.05.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 109.66,\n \"width\": 527.37,\n \"height\": 196.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 539.25,\n \"height\": 249.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 551.25,\n \"height\": 249.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 563.13,\n \"height\": 56.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 119.64,\n \"width\": 562.25,\n \"height\": 112.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 238.44,\n \"width\": 562.25,\n \"height\": 68.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"Pancino et al. 2000)\",\n \"offset_start\": 118,\n \"offset_end\": 138\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d55e625c\",\n \"text\": \"The absolute values turn out to be M Bump V = 0.41 ± 0.14 and M Bump K = -1.93 ± 0.14, with the adopted distance modulus and reddening corrections.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 576.93,\n \"height\": 151.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 209.28,\n \"width\": 573.86,\n \"height\": 17.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 208.92,\n \"width\": 582.21,\n \"height\": 4.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 231.24,\n \"width\": 576.05,\n \"height\": 75.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.48,\n \"width\": 591.05,\n \"height\": 8.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 66.12,\n \"width\": 587.9,\n \"height\": 17.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 65.88,\n \"width\": 596.25,\n \"height\": 4.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 86.52,\n \"width\": 590.09,\n \"height\": 220.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 602.96,\n \"height\": 89.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_69439d17\",\n \"text\": \"Our detection of the RGB bump is illustrated in Fig. 13, where the LF of the RGB-MP in the K band is shown as a smoothed histogram.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 615.44,\n \"height\": 234.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 627.33,\n \"height\": 249.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 639.33,\n \"height\": 84.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_69439d17\",\n \"text\": \"In Fig. 14 the absolute K magnitude of the bump is compared with the empirical F00 relation and with the theoretical models by Straniero et al. (1997).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 145.11,\n \"width\": 639.33,\n \"height\": 161.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 651.33,\n \"height\": 249.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 663.21,\n \"height\": 196.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b37\",\n \"text\": \"Straniero et al. (1997)\",\n \"offset_start\": 127,\n \"offset_end\": 150\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_69439d17\",\n \"text\": \"The location of the RGB-MP bump is in reasonable agreement with the predictions of both relations.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 255.97,\n \"width\": 663.21,\n \"height\": 50.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 675.21,\n \"height\": 249.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 687.21,\n \"height\": 103.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_69439d17\",\n \"text\": \"However, the shape of the bump on the differential LF appears widened, as can be expected due to a possible residual contamination of RGB-MInt stars in our RGB-MP sample.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 163.2,\n \"width\": 687.21,\n \"height\": 143.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 699.09,\n \"height\": 249.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 711.09,\n \"height\": 249.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 71.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_69439d17\",\n \"text\": \"To test this hypothesis, we have compared in Fig. 13 the position of the RGB-MP bump with the bump position computed for the blue side of the RGB-MP and the red side of the RGB-MP, separately.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 130.44,\n \"width\": 722.97,\n \"height\": 176.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 734.97,\n \"height\": 249.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 746.97,\n \"height\": 249.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 109.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_69439d17\",\n \"text\": \"As expected, the red side bump appears shifted to fainter magnitudes while the blue side bump appears less widened and slightly shifted towards brighter magnitudes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 168.28,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 138.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 770.85,\n \"height\": 249.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 434.0,\n \"height\": 249.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 445.89,\n \"height\": 31.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_69439d17\",\n \"text\": \"The presence of multiple bumps at different magnitudes for different sub-samples of the RGB has been shown also by Rey et al. (2004, see their Fig. 10), in agreement with what is found here.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 352.95,\n \"width\": 445.89,\n \"height\": 214.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 457.89,\n \"height\": 249.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 469.89,\n \"height\": 249.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 481.77,\n \"height\": 76.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Rey et al. (2004, see their Fig. 10\",\n \"offset_start\": 115,\n \"offset_end\": 150\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The RGB bump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48a78e88\",\n \"text\": \"We presented an extensive near IR, J and K catalog of stars in the giant globular cluster ω Cen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 530.48,\n \"height\": 249.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 541.61,\n \"height\": 132.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48a78e88\",\n \"text\": \"More than 73 000 stars have been measured allowing an accurate photometric characterization of the RGB.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 453.11,\n \"width\": 542.48,\n \"height\": 114.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 554.37,\n \"height\": 249.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 566.37,\n \"height\": 69.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48a78e88\",\n \"text\": \"In particular, the colors at different magnitude levels, the magnitude at different colors, the RGB slope and the RGB bump position have been measured, scaled to the absolute plane and compared to similar features measured in clusters with different metallicities by F00.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 391.3,\n \"width\": 566.37,\n \"height\": 176.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 578.25,\n \"height\": 249.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 590.25,\n \"height\": 249.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 602.25,\n \"height\": 249.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 614.13,\n \"height\": 168.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_48a78e88\",\n \"text\": \"The agreement with the F00 relations is quite good, and the photometric properties of the newly discovered anomalous RGB (RGB-a) consistently reflect the high metal content of this sub-population found by previous spectroscopic work.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 488.58,\n \"width\": 614.13,\n \"height\": 78.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 626.13,\n \"height\": 249.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 638.13,\n \"height\": 249.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 650.01,\n \"height\": 249.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 662.01,\n \"height\": 116.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c8c78c84\",\n \"text\": \"founded by the National Aeronautics, the Space Administration and the National Science Foundation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 90.02,\n \"height\": 249.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 27.12,\n \"width\": 101.06,\n \"height\": 119.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dbd41ac9\",\n \"text\": \"Acknowledgements.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 683.86,\n \"height\": 70.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dbd41ac9\",\n \"text\": \"We warmly thank Paolo Montegriffo for assistance during the catalogs cross-correlation and astrometric calibration procedure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 393.48,\n \"width\": 683.78,\n \"height\": 173.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 694.82,\n \"height\": 249.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 705.74,\n \"height\": 55.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dbd41ac9\",\n \"text\": \"We also thank Katia Cunha, the referee of our paper, for her precious comments and suggestions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 377.04,\n \"width\": 705.74,\n \"height\": 190.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 716.66,\n \"height\": 171.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dbd41ac9\",\n \"text\": \"The financial support of the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Ministero della Istruzione e della Ricerca Universitaria is kindly acknowledged.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 491.49,\n \"width\": 716.66,\n \"height\": 75.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 727.71,\n \"height\": 249.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 738.63,\n \"height\": 187.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dbd41ac9\",\n \"text\": \"This publication makes use of data product from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachussets and the Infrared Processing Data Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 508.31,\n \"width\": 738.63,\n \"height\": 58.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 749.55,\n \"height\": 249.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 760.59,\n \"height\": 249.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 317.88,\n \"width\": 771.51,\n \"height\": 249.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_0\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 1 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 1.Map of the region sampled by the IR observations.North is up, east on the left.Only stars with K < 13 have been plotted.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 2 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 2. J (panel a)) and K (panel b)) photometric errors as a function of magnitude, represented by the standard deviation from the mean of repeated measurements.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.64,\n \"width\": 86.02,\n \"height\": 232.54\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 3 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 3. (K, J -K) color magnitude diagram for ∼73 000 stars measured in ω Cen.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 300.72,\n \"width\": 86.12,\n \"height\": 223.98\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_3\",\n \"label\": \"4\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 4 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 4. The combined (K, B -K) CMD for stars detected in ω Cen.The B magnitudes are from Pancino et al. (2000).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 300.72,\n \"width\": 344.72,\n \"height\": 223.98\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_4\",\n \"label\": \"5\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 5 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 5.The zoomed CMD of the RGB region.Selection boxes for the metal poor (RGB-MP) and anomalous (RGB-a) population are shown.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 71.28,\n \"width\": 85.98,\n \"height\": 221.21\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_5\",\n \"label\": \"6\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 6 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig.6.Fiducial ridge lines in the M K , (J -K) 0 plane (panel a)) and in the M K ,(V -K) 0 plane (panel b)) for a few GGCs of F00 and for the two populations of ω Cen.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_6\",\n \"label\": \"7\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 7 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 7. RGB mean (J -K) 0 colors at different magnitudes (M K = -3, -4, -5, -5.5) as a function of global metallicity for the ten GGCs of F00 (open circles), the RGB-MP (filled circle) and the RGB-a (filled triangle).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_7\",\n \"label\": \"8\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 8 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 8. RGB mean (V -K) 0 colors at different magnitudes (M K = -3, -4, -5, -5.5) as a function of global metallicity for the ten GGCs of F00 (open circles), the RGB-MP (filled circle) and the RGB-a (filled triangle).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_8\",\n \"label\": \"9\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 9 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 9. M K at constant (J -K) 0 = 0.7 (panel a)) and (V -K) 0 = 3 (panel b)) as a function of global metallicity for the ten GGCs of F00 (open circles), the RGB-MP (filled circle) and the RGB-a (filled triangle).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_9\",\n \"label\": \"10\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 10 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 10.Metallicity scales: [Fe/H] (panel a)) and [M/H] (panel b)) as a function of the derived RGB slope for the ten GGCs of F00 (open circles), the RGB-MP (filled circle) and the RGB-a (filled triangle).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_10\",\n \"label\": \"11\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 11 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 11.RGB fiducial ridge lines in the M Bol , log T e theoretical plane for five GGCs of F00 and for the two populations of ω Cen.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_11\",\n \"label\": \"12\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 12 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 12. log T e at M Bol = -3 as a function of [Fe/H] for the ten GGCs of F00 (open circles), RGB-MP (filled circle) and the RGB-a (filled triangle).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_12\",\n \"label\": \"13\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 13 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 13.K-band cumulative (panel a)) and differential (panel b)) luminosity functions of the RGB-MP, shown as smoothed histograms.The slope variation and the RGB bump location have been marked.The contribution of the redder part of the RGB (dotted line) and of the bluer part (dashed line) to the bump is also shown in the small panel.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_13\",\n \"label\": \"14\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 14 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 14.M K at the RGB bump as a function of the metallicity [Fe/H] (panel a)) and on the global scale (panel b)) for 8 GGCs of F00 (open circles) and the RGB-MP (filled circles).The dashed line in panel b) is the theoretical prediction by Straniero et al. (1997) models at t = 16 Gyr.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_1\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"Table 1 .\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Observing logs.\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Run\",\n \"Date\",\n \"Filter\",\n \"NDIT × DIT\"\n ],\n [\n \"1\",\n \"13-14 Jan. 2000\",\n \"J\",\n \"45 × 1.2\"\n ],\n [\n \"1\",\n \"13-14 Jan. 2000\",\n \"K s\",\n \"150 × 1.2\"\n ],\n [\n \"1\",\n \"13-14 Jan. 2000\",\n \"J\",\n \"15 × 1.2\"\n ],\n [\n \"1\",\n \"13-14 Jan. 2000\",\n \"K s\",\n \"60 × 1.2\"\n ],\n [\n \"2\",\n \"30-31 Dec. 2001\",\n \"J\",\n \"60 × 1.2\"\n ],\n [\n \"2\",\n \"30-31 Dec. 2001\",\n \"K s\",\n \"120 × 1.2\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 7,\n \"column_count\": 4,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"equipped with a 1024 × 1024 Rockwell IR-array detector.All the observations presented here were performed with a scale of 0.292 /pixel, fixing a global FoV of ∼5 × 5 each field.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 346.7,\n \"height\": 249.55\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_3\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Table 3\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"(for the RGB-MP) and Table4(for the RGB-a).\",\n \"content\": null,\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 57.0,\n \"width\": 758.85,\n \"height\": 249.59\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_4\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Table 3 .\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Mean ridge line of the RGB-MP in ω Cen.\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"7.8\",\n \"0.90\",\n \"3.74\",\n \"5.24\",\n \"4.26\"\n ],\n [\n \"8.0\",\n \"0.88\",\n \"3.63\",\n \"5.09\",\n \"4.14\"\n ],\n [\n \"8.2\",\n \"0.86\",\n \"3.54\",\n \"4.96\",\n \"4.03\"\n ],\n [\n \"8.4\",\n \"0.85\",\n \"3.45\",\n \"4.82\",\n \"3.93\"\n ],\n [\n \"8.6\",\n \"0.83\",\n \"3.37\",\n \"4.70\",\n \"3.83\"\n ],\n [\n \"8.8\",\n \"0.81\",\n \"3.29\",\n \"4.58\",\n 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P. 1996, AJ, 111, 1913\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"N Suntzeff\",\n \"R Kraft\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"AJ\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1996\",\n \"year\": 1996,\n \"volume\": \"111\",\n \"pages\": \"1913\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b40\",\n \"target\": \"b39\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Thompson, I. B., Kaluzny, J., Pynch, W., et al. 2001, AJ, 121, 3089\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"I Thompson\",\n \"J Kaluzny\",\n \"W Pynch\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"AJ\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2001\",\n \"year\": 2001,\n \"volume\": \"121\",\n \"pages\": \"3089\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b41\",\n \"target\": \"b40\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"van Leeuwen, F., Le Poole, R. S., Reijns, R. A., Freeman, K. C., & de Zeeuw, P. 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\"Springer Science and Business Media LLC\",\n \"journal\": \"Journal of Food Science and Technology\",\n \"abstract\": [\n [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"Strawberries are known to be significant source of the nutraceuticals; however, rapid perishable property of this fruit is very important issue.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 91.9,\n \"width\": 271.03,\n \"height\": 197.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 283.45,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 295.92,\n \"height\": 108.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"text\": \"Up to now, extension of this fruit is still the focus of scientific and industrial interest in the worldwide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 161.69,\n \"width\": 295.92,\n \"height\": 127.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 308.39,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 320.81,\n \"height\": 44.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 2,\n \"text\": \"Therefore, of the known nutraceuticals, myrtle essential oil in this study is intended to use for extending the storage of strawberries.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 99.33,\n \"width\": 320.81,\n \"height\": 189.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 333.28,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 345.69,\n \"height\": 93.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 3,\n \"text\": \"Strawberries were individually immersed in the treatment solutions of 0.1 % myrtle oil, 0.5 % myrtle oil and then placed in Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) for 8 days at 5 °C.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 148.93,\n \"width\": 345.69,\n \"height\": 140.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 358.16,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 370.64,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 383.05,\n \"height\": 98.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 4,\n \"text\": \"The control fruits without myrtle oil treatment were also placed in MAP and stored under the same condition.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 151.43,\n \"width\": 383.05,\n \"height\": 137.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 395.52,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 408.0,\n \"height\": 39.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 5,\n \"text\": \"Treatment of myrtle oil decreased the weight and the fruit firmness loss.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 93.26,\n \"width\": 408.0,\n \"height\": 195.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 420.41,\n \"height\": 84.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 6,\n \"text\": \"Furthermore, titratable acidity (TA), pH and colour value did not display significant changes during storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 137.59,\n \"width\": 420.41,\n \"height\": 151.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 432.88,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 445.36,\n \"height\": 30.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 7,\n \"text\": \"Fluctuations were observed in the vitamin C, total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/TA content and microbial growth.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 85.21,\n \"width\": 445.36,\n \"height\": 203.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 457.77,\n \"height\": 238.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 8,\n \"text\": \"The O 2 concentration in MAP decreased from 21 % to around 15 %, whereas, CO 2 concentration varied from 6.0 to 6.9 % in the treatments by the 8th day of storage time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 470.24,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 482.72,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 495.14,\n \"height\": 183.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 9,\n \"text\": \"The delay of flesh firmness, weight loss, vitamin C loss and increasing CO 2 concentration in MAP, best sensory quality as well as limiting the growth of microbial parameters in concern was attained through the use of 0.5 % myrtle oil, suggesting that 0.5 % myrtle oil showed more pronounced activity than 0.1 % myrtle oil and control in maintaining the fruit quality and shelf life of fruits during MAP storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 237.94,\n \"width\": 495.14,\n \"height\": 51.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 507.61,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 520.08,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 532.5,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 544.97,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 557.44,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 569.86,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 582.33,\n \"height\": 130.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b44a67de\",\n \"text\": \"Fruits offer many health benefits to the mankind, which traced back to the ancient times.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 346.15,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 358.62,\n \"height\": 99.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b44a67de\",\n \"text\": \"These agricultural commodities are highly perishable properties because of their high moisture content (Sagar and Suresh Kumar 2010).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 407.56,\n \"width\": 358.62,\n \"height\": 136.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 383.51,\n \"height\": 168.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b46\",\n \"text\": \"(Sagar and Suresh Kumar 2010)\",\n \"offset_start\": 103,\n \"offset_end\": 132\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b44a67de\",\n \"text\": \"Of the delicious fruits, strawberry has a short postharvest life owing to its delicate structure and rapid deterioration.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 478.54,\n \"width\": 383.51,\n \"height\": 65.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 395.98,\n \"height\": 238.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 159.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b44a67de\",\n \"text\": \"It is mainly susceptible to physical damage, water loss, decay and physiological and microbial deterioration during storage (Bhaskara-Reddy et al. 2000;Shin et al. 2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 468.17,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 76.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 420.87,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 433.34,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 113.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"(Bhaskara-Reddy et al. 2000;\",\n \"offset_start\": 124,\n \"offset_end\": 152\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b52\",\n \"text\": \"Shin et al. 2008\",\n \"offset_start\": 152,\n \"offset_end\": 168\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b44a67de\",\n \"text\": \"To solve this problem, postharvest handling practices have been commonly used in the fruit industry, and enhancing the quality of fruit attained in the field and giving the fruit sufficient shelf life during storage and distribution (Ohlsson and Bengtsson 2000;Fallik 2008;Gil et al. 2009;Artes et al. 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 422.64,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 121.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 458.23,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 470.7,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 483.11,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 495.59,\n \"height\": 238.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 508.06,\n \"height\": 116.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b36\",\n \"text\": \"(Ohlsson and Bengtsson 2000;\",\n \"offset_start\": 233,\n \"offset_end\": 261\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b17\",\n \"text\": \"Fallik 2008;\",\n \"offset_start\": 261,\n \"offset_end\": 273\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b20\",\n \"text\": \"Gil et al. 2009;\",\n \"offset_start\": 273,\n \"offset_end\": 289\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b4\",\n \"text\": \"Artes et al. 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 289,\n \"offset_end\": 307\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_597fbe3b\",\n \"text\": \"MAP has been elevated to a new degree of importance (Yuan 2003;Fallik 2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 520.47,\n \"height\": 226.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 532.95,\n \"height\": 99.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b60\",\n \"text\": \"(Yuan 2003;\",\n \"offset_start\": 52,\n \"offset_end\": 63\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b17\",\n \"text\": \"Fallik 2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 63,\n \"offset_end\": 75\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_597fbe3b\",\n \"text\": \"MAP is known to prolong the shelf life of food products and reduce their rates of spoilage while maintaining their safety and general quality (Oorakul 2003;Floras and Matsos 2005;Park and Lee 2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 408.13,\n \"width\": 532.95,\n \"height\": 136.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 545.42,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 570.31,\n \"height\": 193.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b37\",\n \"text\": \"(Oorakul 2003;\",\n \"offset_start\": 142,\n \"offset_end\": 156\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b19\",\n \"text\": \"Floras and Matsos 2005;\",\n \"offset_start\": 156,\n \"offset_end\": 179\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b41\",\n \"text\": \"Park and Lee 2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 179,\n \"offset_end\": 197\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_597fbe3b\",\n \"text\": \"The basic principle in MAP is that a modified atmosphere can passively or actively be created by using properly permeable packaging materials.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 504.17,\n \"width\": 570.31,\n \"height\": 40.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 582.78,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 595.19,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 607.67,\n \"height\": 37.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_597fbe3b\",\n \"text\": \"The aim is to create an optimal gas balance inside the package, where the respiration activity of a product is as low as possible while ensuring that oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide levels are not detrimental to the product.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 346.67,\n \"width\": 607.67,\n \"height\": 197.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 632.55,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 220.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_597fbe3b\",\n \"text\": \"The selection of film property is very important parameter and changed from fruit to fruit.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 529.06,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 15.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 657.44,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 669.91,\n \"height\": 108.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_597fbe3b\",\n \"text\": \"Due to the complexity of food, many factors influence the type of MAP film to be used, including intrinsic food properties (pH, water activity, and composition) and extrinsic factors (temperature and relative humidity in processing and storage conditions) (Kader 1995;Perez and Sanz 2001;Yuan 2003;Siro et al. 2006;Allende et al. 2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n 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\"#b53\",\n \"text\": \"Siro et al. 2006;\",\n \"offset_start\": 298,\n \"offset_end\": 315\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b3\",\n \"text\": \"Allende et al. 2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 315,\n \"offset_end\": 335\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a34d21b3\",\n \"text\": \"In recent years, various bio-originated compounds have been the focus of scientific and industrial interest in demand for wholesome and natural fresh products (Babalar et al. 2007;Asghari and Aghdam 2010;Diaz-Mula et al. 2011;Sayyari et al. 2011;Jin et al. 2012;Ahlawat and Singh Khatkar 2011;Oz and Ulukanli 2012;Ulukanli et al. 2012;Das et al. 2012).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 226.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 171.81,\n \"height\": 49.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b7\",\n \"text\": \"(Babalar et al. 2007;\",\n \"offset_start\": 159,\n \"offset_end\": 180\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"Asghari and Aghdam 2010;\",\n \"offset_start\": 180,\n \"offset_end\": 204\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b15\",\n \"text\": \"Diaz-Mula et al. 2011;\",\n \"offset_start\": 204,\n \"offset_end\": 226\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b48\",\n \"text\": \"Sayyari et al. 2011;\",\n \"offset_start\": 226,\n \"offset_end\": 246\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b25\",\n \"text\": \"Jin et al. 2012;\",\n \"offset_start\": 246,\n \"offset_end\": 262\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"Ahlawat and Singh Khatkar 2011;\",\n \"offset_start\": 262,\n \"offset_end\": 293\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b40\",\n \"text\": \"Oz and Ulukanli 2012;\",\n \"offset_start\": 293,\n \"offset_end\": 314\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"Ulukanli et al. 2012;\",\n \"offset_start\": 314,\n \"offset_end\": 335\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"Das et al. 2012)\",\n \"offset_start\": 335,\n \"offset_end\": 351\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e7fa01b\",\n \"text\": \"Of those natural compounds, essential oils are known to be volatile, natural, complex compounds characterized by a strong odour and obtained from plant material (Burt 2004;Bakkali et al. 2008;Serrano et al. 2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 184.23,\n \"height\": 226.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 209.17,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 158.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b11\",\n \"text\": \"(Burt 2004;\",\n \"offset_start\": 161,\n \"offset_end\": 172\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b8\",\n \"text\": \"Bakkali et al. 2008;\",\n \"offset_start\": 172,\n \"offset_end\": 192\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b50\",\n \"text\": \"Serrano et al. 2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 192,\n \"offset_end\": 212\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e7fa01b\",\n \"text\": \"The use of essential oils in preserving fresh fruits has received increasing attention owing to their relatively safe status (Lanciotti et al. 2004;Yadegarinia et al. 2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 211.97,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 77.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 234.06,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 246.53,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 94.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b28\",\n \"text\": \"(Lanciotti et al. 2004;\",\n \"offset_start\": 125,\n \"offset_end\": 148\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b58\",\n \"text\": \"Yadegarinia et al. 2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 148,\n \"offset_end\": 172\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7e7fa01b\",\n \"text\": \"The combination of the crude essential oil and/or individual compounds has beneficial effects on the maintenance of the overall quality of various fruits (Serrano et al. 2005;Valero et al. 2006;Tzortzakis 2007;Martinez-Romero et al. 2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 148.13,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 141.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 271.42,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 283.89,\n \"height\": 238.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 118.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"(Serrano et al. 2005;\",\n \"offset_start\": 154,\n \"offset_end\": 175\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"Valero et al. 2006;\",\n \"offset_start\": 175,\n \"offset_end\": 194\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis 2007;\",\n \"offset_start\": 194,\n \"offset_end\": 210\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b30\",\n \"text\": \"Martinez-Romero et al. 2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 210,\n \"offset_end\": 238\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41f370d0\",\n \"text\": \"Myrtle oil is an aromatic flavour extracted from the Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae) leaves and/or fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 320.93,\n \"height\": 226.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 333.35,\n \"height\": 172.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41f370d0\",\n \"text\": \"The myrtle oils are used in food industry, in flavouring meat and sauces, in confectionary and in beverage industry (Chalcat et al. 1998;Aydin and Ozcan 2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 227.45,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 61.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 346.14,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 94.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b13\",\n \"text\": \"(Chalcat et al. 1998;\",\n \"offset_start\": 116,\n \"offset_end\": 137\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b6\",\n \"text\": \"Aydin and Ozcan 2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 137,\n \"offset_end\": 158\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41f370d0\",\n \"text\": \"The myrtle extracts and essential oils are known to exert excellent antimicrobial activity (Bouzouita et al. 2003;Sagdic et al. 2003;Yadegarinia et al. 2006) and its efficacy has been tested on lettuce and tomatoes for eliminating Salmonella typhimurium (Gunduz et al. 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 147.22,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 141.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 383.5,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 197.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(Bouzouita et al. 2003;\",\n \"offset_start\": 91,\n \"offset_end\": 114\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b47\",\n \"text\": \"Sagdic et al. 2003;\",\n \"offset_start\": 114,\n \"offset_end\": 133\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b58\",\n \"text\": \"Yadegarinia et al. 2006\",\n \"offset_start\": 133,\n \"offset_end\": 156\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"(Gunduz et al. 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 254,\n \"offset_end\": 274\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fce41ec9\",\n \"text\": \"To the best of our knowledge, no information is existent on the effects of postharvest myrtle essential oil treatment in combination with MAP on the quality parameters as well as shelf life qualities in strawberries.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 226.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 238.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 458.22,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 132.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fce41ec9\",\n \"text\": \"Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent myrtle oil influences the quality and shelf life of strawberries in MAP storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 185.95,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 103.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 483.11,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 495.58,\n \"height\": 221.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96bb650c\",\n \"text\": \"Strawberry cultivar 'Selva' fruits were hand-harvested at ripe stage (90 % red colour) from an orchard in Fatih district (Kahramanmaras, Turkey).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 581.9,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 595.19,\n \"height\": 238.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 607.66,\n \"height\": 104.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96bb650c\",\n \"text\": \"The fruits were sorted on the basis of uniformity in size and colour, appearance and ripeness, only fruits free of physical damage were included in the present study.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 157.54,\n \"width\": 607.66,\n \"height\": 131.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 632.55,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 53.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96bb650c\",\n \"text\": \"The sampled fruits were randomized for essential oil treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 106.69,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 182.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 657.44,\n \"height\": 67.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96bb650c\",\n \"text\": \"Essential oil which was obtained from the leaves of M. communis through steam distillation was purchased from a commercial seller Talya (Antalya, Turkey).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 121.77,\n \"width\": 657.44,\n \"height\": 167.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 669.6,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 682.39,\n \"height\": 220.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96bb650c\",\n \"text\": \"The manufacturers highly recommend the oil for the use as food supplement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 273.94,\n \"width\": 682.39,\n \"height\": 15.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 694.81,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 48.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96bb650c\",\n \"text\": \"M. communis oil solutions were prepared by adding essential oil into sterile distilled water (Gunduz et al. 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 103.29,\n \"width\": 706.96,\n \"height\": 185.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 59.74,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 72.15,\n \"height\": 25.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"(Gunduz et al. 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 93,\n \"offset_end\": 113\n }\n ],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7869bbc8\",\n \"text\": \"All strawberries were initially immersed in sterilized distilled water for 5 min and transferred into sterilized sieved trays and then kept at room temperature (20 °C) for 2 h under a laminar flow with the air circulation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 84.62,\n \"height\": 226.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 147.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7869bbc8\",\n \"text\": \"The strawberries were divided into three groups.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 456.49,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 87.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 99.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7869bbc8\",\n \"text\": \"One set of fruits were treated as the control group (I) and then kept in MAP storage at 5 °C with 90 % RH.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 407.85,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 136.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 41.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7869bbc8\",\n \"text\": \"In the treatment groups, pre-washed and drained strawberry fruits were then immersed in 0.1 % myrtle oil (II), or in 0.5 % myrtle oil (III) for 5 min and transferred into sterilized sieve trays.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 350.64,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 193.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 171.82,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 184.23,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 82.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7869bbc8\",\n \"text\": \"Treated strawberries were then kept at room temperature (20 °C) for 2 h under a laminar flow with the air circulation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 392.2,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 152.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 209.18,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 73.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7869bbc8\",\n \"text\": \"When the excess of immersing solution was completely removed from the fruits, a total of 2.5 kg strawberries from each treatment group were immediately transferred to the modified atmosphere packaging trays (also called polyethylene bulk liner, 30 μ/p-plus antimist, 700×700 in bag size) and then placed in cartoon boxes and stored at 5 °C with 90 % RH.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 383.35,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 160.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 234.06,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 246.54,\n \"height\": 238.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 270.55,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 283.9,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 87.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7869bbc8\",\n \"text\": \"All test groups were examined after storage for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days at 5 °C.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 397.59,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 146.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 149.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4162d07f\",\n \"text\": \"A total of ten replicates (n=10) from each treatment were used for all analyses during storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 321.26,\n \"height\": 226.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 140.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Fruit treatment and storage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"Strawberries were weighted before and after the experiment at 5 °C.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 20.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"Weight loss was expressed as a percentage of the initial weight.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 328.99,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 215.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 28.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit flesh firmness was measured on ten fruits per treatment, every 2 days over a period of 8 days at 5 °C.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 338.51,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 205.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 220.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"The measurements were made on two opposite sides of each fruit using a FHR-1 (1 kg) firmness tester with cylinder type base diameter with a 5 mm tip (Nippon optical works CO.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 529.06,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 15.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 458.22,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 214.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"LTD, Tokyo, Japan).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 523.67,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 20.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 483.11,\n \"height\": 57.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"The total soluble solids (TSS) content (%) of juice was measured with a hand held refractometer (Krüss, Germany).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 366.97,\n \"width\": 483.11,\n \"height\": 177.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 495.58,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 508.0,\n \"height\": 41.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"The analysis of the titratable acidity was made using the titration method.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 352.12,\n \"width\": 508.0,\n \"height\": 192.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 520.47,\n \"height\": 110.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"Briefly, pulp tissue (2 g) was homogenized with 10 ml of distilled water.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 420.66,\n \"width\": 520.47,\n \"height\": 123.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 169.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"The mixture was filtered and titrated with 0.1 N NaOH to pH 8.1, and the results were expressed as percentage of citric acid.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 478.15,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 66.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 545.36,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 168.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"The pH values of strawberry juice were measured using a Hanna instruments pH meter (HI 2221).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 476.67,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 67.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 570.3,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 78.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"The vitamin C content in strawberry juice was determined by direct titration with iodine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 385.97,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 158.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 595.19,\n \"height\": 191.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit juice (5 ml) was acidified with HCI and then directly titrated with iodine solution.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 502.13,\n \"width\": 595.19,\n \"height\": 42.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 607.66,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 61.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"The measurement of vitamin C content of fruit juice was determined on the basis of the vitamin C standard solution.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 372.13,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 172.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 632.55,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 70.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"The colour of strawberry was measured by two readings on the two different symmetrical faces of the fruit in each replicate, using a Konica Minolta (CR-400) colorimeter calibrated with a white standard tile.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 381.2,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 163.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 657.44,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 669.91,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 682.38,\n \"height\": 184.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_626304e0\",\n \"text\": \"Results of the fruit colour were expressed as described chroma value from (a* 2 /b* 2 )½.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 492.04,\n \"width\": 682.38,\n \"height\": 52.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 694.8,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 707.27,\n \"height\": 12.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 318.44,\n \"width\": 705.06,\n \"height\": 3.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 322.07,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 12.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 334.43,\n \"width\": 705.06,\n \"height\": 3.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 338.12,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 12.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7124249\",\n \"text\": \"The changes in headspace O 2 and CO 2 concentration of strawberries were determined using a PBI Dansensor O 2 / CO 2 analyzer (Denmark).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 84.62,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 100.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Gas analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7124249\",\n \"text\": \"The volume taken up by the package headspace for gas analysis was about 10 cm 3 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 154.15,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 134.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 189.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 240.66,\n \"width\": 119.76,\n \"height\": 3.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 244.29,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 2.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Gas analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7124249\",\n \"text\": \"The package headspace volume was determined by the difference between the total volume of the packages and the volume of the sample.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 249.62,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 39.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 43.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Gas analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7124249\",\n \"text\": \"Each package was used only for a single measurement of the headspace gas composition.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 96.83,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 192.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 171.82,\n \"height\": 165.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Gas analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7124249\",\n \"text\": \"Three bags were employed for each measurement (Mastromatteo et al. 2010).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 220.76,\n \"width\": 171.82,\n \"height\": 68.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 184.23,\n \"height\": 235.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b31\",\n \"text\": \"(Mastromatteo et al. 2010)\",\n \"offset_start\": 46,\n \"offset_end\": 72\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Gas analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5b18d54a\",\n \"text\": \"Twenty five gram of strawberry was homogenised with 225 ml of sterile peptone water in a Stomacher for 2 min.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 234.06,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 246.54,\n \"height\": 238.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Microbiological analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5b18d54a\",\n \"text\": \"Serial dilutions were then prepared with the same diluent and transferred into petri dish and mixed with the appropriate media.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 271.42,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 283.9,\n \"height\": 26.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Microbiological analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5b18d54a\",\n \"text\": \"The total viable microbial counts (TVC) were determined on Plate Count Agar (30 °C/72 h) and the psychrotrophs were counted on Plate Count Agar (5 °C/ 240 h).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 80.5,\n \"width\": 283.9,\n \"height\": 208.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 238.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 321.26,\n \"height\": 27.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Microbiological analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5b18d54a\",\n \"text\": \"Yeast and moulds were enumerated on acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (25 °C/120 h).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 79.99,\n \"width\": 321.26,\n \"height\": 209.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 122.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Microbiological analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5b18d54a\",\n \"text\": \"Microbial populations were enumerated at the time of 0, and after 2, 4, 6, and 8 days.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 178.01,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 111.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 346.14,\n \"height\": 238.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Microbiological analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5b18d54a\",\n \"text\": \"The results were then reported as log cfu/g (Oz and Ulukanli 2011).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 358.61,\n \"height\": 238.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 24.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b39\",\n \"text\": \"(Oz and Ulukanli 2011)\",\n \"offset_start\": 44,\n \"offset_end\": 66\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Microbiological analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7029f41c\",\n \"text\": \"The sensory testing was conducted at room temperature.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 218.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of the sensory quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7029f41c\",\n \"text\": \"Five strawberries of each treatment were randomly distributed to panellists and were evaluated on a 5-point scale.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 271.85,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 17.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 433.33,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 187.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of the sensory quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7029f41c\",\n \"text\": \"Strawberries were rated on a five point hedonic scale from 1 = very bad to 5 = excellent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 240.55,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 48.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 458.22,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 52.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Assessment of the sensory quality\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9eb200a3\",\n \"text\": \"Experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design with ten replicates.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 520.47,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 104.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9eb200a3\",\n \"text\": \"All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 software for Windows.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 159.19,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 129.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 545.36,\n \"height\": 191.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9eb200a3\",\n \"text\": \"The results were analyzed using the GLM univariate procedure and analysis of variance (SPSS 13.0 commercial software, SPSS Inc., Chicago, II).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 245.65,\n \"width\": 545.36,\n \"height\": 43.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 570.3,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 50.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9eb200a3\",\n \"text\": \"Means were compared by the least significant difference tested at significance levels of (P<0.05).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 104.83,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 184.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 595.19,\n \"height\": 199.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"In the present study, the weight loss was significantly affected by the myrtle oil treatments in comparison to control group throughout the storage time (Fig. 1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 657.44,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 669.91,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 682.38,\n \"height\": 143.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"Towards the last day of storage time, the control fruits had 6.7 % weight loss, whereas, 0.1 and 0.5 % myrtle oil possessed 4.3 and 3.3 % weight loss, respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 196.84,\n \"width\": 682.38,\n \"height\": 92.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 694.8,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 707.27,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 59.73,\n \"height\": 48.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"It appeared that the rate of weight loss found in fruits treated with 0.1 and 0.5 % myrtle oil was almost one and half times lower than that which was observed in control fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 357.28,\n \"width\": 59.73,\n \"height\": 187.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 72.14,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 84.61,\n \"height\": 238.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 97.09,\n \"height\": 22.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"The weight loss of control was also evidently more than those of the maximum limit for strawberry marketability (6 %) (Robinson et al. 1975).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 332.79,\n \"width\": 97.09,\n \"height\": 211.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 109.5,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 121.97,\n \"height\": 122.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b44\",\n \"text\": \"(Robinson et al. 1975)\",\n \"offset_start\": 118,\n \"offset_end\": 140\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"In this study, all myrtle oil treatments clearly maintained the weight loss of fruits throughout the storage; however, the most significant preservation was obtained with 0.5 % myrtle oil treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 433.08,\n \"width\": 121.97,\n \"height\": 111.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 134.45,\n \"height\": 238.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 146.86,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 159.33,\n \"height\": 218.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"The retardation of weight loss from the myrtle oil applications may be attributed to their additional protective layer on the surfaces of fruit openings and also minimizing the metabolic activity, respiration and transpiration (Shafiee et al. 2010).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 529.0,\n \"width\": 159.33,\n \"height\": 15.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 171.81,\n \"height\": 238.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 184.22,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 196.69,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 209.17,\n \"height\": 221.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b51\",\n \"text\": \"(Shafiee et al. 2010)\",\n \"offset_start\": 227,\n \"offset_end\": 248\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"The interaction between the use of various essential oil components (eugenol, thymol, or menthol) and MAP was shown to be retarding the weight loss of some non climacteric fruits such as cherries and table grapes (Martinez-Romero et al. 2005;Serrano et al. 2005;Valero et al. 2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 529.05,\n \"width\": 209.17,\n \"height\": 15.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 221.58,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 234.05,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 246.52,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 258.94,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 271.41,\n \"height\": 180.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"(Martinez-Romero et al. 2005;\",\n \"offset_start\": 213,\n \"offset_end\": 242\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"Serrano et al. 2005;\",\n \"offset_start\": 242,\n \"offset_end\": 262\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"Valero et al. 2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 262,\n \"offset_end\": 281\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, the crude essential oils of eucalyptus and cinnamon were also found to be reducing the weight loss of strawberry fruits (Tzortzakis 2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 489.2,\n \"width\": 271.41,\n \"height\": 55.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 283.88,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 296.3,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 308.77,\n \"height\": 70.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"(Tzortzakis 2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 130,\n \"offset_end\": 147\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1590e31d\",\n \"text\": \"The earlier reports, together with the results herein, revealed that the effect of different essential oil for reducing the weight loss of fruits is noteworthy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 378.76,\n \"width\": 308.77,\n \"height\": 165.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 321.24,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 333.66,\n \"height\": 186.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"Loss of firmness is one of the main factors limiting quality and the postharvest shelf-life of fruit and vegetables (Fan et al. 2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 346.13,\n \"height\": 226.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 358.55,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 371.02,\n \"height\": 25.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b18\",\n \"text\": \"(Fan et al. 2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 116,\n \"offset_end\": 133\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"With regard to firmness values in concern, there were significant differences among the treatments during storage (Fig. 1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 334.09,\n \"width\": 371.02,\n \"height\": 210.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 383.49,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 395.91,\n \"height\": 32.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"Fruit firmness was 2.23 in control, 2.86 in 0.1 % myrtle oil and 2.7 in 0.5 % myrtle oil treated fruits by the 2nd day of storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 342.82,\n \"width\": 395.91,\n \"height\": 201.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 408.38,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 420.85,\n \"height\": 58.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"The firmness values reached to 1.2 in control fruits, 1.6 in 0.1 % myrtle oil treatments and 1.8 in 0.5 % myrtle oil treatments in the end (Fig. 1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 366.91,\n \"width\": 420.85,\n \"height\": 177.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 433.27,\n \"height\": 238.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 445.74,\n \"height\": 169.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"It appeared that myrtle oil maintained the firmness of strawberries under MAP storage compared to control fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 479.79,\n \"width\": 445.74,\n \"height\": 64.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 458.21,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 470.63,\n \"height\": 158.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"These effects might be explained due the covering the fruit surface openings with the essential oil in concern and thereby reducing the infection, respiration and other ripening processes during storage, which sustains fruit firmness (Ali et al. 2011).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 467.54,\n \"width\": 470.63,\n \"height\": 76.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 483.1,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 495.57,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 507.99,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 520.46,\n \"height\": 160.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b2\",\n \"text\": \"(Ali et al. 2011)\",\n \"offset_start\": 234,\n \"offset_end\": 251\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, the gas concentration within MAP environment in conjunction with essential oil may have synergistic effects on the retention of firmness (Zhu et al. 2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 471.0,\n \"width\": 520.46,\n \"height\": 73.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 532.93,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 545.35,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 557.82,\n \"height\": 101.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b61\",\n \"text\": \"(Zhu et al. 2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 147,\n \"offset_end\": 164\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"The maintenance of the firmness of essential oil treated fruits was also found in several studies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 409.32,\n \"width\": 557.82,\n \"height\": 135.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 570.29,\n \"height\": 238.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"For example, Serrano et al. (2005) observed that different essential oil compounds (thymol, menthol and eugenol) reduced the flesh firmness of cherry fruits during MAP storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 582.71,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 595.18,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 607.65,\n \"height\": 238.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"Serrano et al. (2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 13,\n \"offset_end\": 34\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"Of those compounds, Serrano et al. (2005) concluded that eugenol was the most effective one.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 620.07,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 632.56,\n \"height\": 144.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"Serrano et al. (2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 20,\n \"offset_end\": 41\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"Similarly, Valero et al. (2006) found that the flesh firmness of table grapes was slightly reduced using the eugenol and thymol.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 454.34,\n \"width\": 632.56,\n \"height\": 89.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 645.03,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 657.45,\n \"height\": 182.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"Valero et al. (2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 11,\n \"offset_end\": 31\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d86606f1\",\n \"text\": \"The preservation of the firmness was also reported by Tzortzakis (2007) in strawberry fruits treated with cinnamon essential oil.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 490.79,\n \"width\": 657.45,\n \"height\": 53.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 669.92,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 682.39,\n \"height\": 204.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 54,\n \"offset_end\": 71\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1dbd56a\",\n \"text\": \"TSS content revealed significant differences between control and other treatments with respect to the values in question, soon after treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 694.81,\n \"height\": 226.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 657.0,\n \"height\": 84.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1dbd56a\",\n \"text\": \"The initial TSS value was 8.0 % in control, 6.8 % in 0.1 % myrtle oil and 7.5 % in 0.5 % myrtle oil treatment (Fig. 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 139.58,\n \"width\": 657.0,\n \"height\": 149.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 669.41,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 681.88,\n \"height\": 89.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1dbd56a\",\n \"text\": \"TSS content increased to 8.6 % in control, 7.6 % in 0.1 % myrtle oil and 8.5 % in 0.5 % myrtle oil for the 2 days of storage, afterwards, tended to increased in all treatments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 144.74,\n \"width\": 681.88,\n \"height\": 144.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 694.35,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 706.77,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 59.74,\n \"height\": 54.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1dbd56a\",\n \"text\": \"At the end of storage, the highest TSS content was 9 % in both 0.5 % myrtle oil and control fruits followed by 7.4 % in 0.1 % myrtle oil treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 363.51,\n \"width\": 59.74,\n \"height\": 180.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 72.15,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 84.62,\n \"height\": 153.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"The effect of myrtle essential oil on TSS content of strawberry fruits varied depending on the used concentration at the initial time of the experiment, which was in line with the findings of Hassani et al. (2011).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 226.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 131.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b22\",\n \"text\": \"Hassani et al. (2011)\",\n \"offset_start\": 192,\n \"offset_end\": 213\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"These authors applied different concentrations of essential oils on apricot fruits inoculated with Botrytis cinerea.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 440.45,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 103.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 159.03,\n \"height\": 110.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"In their study, TSS content of control fruits was found to be higher than those of 200 and 400 μl of the essential oils treated apricots towards the end of storage time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 420.94,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 123.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 171.82,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 183.36,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 49.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"TSS content of 200 μl of the essential oils treated apricots was lower than those of 400 μl of the essential oil treated fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 357.34,\n \"width\": 195.83,\n \"height\": 186.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 208.3,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 51.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"In the present study, towards the end of storage time, increment in TSS value was also observed in control and 0.5 % myrtle oil when compared to 0.1 % myrtle oil by prolonging the storage time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 360.06,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 184.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 234.06,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 246.54,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 110.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"The present data is well consistent with the findings of Hassani et al. (2011).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 419.87,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 124.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 271.42,\n \"height\": 174.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b22\",\n \"text\": \"Hassani et al. (2011)\",\n \"offset_start\": 57,\n \"offset_end\": 78\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"In other studies, TSS of the essential oil treated cherries did not significantly change from the initial time to the end of storage (Serrano et al. 2005).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 482.97,\n \"width\": 271.42,\n \"height\": 61.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 283.9,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 46.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"(Serrano et al. 2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 133,\n \"offset_end\": 154\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"In contrast, the essential oil vapour treatments on strawberries revealed an increase in their TSS content during exposure (Tzortzakis 2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 354.67,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 189.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 321.26,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 111.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"(Tzortzakis 2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 123,\n \"offset_end\": 140\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"The result of the present study appeared to be in agreement with the findings of Tzortzakis (2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 420.89,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 123.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 346.14,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 28.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 81,\n \"offset_end\": 98\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d907a87a\",\n \"text\": \"The fluctuating value of TSS content herein and those found by Tzortzakis (2007) may be attributed to the metabolism of carbohydrates during the respiration as well as water loss of fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 336.64,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 207.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 383.5,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 50.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 63,\n \"offset_end\": 80\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"Titratable acidity (TA) is directly related to the concentration of organic acid present in fruit, which is an important parameter for maintaining the quality of fruits (El-Anany et al. 2009;Ali et al. 2010).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 226.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 86.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b16\",\n \"text\": \"(El-Anany et al. 2009;\",\n \"offset_start\": 169,\n \"offset_end\": 191\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"Ali et al. 2010\",\n \"offset_start\": 191,\n \"offset_end\": 206\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"In the present study, initial TA level of control was 0.55 in control, 0.65 in 0.1 % myrtle oil and 0.61 in 0.5 % myrtle oil treated strawberries (Fig. 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 394.7,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 149.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 458.22,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 198.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"TA level increased to 0.56 in the control fruits, but decreased to 0.60 in 0.1 % myrtle oil treatment, and 0.48 in 0.5 % myrtle oil treated strawberries by the 2nd day of storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 508.99,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 35.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 483.11,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 495.58,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 508.0,\n \"height\": 181.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"An increasing tendency for control fruits and a decreasing tendency for 0.1 % myrtle oil and 0.5 % myrtle oil treatments were observed in the end, but statistically insignificant.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 489.83,\n \"width\": 508.0,\n \"height\": 54.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 520.47,\n \"height\": 238.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 545.36,\n \"height\": 190.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"Earlier, TA values of some non climacteric fruits when treated with either essential oil compounds or also whole essential oil varied from fruit to fruit.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 500.03,\n \"width\": 545.36,\n \"height\": 44.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 570.3,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 74.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"For example, TA value of menthol and thymol treated cherry fruits decreased slightly, whereas, TA value of eugenol treated cherry fruits decreased significantly (Serrano et al. 2005).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 384.21,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 160.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 595.19,\n \"height\": 238.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 607.66,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 87.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"(Serrano et al. 2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 161,\n \"offset_end\": 182\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"The combination of thymol (75 and 150 μl) with MAP decreased the TA value of grapes throughout the storage, whereas, the use of eugenol applications (75 and 150 μl) revealed fluctuations and the upper concentration of this oil increased the TA value of the fruits in concern (Valero et al. 2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 397.25,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 147.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 631.67,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 656.56,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 669.91,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 682.38,\n \"height\": 81.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"(Valero et al. 2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 275,\n \"offset_end\": 295\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007) reported that TA of essential oil treated strawberries did not differ during vapour exposure and/or following storage to ambient air.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 391.41,\n \"width\": 682.38,\n \"height\": 152.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 694.8,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 707.27,\n \"height\": 194.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 17\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover, Nielsen and Leufven (2008) found that TA value of strawberries unaltered and remained unchanged among the different passive MAP conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 503.88,\n \"width\": 707.27,\n \"height\": 40.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 657.45,\n \"height\": 238.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 669.92,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 682.39,\n \"height\": 112.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b33\",\n \"text\": \"Nielsen and Leufven (2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 10,\n \"offset_end\": 36\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"The fruit sweetness (TSS/TA) provides information on the balance of sugars and acids in the fruit.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 694.81,\n \"height\": 226.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 173.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"Therefore, the relationship between TSS and TA along with fruit colour is considered to be the main parameter for determining fruit quality (Kafkas et al. 2007;Voca et al. 2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 229.44,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 59.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 59.74,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 72.15,\n \"height\": 238.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 84.62,\n \"height\": 181.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"(Kafkas et al. 2007;\",\n \"offset_start\": 140,\n \"offset_end\": 160\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b57\",\n \"text\": \"Voca et al. 2008\",\n \"offset_start\": 160,\n \"offset_end\": 176\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"In the present assay, treatments appeared to be revealing variable results since significant differences were observed during storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 490.34,\n \"width\": 84.62,\n \"height\": 53.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 238.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"The ratio of TSS/TA showed a rapid increase with the treatment of 0.5 % myrtle oil by 2nd day and fluctuated onwards (Fig. 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 32.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"In the end, higher TSS to TA ratio was observed in 0.5 % myrtle oil treated fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 341.12,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 203.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 127.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"A very slight change was observed in other treatment groups up to 6 day of storage and these values remained almost the same both in the control and 0.1 % myrtle oil treated strawberries.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 438.01,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 106.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 171.82,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 184.23,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 173.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"However, after 6 day of storage, the ratio observed in other treatments seemed to be fluctuating.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 483.12,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 61.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 209.18,\n \"height\": 238.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 105.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"The application of essential oil on TSS/TA ratios of fruits seemed to be variable in previous studies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 414.97,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 129.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 234.06,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 246.54,\n \"height\": 70.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007) found no effect on TSS/TA ratio during passive MAP storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 382.18,\n \"width\": 246.54,\n \"height\": 162.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 178.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 17\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"In the present study, TSS/TA ratio remained almost the same in both the control and 0.1 % myrtle oil treated strawberries, which was consistent with the reports of Tzortzakis (2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 487.68,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 56.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 271.42,\n \"height\": 238.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 283.9,\n \"height\": 238.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 225.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 164,\n \"offset_end\": 181\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"In another study, the ratio of fruit sweetness was reduced by the treatment of essential oils on grapes (Martinez-Romero et al. 2005).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 535.92,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 8.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 321.25,\n \"height\": 238.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 89.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"(Martinez-Romero et al. 2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 104,\n \"offset_end\": 133\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"The use of thymol was shown to be more effective for delaying the change in maturity index when compared to those obtained by the use of eugenol in grapes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 400.41,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 143.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 346.14,\n \"height\": 238.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 238.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 75.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"The effectiveness of eugenol on maturity index was found be dose dependent (Valero et al. 2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 385.17,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 159.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 383.5,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 26.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"(Valero et al. 2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 75,\n \"offset_end\": 95\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c60e776\",\n \"text\": \"The present result with regard to higher concentration of essential oil in concern appeared to be dose dependent effect on strawberry fruits, which was also in agreement with the findings of Valero et al. (2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 336.8,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 207.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 238.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 214.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"Valero et al. (2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 191,\n \"offset_end\": 211\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27a30499\",\n \"text\": \"The pH value of all treated strawberries slightly increased in control (3.9), 0.1 % myrtle oil (3.9) and 0.5 % myrtle oil treated fruits (4) up to the 8th days of storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 226.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 458.22,\n \"height\": 238.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 175.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27a30499\",\n \"text\": \"Throughout the storage time, statistical differences were not observed between the control and treatment groups (Fig. 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 484.16,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 60.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 483.11,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 495.58,\n \"height\": 170.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27a30499\",\n \"text\": \"These might be resulted from the increasing/decreasing gas concentration within the MAP storage, as stated by Nunes et al. (2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 480.7,\n \"width\": 495.58,\n \"height\": 63.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 508.0,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 520.47,\n \"height\": 238.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"Nunes et al. (2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 110,\n \"offset_end\": 129\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27a30499\",\n \"text\": \"Earlier, Serrano et al. (2005) observed that there was a slight increase in pH value in cherry fruits when they were treated with menthol and thymol.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 545.36,\n \"height\": 238.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 134.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"Serrano et al. (2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 9,\n \"offset_end\": 30\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27a30499\",\n \"text\": \"It was also noted that pH value revealed a significant increase with the treatment of eugenol (Serrano et al. 2005).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 443.34,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 100.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 570.3,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 126.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"(Serrano et al. 2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 94,\n \"offset_end\": 115\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_27a30499\",\n \"text\": \"It appeared that pH value may vary between fruits and also depend on the use of essential oil in concern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 436.34,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 107.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 595.19,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 607.66,\n \"height\": 96.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"The ascorbic acid of fruits is one of the most important nutrient quality parameters (Oz 2010).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 226.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 632.55,\n \"height\": 149.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b38\",\n \"text\": \"(Oz 2010)\",\n \"offset_start\": 85,\n \"offset_end\": 94\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"The significant differences were observed between control and treatments during storage time with respect to vitamin C content (Fig. 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 226.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 657.44,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 669.91,\n \"height\": 64.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"Losses of vitamin C in control and 0.1 % myrtle oil treated fruits were significantly higher than those of 0.5 % myrtle oil treated fruits by the 2nd day.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 374.68,\n \"width\": 669.91,\n \"height\": 169.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 682.38,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 694.8,\n \"height\": 176.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"Concerning the control and treatment groups, the reduction for further storage continued but was not comparable with the 2nd day.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 484.61,\n \"width\": 694.8,\n \"height\": 59.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 707.27,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 59.74,\n \"height\": 204.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"Vitamin C content was 29.8 mg/100 g in control, 36.9 mg/100 g in 0.1 % myrtle oil and 42.9 mg/100 g in 0.5 % myrtle oil treated strawberry fruits in the end.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 257.9,\n \"width\": 59.74,\n \"height\": 31.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 72.15,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 84.62,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 109.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"Vitamin C is known to be rapid perishable properties.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 163.39,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 125.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 83.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"This undesirable property was also observed in all treatment to some extent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 137.03,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 152.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 153.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"The rapid perishable property of vitamin C in all treatments for further storage might be due to the water loss, cell wall damage, O 2 and/or CO 2 contents in the storage, as stated by other authors (Yaman and Bayindirli 2002;Nunes et al. 2002;Nunes 2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 207.67,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 81.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 171.82,\n \"height\": 212.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b59\",\n \"text\": \"(Yaman and Bayindirli 2002;\",\n \"offset_start\": 199,\n \"offset_end\": 226\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"Nunes et al. 2002;\",\n \"offset_start\": 226,\n \"offset_end\": 244\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b34\",\n \"text\": \"Nunes 2008\",\n \"offset_start\": 244,\n \"offset_end\": 254\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"However, the best preserving application for strawberries was obtained using 0.5 % myrtle oil and 0.1 % myrtle oil treatments, respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 266.85,\n \"width\": 171.82,\n \"height\": 22.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 184.23,\n \"height\": 238.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 209.18,\n \"height\": 77.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"Likewise, the loss of ascorbic acid was also delayed with the treatment of eugenol and thymol in table grapes (Valero et al. 2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 131.87,\n \"width\": 209.18,\n \"height\": 157.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 234.06,\n \"height\": 109.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"(Valero et al. 2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 110,\n \"offset_end\": 130\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c41824f\",\n \"text\": \"Furthermore, Tzortzakis (2007) reported that eucalyptus and cinnamon volatile oil compounds maintained fruit quality and organic acids of strawberry fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 164.52,\n \"width\": 234.06,\n \"height\": 124.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 246.54,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 238.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"Tzortzakis (2007)\",\n \"offset_start\": 13,\n \"offset_end\": 30\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e28f683b\",\n \"text\": \"Colour is one of the most important parameter of quality in the marketing of strawberry.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 271.42,\n \"height\": 226.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 283.9,\n \"height\": 110.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e28f683b\",\n \"text\": \"L and chroma value of all treatments slightly reduced in all treatments throughout the storage time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 164.35,\n \"width\": 283.9,\n \"height\": 124.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 19.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e28f683b\",\n \"text\": \"Immediately after treatment, initial L value was 28 in control fruits, 27 in both 0.1 % myrtle oil and 0.5 % myrtle oil treated fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 74.1,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 215.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 321.26,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 51.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e28f683b\",\n \"text\": \"The chroma value was 42 in control fruit, 40 in 0.1 % myrtle oil and 38 in 0.5 % myrtle oil treatments at the initial time of treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 104.77,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 184.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 346.14,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 93.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e28f683b\",\n \"text\": \"However, there was a slight decrease in L* and Chroma value for all treatment groups towards the end of storage (Fig. 1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 146.44,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 142.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 383.5,\n \"height\": 88.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e28f683b\",\n \"text\": \"But the differences in L* and Chroma value were not found to be significant among the treatments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 142.13,\n \"width\": 383.5,\n \"height\": 146.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 238.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e28f683b\",\n \"text\": \"The present results with regard to colour parameters were in line with the results of Serrano et al. (2005) and Valero et al. (2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 28.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"Serrano et al. (2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 86,\n \"offset_end\": 107\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"Valero et al. (2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 112,\n \"offset_end\": 132\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e28f683b\",\n \"text\": \"The present result was also well consistent with what was reported by Sacks and Shaw (1993), who observed that strawberries darkened slowly during storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 81.92,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 207.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 458.22,\n \"height\": 174.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b45\",\n \"text\": \"Sacks and Shaw (1993)\",\n \"offset_start\": 70,\n \"offset_end\": 91\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65d5bc18\",\n \"text\": \"Changes in O 2 and CO 2 concentrations in the sampling packages are shown in Fig. 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 226.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 483.12,\n \"height\": 122.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65d5bc18\",\n \"text\": \"Significant differences were observed among the treatments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 177.68,\n \"width\": 483.12,\n \"height\": 111.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 495.59,\n \"height\": 130.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65d5bc18\",\n \"text\": \"The initial amount of O 2 concentration was 21 % in all treatment groups.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 185.56,\n \"width\": 495.59,\n \"height\": 103.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 508.01,\n \"height\": 189.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65d5bc18\",\n \"text\": \"Throughout study, the O 2 concentration decreased gradually and reached to 15 in the control and 0.1 % myrtle oil treated fruits and 16 in 0.5 % myrtle oil treated fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 243.16,\n \"width\": 508.01,\n \"height\": 45.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 520.48,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 532.95,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 545.37,\n \"height\": 121.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65d5bc18\",\n \"text\": \"Although CO 2 concentration was doubled in control fruits by the 2nd day of storage, 0.4 units was reduced in 0.1 % myrtle oil and 0.5 % myrtle oil treated fruits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 175.69,\n \"width\": 545.37,\n \"height\": 113.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 557.84,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 570.31,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 582.73,\n \"height\": 52.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65d5bc18\",\n \"text\": \"The increment in CO 2 concentration was observed in all treatments throughout the storage time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 107.21,\n \"width\": 582.73,\n \"height\": 181.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 595.2,\n \"height\": 218.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65d5bc18\",\n \"text\": \"The highest percentage of CO 2 concentration was observed in the control which was followed by 0.1 % myrtle oil and 0.5 % myrtle oil treatments, respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 273.71,\n \"width\": 595.2,\n \"height\": 15.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 607.67,\n \"height\": 238.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 620.09,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 632.56,\n \"height\": 159.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6b839546\",\n \"text\": \"The modification of the internal MAP atmosphere might cause disorders associated with high CO 2 and/or O 2 concentration (Ribeiro et al. 2007).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 645.03,\n \"height\": 226.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 657.45,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 669.92,\n \"height\": 111.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b43\",\n \"text\": \"(Ribeiro et al. 2007\",\n \"offset_start\": 121,\n \"offset_end\": 141\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6b839546\",\n \"text\": \"The O 2 /CO 2 ratio measured for the control group was similar to those described by Nielsen and Leufven (2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 165.03,\n \"width\": 669.92,\n \"height\": 124.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 682.39,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 694.81,\n \"height\": 79.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b33\",\n \"text\": \"Nielsen and Leufven (2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 85,\n \"offset_end\": 111\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6b839546\",\n \"text\": \"The high concentration of O 2 was found in 0.5 % myrtle oil and 0.1 % myrtle oil treatments, which might be attributed to the minimizing effect of essential oil on the respiration of fruits or accounted for by a direct consequence of myrtle oil influence over the oxygen diffusion between fruit and environment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 132.95,\n \"width\": 694.81,\n \"height\": 156.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 59.74,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 72.15,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 84.63,\n \"height\": 238.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 123.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6b839546\",\n \"text\": \"Findings suggest that myrtle oil treatment alone inhibited the drastic increases likely to occur in the CO 2 concentration.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 432.46,\n \"width\": 97.1,\n \"height\": 111.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 123.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_26ecc17d\",\n \"text\": \"The effect of 0.1 % myrtle oil was less pronounced in reducing the growth of total viable microorganisms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 134.46,\n \"height\": 226.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 199.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_26ecc17d\",\n \"text\": \"Nonetheless, treatment of 0.5 % myrtle oil had a more pronounced activity in limiting the growth of total viable microorganisms, with a reduction of 0.33 and 1.14 log units from the 6th day and onwards (Fig. 3).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 508.14,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 36.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 171.82,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 184.23,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 86.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_26ecc17d\",\n \"text\": \"Chafer et al. (2008) reported that the critical limits for Total Viable Counts (TVC) for fruits are 5× 10 7 cfu/g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 396.28,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 147.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 209.18,\n \"height\": 237.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 315.95,\n \"width\": 219.37,\n \"height\": 3.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 322.53,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 22.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"Chafer et al. (2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 20\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_26ecc17d\",\n \"text\": \"On the contrary, TVC did not exceed the required limits for consumption of the product in concern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 347.7,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 196.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 234.07,\n \"height\": 192.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_26ecc17d\",\n \"text\": \"The significant efficacy of 0.5 % myrtle oil was also found in lettuce and tomato with a reduction in S. typhimurium population after treatment for 5 min by Gunduz et al. (2009).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 501.28,\n \"width\": 234.07,\n \"height\": 42.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 246.54,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 258.63,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 271.43,\n \"height\": 168.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"Gunduz et al. (2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 157,\n \"offset_end\": 177\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_26ecc17d\",\n \"text\": \"The present study suggests that the application of myrtle oil on strawberries under MAP storage had a considerable effect in reducing the growth of total viable microorganisms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 476.27,\n \"width\": 271.43,\n \"height\": 67.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 283.9,\n \"height\": 238.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 308.79,\n \"height\": 151.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ad4b468\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 3 illustrates the psychrotrophic counts both in the control group and treatment groups.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 321.26,\n \"height\": 226.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 147.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ad4b468\",\n \"text\": \"The significant differences were found across the treatment groups.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 458.02,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 86.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 346.15,\n \"height\": 183.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ad4b468\",\n \"text\": \"The psychrotrophic count did not considerably differ between control and 0.1 % myrtle oil treatment groups during storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 492.43,\n \"width\": 346.15,\n \"height\": 51.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 192.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ad4b468\",\n \"text\": \"The lowest count for the treatment groups was measured in 0.5 % myrtle oil treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 501.22,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 43.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 383.5,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 51.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ad4b468\",\n \"text\": \"Psychrotrophic microorganisms are considered to be one of the main causes of food spoilage (Huis in't Veld 1996).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 360.91,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 183.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 25.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(Huis in't Veld 1996)\",\n \"offset_start\": 91,\n \"offset_end\": 112\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ad4b468\",\n \"text\": \"During all the storage, psychrotrophic microbial load did not exceed the threshold value recommended for fruits by Chafer et al. (2008), which was dissimilar to the findings of the study carried out by Mastromatteo et al. (2010), who noted that the combination of thymol essential oil and modified atmosphere packaging inhibited the growth of psychrotrophic microorganisms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 334.43,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 209.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 458.22,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 470.64,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 483.11,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 495.58,\n \"height\": 64.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"Chafer et al. (2008)\",\n \"offset_start\": 115,\n \"offset_end\": 135\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b31\",\n \"text\": \"Mastromatteo et al. (2010)\",\n \"offset_start\": 202,\n \"offset_end\": 228\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ad4b468\",\n \"text\": \"Differences could be resulted from the essential oil in concern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 374.4,\n \"width\": 495.58,\n \"height\": 169.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 508.0,\n \"height\": 83.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7175af2\",\n \"text\": \"Yeast and mould counts of strawberries included in the control and treatment groups are shown in Fig. 3.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 520.47,\n \"height\": 226.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 192.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7175af2\",\n \"text\": \"The significant differences were observed across the treatment groups throughout the storage time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 501.39,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 42.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 545.36,\n \"height\": 238.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 114.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7175af2\",\n \"text\": \"The decrease observed in the number of yeast and moulds in 0.1 % myrtle oil treatment was relatively less than that in the upper concentration of oil.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 424.74,\n \"width\": 557.83,\n \"height\": 119.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 570.3,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 582.72,\n \"height\": 238.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7175af2\",\n \"text\": \"The increasing number of yeast and moulds in the control strawberries might be attributed to the microbial competition rather than fruit's metabolic and physiological state.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 595.19,\n \"height\": 238.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 607.66,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 198.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7175af2\",\n \"text\": \"Or else, it could be explained due to insufficient gas balance inside the packaging system which causes the deterioration the fruits (Meyer et al. 2002;Serrano et al. 2008).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 507.06,\n \"width\": 620.08,\n \"height\": 37.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 632.55,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 645.02,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 657.44,\n \"height\": 165.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b32\",\n \"text\": \"(Meyer et al. 2002;\",\n \"offset_start\": 133,\n \"offset_end\": 152\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b50\",\n \"text\": \"Serrano et al. 2008\",\n \"offset_start\": 152,\n \"offset_end\": 171\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7175af2\",\n \"text\": \"Among the treatments, yeast and mould load of 0.5 % myrtle oil treated fruits during storage did not exceed the critical limit of fresh fruits (10 5 cfu/g) (Jacxsens et al. 2002).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 475.25,\n \"width\": 657.44,\n \"height\": 69.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 669.91,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 682.38,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 694.8,\n \"height\": 12.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 319.07,\n \"width\": 692.59,\n \"height\": 3.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 326.66,\n \"width\": 694.81,\n \"height\": 117.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"(Jacxsens et al. 2002)\",\n \"offset_start\": 156,\n \"offset_end\": 178\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7175af2\",\n \"text\": \"The interaction between 0.5 % myrtle oil and MAP yielded the best effect in reducing the number of yeast and moulds, commencing 4.75 log cfu/g and reaching 3.93 log cfu/g by the 8th day of storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 447.76,\n \"width\": 694.81,\n \"height\": 96.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 238.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 570.31,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 582.73,\n \"height\": 205.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7175af2\",\n \"text\": \"The use of myrtle oil in combination with MAP apparently improves fruit safety extending the shelf life.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 258.75,\n \"width\": 582.73,\n \"height\": 30.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 595.2,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 607.67,\n \"height\": 136.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fc0e253d\",\n \"text\": \"Earlier, the use of eugenol, thymol, menthol or eucalyptol reduced the growth of both mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast/mould load in cherry fruits (Serrano et al. 2005).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 62.36,\n \"width\": 620.09,\n \"height\": 226.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 632.56,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 645.03,\n \"height\": 219.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"(Serrano et al. 2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 152,\n \"offset_end\": 173\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fc0e253d\",\n \"text\": \"The similar effect was also observed with the use of eugenol and thymol in table grapes (Valero et al. 2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 273.94,\n \"width\": 645.03,\n \"height\": 15.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 657.45,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 669.92,\n \"height\": 177.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"(Valero et al. 2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 88,\n \"offset_end\": 108\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fc0e253d\",\n \"text\": \"In both study, authors concluded that treatment compounds were more effective for reducing the growth of mould and yeast counts.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 232.61,\n \"width\": 669.92,\n \"height\": 56.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 682.39,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 694.81,\n \"height\": 238.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fc0e253d\",\n \"text\": \"The results of the microbial parameters in concern herein were to some extent well consistent with what was reported by Serrano et al. (2005) and Valero et al. (2006).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 51.02,\n \"width\": 707.28,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 59.73,\n \"height\": 238.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 72.15,\n \"height\": 185.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b49\",\n \"text\": \"Serrano et al. (2005)\",\n \"offset_start\": 120,\n \"offset_end\": 141\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"Valero et al. (2006)\",\n \"offset_start\": 146,\n \"offset_end\": 166\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fc0e253d\",\n \"text\": \"The flora of yeast and moulds as well as the aerobic mesophilic microorganisms was not characterised not only in those earlier studies but also in the present study.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 495.49,\n \"width\": 72.15,\n \"height\": 48.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 84.62,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 97.09,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 108.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fc0e253d\",\n \"text\": \"Differences may be resulted from the type of microbial species in the fruits, type of fruit and treatment in concern or else extrinsic factors.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 416.24,\n \"width\": 109.51,\n \"height\": 128.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 121.98,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 134.45,\n \"height\": 174.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5946980f\",\n \"text\": \"Significant differences were found across the treatment groups with respect to sensory quality, as illustrated in Fig. 3.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 146.87,\n \"height\": 226.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 159.34,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 171.81,\n \"height\": 27.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5946980f\",\n \"text\": \"However, the present study indicated that the best sensory quality was attained through the use of 0.5 % myrtle oil, which provided good preservation of product by reducing respiration as well as sensory decay (aroma, taste, and appearance).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 336.75,\n \"width\": 171.81,\n \"height\": 207.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 184.23,\n \"height\": 238.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 196.7,\n \"height\": 238.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 209.17,\n \"height\": 238.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 91.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5946980f\",\n \"text\": \"Likewise, Gunduz et al. (2009) also reported that treatments with 500 ppm myrtle oil for 5 min did not produce an adverse effect on sensory quality of lettuce and tomato.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 400.37,\n \"width\": 221.59,\n \"height\": 143.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 234.06,\n \"height\": 238.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 246.53,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 258.95,\n \"height\": 78.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"Gunduz et al. (2009)\",\n \"offset_start\": 10,\n \"offset_end\": 30\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b87971d4\",\n \"text\": \"To conclude, improvement of postharvest qualities of strawberries was achieved by the use of myrtle oil treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 317.48,\n \"width\": 271.42,\n \"height\": 226.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 283.89,\n \"height\": 238.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b87971d4\",\n \"text\": \"A concentration of 0.5 % myrtle oil in combination with MAP on strawberry fruits appeared to be more effective in maintaining the fruit quality and shelf life throughout storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 296.31,\n \"height\": 238.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 308.78,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 321.25,\n \"height\": 216.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b87971d4\",\n \"text\": \"Even though the concentration used in this study significantly reduced the population of microorganisms, it was unable to inhibit their growth completely.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 524.18,\n \"width\": 321.25,\n \"height\": 20.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 333.67,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 346.14,\n \"height\": 238.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 121.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b87971d4\",\n \"text\": \"A higher concentration might be required for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms; however, the use of strong flavour essential oil is likely to result in undesirable sensory qualities during storage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 430.24,\n \"width\": 358.56,\n \"height\": 113.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 371.03,\n \"height\": 238.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 383.5,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 209.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b87971d4\",\n \"text\": \"Therefore, the individual testing of the main constituents of the essential oil rather than crude oil or essential oil vapour in combination with passive or active MAP could be suggested for improving the treatment efficiency and for reducing flavour compounds.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 518.57,\n \"width\": 395.92,\n \"height\": 25.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 408.39,\n \"height\": 238.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 420.86,\n \"height\": 238.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 433.28,\n \"height\": 238.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 445.75,\n \"height\": 238.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 458.22,\n \"height\": 68.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results and discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_630ab965\",\n \"text\": \"Acknowledgments Authors thanks Amcor Flexibles Packaging Company (Ledbury Herefordshire, UK) for donating the packaging materials, sources of fruit materials for Cingoz Agriculture.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 482.92,\n \"height\": 238.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 492.89,\n \"height\": 238.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 502.87,\n \"height\": 159.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_630ab965\",\n \"text\": \"This work was partially supported by Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Scientific Research Project (OKU-BAP, Osmaniye-Turkey).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 467.15,\n \"width\": 502.87,\n \"height\": 77.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 512.79,\n \"height\": 238.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 306.14,\n \"width\": 522.77,\n \"height\": 120.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_0\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 1\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 1 Effects of myrtle oil treatments (I: control, II: 0.1 % myrtle oil, III: 0.5 % myrtle oil) on physical quality characteristics of strawberries at 5 °C during 8 days Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) storage.Bars indicate ± SE\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 2\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 2 Effects of myrtle oil treatments (I: control, II: 0.1 % myrtle oil, III: 0.5 % myrtle oil) on chemical quality characteristics of strawberries at 5 °C during 8 days Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) storage.Bars indicate ± SE\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 3\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 3 Effects of myrtle oil treatments (I: control, II: 0.1 % myrtle oil, III: 0.5 % myrtle oil) on microbiological and sensory quality characteristics of strawberries at 5 °C during 8 days Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) storage.Bars indicate ± SE\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n }\n ],\n \"references\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"b1\",\n \"target\": \"b0\",\n \"title\": \"Processing, food applications and safety of aloe vera products: a review\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Ahlawat KS, Singh Khatkar B (2011) Processing, food applications and safety of aloe vera products: a review. 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Acta Horticult 682:1723-1729\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"D Martinez-Romero\",\n \"S Castillo\",\n \"J Valverde\",\n \"F Gullen\",\n \"D Valero\",\n \"M Serrano\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Acta Horticult\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2005\",\n \"year\": 2005,\n \"volume\": \"682\",\n \"page_start\": \"1723\",\n \"page_end\": \"1729\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b31\",\n \"target\": \"b30\",\n \"title\": \"Influence of carvacrol on survival of Botrytis cinerea inoculated in table grapes\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Martinez-Romero D, Guillen F, Valverde JM, Bailen G, Zapata PJ, Serrano M (2007) Influence of carvacrol on survival of Botrytis cinerea inoculated in table grapes. Int J Food Microbiol 115:144- 148\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"D Martinez-Romero\",\n \"F Guillen\",\n \"J Valverde\",\n \"G Bailen\",\n \"P Zapata\",\n \"M Serrano\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Int J Food Microbiol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2007\",\n \"year\": 2007,\n \"volume\": \"115\",\n \"page_start\": \"144\",\n \"page_end\": \"148\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b32\",\n \"target\": \"b31\",\n \"title\": \"Shelf life of ready to use peeled shrimps as affected by thymol essential oil and modified atmosphere packaging\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Mastromatteo M, Danza A, Conte A, Muratore G, Del Nobile MA (2010) Shelf life of ready to use peeled shrimps as affected by thymol essential oil and modified atmosphere packaging. Int J Food Microbiol 144:250-258\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Mastromatteo\",\n \"A Danza\",\n \"A Conte\",\n \"G Muratore\",\n \"Del Nobile\",\n \"M\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Int J Food Microbiol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2010\",\n \"year\": 2010,\n \"volume\": \"144\",\n \"page_start\": \"250\",\n \"page_end\": \"258\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b33\",\n \"target\": \"b32\",\n \"title\": \"Natural food preservatives. Chapter 6\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Meyer AS, Suhr KI, Nielsen P, Holm F (2002) Natural food preservatives. Chapter 6. In: Ohlsson T, Bengtsson N (eds) Minimal processing technologies in the food industry. 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J Food Agric Environ 8:242-244\",\n \"authors\": \"A Oz\",\n \"journal\": \"J Food Agric Environ\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2010\",\n \"year\": 2010,\n \"volume\": \"8\",\n \"page_start\": \"242\",\n \"page_end\": \"244\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b40\",\n \"target\": \"b39\",\n \"title\": \"Effects of 1-methylcylopropene (1-MCP) and modifed atmopshere packing (MAP) on postharvest browning and microbial growth of loquat fruit\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Oz AT, Ulukanli Z (2011) Effects of 1-methylcylopropene (1-MCP) and modifed atmopshere packing (MAP) on postharvest brow- ning and microbial growth of loquat fruit. 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J Food Sci Technol 47:15-26\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"V Sagar\",\n \"Suresh Kumar\",\n \"P\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J Food Sci Technol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2010\",\n \"year\": 2010,\n \"volume\": \"47\",\n \"page_start\": \"15\",\n \"page_end\": \"26\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b48\",\n \"target\": \"b47\",\n \"title\": \"Note: effect of some spice extracts on bacterial inhibition\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Sagdic O, Karahan AG, Ozcan M, Ozkan G (2003) Note: effect of some spice extracts on bacterial inhibition. 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Postharvest Biol Technol 60:136-142\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Sayyari\",\n \"S Castillo\",\n \"D Valero\",\n \"H Diaz-Mula\",\n \"M Serrano\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Postharvest Biol Technol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2011\",\n \"year\": 2011,\n \"volume\": \"60\",\n \"page_start\": \"136\",\n \"page_end\": \"142\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b50\",\n \"target\": \"b49\",\n \"title\": \"The use of the natural antifungal compounds improves the beneficial effect of MAP in sweet cherry storage\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Serrano M, Martinez-Romero D, Castillo S, Guillen F, Valero D (2005) The use of the natural antifungal compounds improves the beneficial effect of MAP in sweet cherry storage. Innov Food Sci Emerg 6:115-123\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Serrano\",\n \"D Martinez-Romero\",\n \"S Castillo\",\n \"F Guillen\",\n \"D Valero\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Innov Food Sci Emerg\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2005\",\n \"year\": 2005,\n \"volume\": \"6\",\n \"page_start\": \"115\",\n \"page_end\": \"123\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b51\",\n \"target\": \"b50\",\n \"title\": \"The addition of essential oils to MAP as a tool to maintain the overall quality of fruits\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Serrano M, Martinez-Romero D, Guillen F, Valverde JM, Zapata PJ, Castillo S, Valero D (2008) The addition of essential oils to MAP as a tool to maintain the overall quality of fruits. Trends Food Sci Technol 19:464-471\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Serrano\",\n \"D Martinez-Romero\",\n \"F Guillen\",\n \"J Valverde\",\n \"P Zapata\",\n \"S Castillo\",\n \"D Valero\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Trends Food Sci Technol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2008\",\n \"year\": 2008,\n \"volume\": \"19\",\n \"page_start\": \"464\",\n \"page_end\": \"471\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b52\",\n \"target\": \"b51\",\n \"title\": \"Addition of salicylic acid to nutrient solution combined with postharvest treatments (hot water, salicylic acid, and calcium dipping) improved postharvest fruit quality of strawberry\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Shafiee M, Taghavi TS, Babalar M (2010) Addition of salicylic acid to nutrient solution combined with postharvest treatments (hot water, salicylic acid, and calcium dipping) improved postharvest fruit quality of strawberry. Sci Hortic 124:40-45\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Shafiee\",\n \"T Taghavi\",\n \"M Babalar\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Sci Hortic\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2010\",\n \"year\": 2010,\n \"volume\": \"124\",\n \"page_start\": \"40\",\n \"page_end\": \"45\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b53\",\n \"target\": \"b52\",\n \"title\": \"Harvest maturity, storage temperature and relative humidity affect fruit quality antioxidant contents and activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation of strawberry fruit\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Shin Y, Ryu JA, Liu RH, Nock JF, Watkins CB (2008) Harvest maturity, storage temperature and relative humidity affect fruit quality antioxidant contents and activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biol Technol 49: 201-209\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Y Shin\",\n \"J Ryu\",\n \"R Liu\",\n \"J Nock\",\n \"C Watkins\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Postharvest Biol Technol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2008\",\n \"year\": 2008,\n \"volume\": \"49\",\n \"page_start\": \"201\",\n \"page_end\": \"209\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b54\",\n \"target\": \"b53\",\n \"title\": \"The microbial safety of strawberry and raspberry fruits packaged in high oxygen and equilibrium modified atmospheres compared to air storage\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Siro I, Devlieghere F, Jacxsens L, Uyttendaele M, Debevere J (2006) The microbial safety of strawberry and raspberry fruits packaged in high oxygen and equilibrium modified atmospheres compared to air storage. Int J Food Sci Technol 41:93-103\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"I Siro\",\n \"F Devlieghere\",\n \"L Jacxsens\",\n \"M Uyttendaele\",\n \"J Debevere\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Int J Food Sci Technol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2006\",\n \"year\": 2006,\n \"volume\": \"41\",\n \"page_start\": \"93\",\n \"page_end\": \"103\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b55\",\n \"target\": \"b54\",\n \"title\": \"Maintaining postharvest quality of fresh produce with volatile compounds\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Tzortzakis NG (2007) Maintaining postharvest quality of fresh produce with volatile compounds. Innov Food Sci Emerg 8:111-116\",\n \"authors\": \"N Tzortzakis\",\n \"journal\": \"Innov Food Sci Emerg\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2007\",\n \"year\": 2007,\n \"volume\": \"8\",\n \"page_start\": \"111\",\n \"page_end\": \"116\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b56\",\n \"target\": \"b55\",\n \"title\": \"The authenticity of honey and its effect on strawberry fruits\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Ulukanli Z, Oz AT, Cenet M (2012) The authenticity of honey and its effect on strawberry fruits. J Food Process Preserv 36:364-373\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Z Ulukanli\",\n \"A Oz\",\n \"M Cenet\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J Food Process Preserv\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2012\",\n \"year\": 2012,\n \"volume\": \"36\",\n \"page_start\": \"364\",\n \"page_end\": \"373\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b57\",\n \"target\": \"b56\",\n \"title\": \"The combination of modified atmosphere packaging with eugenol or thymol to maintain quality, safety and functional properties of table grapes\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Valero D, Valverde JM, Martinez-Romero D, Guillen F, Castillo S, Serrano M (2006) The combination of modified atmosphere packaging with eugenol or thymol to maintain quality, safety and functional properties of table grapes. Postharvest Biol Technol 41:317-327\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"D Valero\",\n \"J Valverde\",\n \"D Martinez-Romero\",\n \"F Guillen\",\n \"S Castillo\",\n \"M Serrano\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Postharvest Biol Technol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2006\",\n \"year\": 2006,\n \"volume\": \"41\",\n \"page_start\": \"317\",\n \"page_end\": \"327\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b58\",\n \"target\": \"b57\",\n \"title\": \"Fruit quality of new early ripening strawberry cultivars in Croatia\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Voca S, Dobricevic N, Dragovic Uzelac V, Duralija B, Druzic J, Cmelik Z, Babojelic MS (2008) Fruit quality of new early ripening straw- berry cultivars in Croatia. Food Technol Biotechnol 46:292-298\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"S Voca\",\n \"N Dobricevic\",\n \"Dragovic Uzelac\",\n \"V Duralija\",\n \"B Druzic\",\n \"J Cmelik\",\n \"Z Babojelic\",\n \"M\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Food Technol Biotechnol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2008\",\n \"year\": 2008,\n \"volume\": \"46\",\n \"page_start\": \"292\",\n \"page_end\": \"298\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b59\",\n \"target\": \"b58\",\n \"title\": \"Biochemical activities of Iranian Mentha piperita L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Yadegarinia D, Gachkar L, Rezai MB, Taghizadeh M, Astaneh SA, Rasooli I (2006) Biochemical activities of Iranian Mentha piperita L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils. Phytochemistry 67:1249- 1255\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"D Yadegarinia\",\n \"L Gachkar\",\n \"M Rezai\",\n \"M Taghizadeh\",\n \"S Astaneh\",\n \"I Rasooli\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Phytochemistry\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2006\",\n \"year\": 2006,\n \"volume\": \"67\",\n \"page_start\": \"1249\",\n \"page_end\": \"1255\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b60\",\n \"target\": \"b59\",\n \"title\": \"Effects of an edible coating and cold storage on shelf life and quality of cherries\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Yaman O, Bayindirli L (2002) Effects of an edible coating and cold storage on shelf life and quality of cherries. Lebensm Wiss Technol 35:146-150\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"O Yaman\",\n \"L Bayindirli\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Lebensm Wiss Technol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2002\",\n \"year\": 2002,\n \"volume\": \"35\",\n \"page_start\": \"146\",\n \"page_end\": \"150\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b61\",\n \"target\": \"b60\",\n \"title\": \"Modified atmosphere packaging for shelf life extension\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Yuan JTC (2003) Modified atmosphere packaging for shelf life extension. In: Novak JS, Sagers GM, Juneca VK (eds) Microbial spoilage of minimally processed foods. CRC Press, Washington, pp 206-216\",\n \"authors\": \"Jtc Yuan\",\n \"editors\": [\n \"J Novak\",\n \"G Sagers\",\n \"V Juneca\"\n ],\n \"publisher\": \"CRC Press\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2003\",\n \"year\": 2003,\n \"page_start\": \"206\",\n \"page_end\": \"216\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b62\",\n \"target\": \"b61\",\n \"title\": \"Effects of chitosan coating on postharvest quality of mango (Mangifera indica) L. CV. Tainong fruits\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Zhu X, Wang Q, Cao J, Jiang W (2008) Effects of chitosan coating on postharvest quality of mango (Mangifera indica) L. CV. Tainong fruits. J Food Process Preserv 32:770-784\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"X Zhu\",\n \"Q Wang\",\n \"J Cao\",\n \"W Jiang\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J Food Process Preserv\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2008\",\n \"year\": 2008,\n \"volume\": \"32\",\n \"page_start\": \"770\",\n \"page_end\": \"784\"\n }\n ]\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":202329,"string":"202,329"}}},{"rowIdx":89,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01b72446-adcc-4681-b328-e984416524fa.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01b72446-adcc-4681-b328-e984416524fa.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"sentence\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"CONSENSUS AND DISAGREEMENT: THE ROLE OF QUANTIZED BEHAVIOURS IN OPINION DYNAMICS *\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Francesca Ceragioli\",\n \"Paolo Frasca\"\n ],\n \"hash\": \"4A422E6EC689196B6817294B79E42400\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": [\n [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"This paper deals with continuous-time opinion dynamics that feature the interplay of continuous opinions and discrete behaviours.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 131.64,\n \"width\": 162.62,\n \"height\": 309.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 172.1,\n \"height\": 175.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"text\": \"In our model, the opinion of one individual is only influenced by the behaviours of fellow individuals.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 252.36,\n \"width\": 172.1,\n \"height\": 188.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 181.58,\n \"height\": 185.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 2,\n \"text\": \"The key technical difficulty in the study of these dynamics is that the right-hand sides of the equations are discontinuous and thus their solutions must be intended in some generalized sense: in our analysis, we consider both Carathéodory and Krasovskii solutions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 261.12,\n \"width\": 181.58,\n \"height\": 179.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 190.94,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 200.42,\n \"height\": 368.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 209.9,\n \"height\": 77.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 3,\n \"text\": \"We first prove existence and completeness of Carathéodory solutions from every initial condition and we highlight a pathological behavior of Carathéodory solutions, which can converge to points that are not (Carathéodory) equilibria.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 156.6,\n \"width\": 209.9,\n \"height\": 284.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 219.38,\n \"height\": 368.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 228.86,\n \"height\": 218.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 4,\n \"text\": \"Notably, such points can be arbitrarily far from consensus and indeed simulations show that convergence to non-consensus configurations is common.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 295.2,\n \"width\": 228.86,\n \"height\": 145.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 238.34,\n \"height\": 368.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 247.82,\n \"height\": 41.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 5,\n \"text\": \"In order to cope with these pathological attractors, we study Krasovskii solutions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 118.44,\n \"width\": 247.82,\n \"height\": 306.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 6,\n \"text\": \"We give an estimate of the asymptotic distance of all Krasovskii solutions from consensus and we prove its tightness by an example of equilibrium such that this distance is quadratic in the number of agents.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 429.24,\n \"width\": 247.82,\n \"height\": 11.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 257.3,\n \"height\": 368.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 266.66,\n \"height\": 368.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 276.14,\n \"height\": 25.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 7,\n \"text\": \"This fact implies that quantization can drastically destroy consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 102.72,\n \"width\": 276.14,\n \"height\": 260.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 8,\n \"text\": \"However, consensus is guaranteed in some special cases, for instance when the communication among the individuals is described by either a complete or a complete bipartite graph.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 368.04,\n \"width\": 276.14,\n \"height\": 72.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 285.62,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 295.1,\n \"height\": 227.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1166b0c8\",\n \"text\": \"A fundamental assumption in opinion dynamics is that one's opinion is attracted by others', as supported by a substantial literature [31,33,15,37].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 175.92,\n \"width\": 342.21,\n \"height\": 265.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 354.21,\n \"height\": 369.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b30\",\n \"text\": \"[31,\",\n \"offset_start\": 133,\n \"offset_end\": 137\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b32\",\n \"text\": \"33,\",\n \"offset_start\": 137,\n \"offset_end\": 140\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"15,\",\n \"offset_start\": 140,\n \"offset_end\": 143\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b36\",\n \"text\": \"37]\",\n \"offset_start\": 143,\n \"offset_end\": 146\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1166b0c8\",\n \"text\": \"If we assume that the opinion of each individual i is described by a variable x i ∈ R, we can describe this attraction by a linear law and thus describe the evolution of the opinions by the following set of differential equations: (1) ẋi (t) = j a ij [x j (t) -x i (t)] i ∈ I = {1, ..., N } where a ij ∈ R ≥0 and a ij > 0 means that the opinion of the individual i is directly influenced by the opinion of the individual j.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 366.21,\n \"height\": 345.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 421.32,\n \"width\": 366.21,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 431.04,\n \"width\": 366.86,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 378.09,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 390.09,\n \"height\": 233.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 12.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.52,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 29.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 186.72,\n \"width\": 427.62,\n \"height\": 3.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 197.52,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 36.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 235.92,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 245.88,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 23.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 288.96,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 3.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 295.2,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 14.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 313.56,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 324.0,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 12.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 338.52,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 20.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 360.36,\n \"width\": 413.37,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 445.29,\n \"height\": 40.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 117.48,\n \"width\": 445.29,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 127.8,\n \"width\": 445.94,\n \"height\": 7.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 135.0,\n \"width\": 448.97,\n \"height\": 10.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.64,\n \"width\": 445.29,\n \"height\": 291.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 457.29,\n \"height\": 203.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"(1)\",\n \"offset_start\": 231,\n \"offset_end\": 234\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1166b0c8\",\n \"text\": \"As long as there is at least one individual who can influence (albeit indirectly) all others, then it can be proved that consensus is asymptotically achieved, namely there exists α ∈ R such that x i (t) → α as t → +∞ for all i ∈ I.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 283.2,\n \"width\": 457.29,\n \"height\": 157.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 469.17,\n \"height\": 369.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 481.17,\n \"height\": 259.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 334.68,\n \"width\": 481.17,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 344.04,\n \"width\": 481.17,\n \"height\": 75.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 421.8,\n \"width\": 481.17,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 434.64,\n \"width\": 481.17,\n \"height\": 6.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 493.17,\n \"height\": 16.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 92.04,\n \"width\": 493.17,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 105.72,\n \"width\": 493.17,\n \"height\": 55.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 164.64,\n \"width\": 493.17,\n \"height\": 19.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1166b0c8\",\n \"text\": \"However, experience suggests that in reality consensus is not always achieved, but disagreement persists: clearly, the opinion dynamics model should include some additional feature.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 189.96,\n \"width\": 493.17,\n \"height\": 251.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 505.05,\n \"height\": 369.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 517.05,\n \"height\": 170.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bcc4cc26\",\n \"text\": \"In this paper, we postulate that individuals can not directly perceive the private opinions of the others, but only observe their displayed behaviours.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 528.93,\n \"height\": 350.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 540.93,\n \"height\": 294.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bcc4cc26\",\n \"text\": \"Indeed, in some situations individuals may not be able to express their opinions precisely, but only through a limited number of behaviours or actions: let us think of consumers' choices, electoral votes, or stereotyped interactions in online social media.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 371.88,\n \"width\": 540.93,\n \"height\": 69.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 552.93,\n \"height\": 368.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 564.81,\n \"height\": 369.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 576.81,\n \"height\": 290.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bcc4cc26\",\n \"text\": \"Even though we are assuming that the opinions are real-valued, behaviours are better described as elements of a finite or discrete set: hence, the behaviour of an individual shall be a suitable quantization of his/her opinion.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 369.48,\n \"width\": 576.81,\n \"height\": 71.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 588.81,\n \"height\": 369.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 600.69,\n \"height\": 368.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 612.69,\n \"height\": 171.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bcc4cc26\",\n \"text\": \"If we assume to represent discrete behaviours as integers and that the relation between opinion and behavior is the same for all individuals, equations (1) can be replaced by (2) ẋi (t) = j a ij [q(x j (t)) -x i (t)], i ∈ I,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 247.56,\n \"width\": 612.69,\n \"height\": 193.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 624.57,\n \"height\": 369.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 195.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 118.41,\n \"height\": 12.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 166.92,\n \"width\": 118.41,\n \"height\": 29.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 204.12,\n \"width\": 132.66,\n \"height\": 3.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 214.8,\n \"width\": 118.41,\n \"height\": 48.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 265.92,\n \"width\": 118.41,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 275.88,\n \"width\": 118.41,\n \"height\": 25.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 323.28,\n \"width\": 118.41,\n \"height\": 3.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 329.52,\n \"width\": 118.41,\n \"height\": 18.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(2)\",\n \"offset_start\": 175,\n \"offset_end\": 178\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_283fe929\",\n \"text\": \"where we choose the quantizer map q : R → Z to be the \\\"uniform\\\" quantizer q(s) = ⌊s + 1 2 ⌋.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 146.61,\n \"height\": 179.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 255.0,\n \"width\": 146.61,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 268.08,\n \"width\": 146.61,\n \"height\": 172.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 9.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 82.44,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 92.64,\n \"width\": 157.15,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 92.64,\n \"width\": 164.59,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 7.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_283fe929\",\n \"text\": \"This new model is a very simple modification of (1), which has no pretension to describe social dynamics precisely, but has the aim to make the role of quantization evident.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 109.32,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 331.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 34.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"(1)\",\n \"offset_start\": 48,\n \"offset_end\": 51\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_283fe929\",\n \"text\": \"As we shall see in this paper, the main feature that distinguishes it from (1) is that consensus is not achieved in general.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 110.52,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 330.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 194.49,\n \"height\": 176.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_283fe929\",\n \"text\": \"From the point of view of opinion dynamics, this observation allows us to explain the persistence of disagreement as an effect of the limited number of behaviours allowed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 252.24,\n \"width\": 194.49,\n \"height\": 188.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 206.49,\n \"height\": 369.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 218.37,\n \"height\": 183.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_f736204d\",\n \"text\": \"♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ✻ ✲ s s s s s s q(s) -1/2 1/2 1 -1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 231.55,\n \"width\": 253.94,\n \"height\": 134.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fdb05505\",\n \"text\": \"Fig. 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 179.16,\n \"width\": 433.37,\n \"height\": 25.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fdb05505\",\n \"text\": \"The uniform quantizer q : R → Z.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 208.44,\n \"width\": 433.1,\n \"height\": 125.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af8bef8\",\n \"text\": \"The aim of this paper is to study the effect of quantization of others' states in a consensus model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 457.53,\n \"height\": 351.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 469.41,\n \"height\": 84.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af8bef8\",\n \"text\": \"This is done by undertaking a rigorous mathematical analysis of (2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 164.04,\n \"width\": 469.41,\n \"height\": 277.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 481.41,\n \"height\": 27.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(2)\",\n \"offset_start\": 64,\n \"offset_end\": 67\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af8bef8\",\n \"text\": \"The key technical difficulty in the study of this model is that the right-hand sides of the equations are discontinuous and their solutions must be intended in some generalized sense.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 105.0,\n \"width\": 481.41,\n \"height\": 336.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 75.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af8bef8\",\n \"text\": \"We describe our mathematical contribution as fourfold.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 152.04,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 237.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af8bef8\",\n \"text\": \"As the first contribution, we prove existence and completeness of Carathéodory solutions from every initial condition.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 393.36,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 47.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 517.29,\n \"height\": 369.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 529.29,\n \"height\": 99.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1af8bef8\",\n \"text\": \"This is a relevant fact because most discontinuous systems, including well-known models of opinion dynamics, do not have complete Carathéodory solutions [13]: even proving existence for most initial conditions can be a difficult task [7,6].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 177.84,\n \"width\": 529.29,\n \"height\": 263.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 541.17,\n \"height\": 369.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 368.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 565.05,\n \"height\": 45.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"[13]\",\n \"offset_start\": 153,\n \"offset_end\": 157\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b6\",\n \"text\": \"[7,\",\n \"offset_start\": 234,\n \"offset_end\": 237\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"6]\",\n \"offset_start\": 237,\n \"offset_end\": 239\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2434648\",\n \"text\": \"As the second contribution, we highlight a pathological behavior of Carathéodory solutions, which can converge to points that are not (Carathéodory) equilibria.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 351.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 589.05,\n \"height\": 369.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2434648\",\n \"text\": \"The presence of these pathological attractors motivates us to consider also Krasovskii solutions, which have two important advantages.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 369.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 217.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2434648\",\n \"text\": \"Firstly, Krasovskii's definition is more general than Carathéodory's, meaning that Carathéodory solutions are particular Krasovskii solutions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 297.12,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 143.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 624.93,\n \"height\": 369.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 104.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2434648\",\n \"text\": \"Hence, results that are established for Krasovskii also apply to Carathéodory.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 180.72,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 260.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 74.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2434648\",\n \"text\": \"Secondly, Krasovskii solutions can not converge to points that are not (Krasovskii) equilibria, thus solving the mentioned pathological convergence.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 151.32,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 289.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 352.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01159b2d\",\n \"text\": \"As the third contribution, assuming weight-balanced interactions, we derive an estimate of the distance of Krasovskii solutions from consensus for large times and we prove that its tightness by means of an example of equilibria.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 351.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 273.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01159b2d\",\n \"text\": \"In this example, the distance from consensus is quadratically increasing in the number of agents, implying that quantization can drastically destroy consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 351.6,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 89.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 368.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 226.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01159b2d\",\n \"text\": \"Actually, not only we explicitly construct equilibria that are arbitrarily far from consensus, but also show by simulations that most graphs imply convergence to non-consensus configurations.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 303.84,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 137.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 369.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 325.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01159b2d\",\n \"text\": \"However, consensus can be reached in some special cases.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 401.4,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 39.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 210.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01159b2d\",\n \"text\": \"Indeed, as the fourth contribution, we prove convergence to consensus when communication among the individuals is described either by a complete graph or by a complete bipartite graph.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 288.72,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 152.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 368.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 310.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_202ec62c\",\n \"text\": \"Relations with the literature.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 194.49,\n \"height\": 123.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_202ec62c\",\n \"text\": \"This paper relates to various bodies of work in control theory and in mathematical sociology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 218.28,\n \"width\": 194.49,\n \"height\": 222.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 206.49,\n \"height\": 181.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_202ec62c\",\n \"text\": \"In the last ten years, control theorists have widely studied quantized versions of consensus algorithms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 257.88,\n \"width\": 206.49,\n \"height\": 183.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 218.37,\n \"height\": 258.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_202ec62c\",\n \"text\": \"Since giving a complete overview would be impossible here, we just mention some papers whose approaches are particularly close to ours.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 336.6,\n \"width\": 218.37,\n \"height\": 104.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 230.37,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 242.37,\n \"height\": 110.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_202ec62c\",\n \"text\": \"First of all, in [10] the authors consider a discrete-time version of (2): their analysis is limited to observing that the algorithm may not converge to consensus and then abandoned.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 186.24,\n \"width\": 242.37,\n \"height\": 254.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 254.25,\n \"height\": 369.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 266.25,\n \"height\": 152.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"[10]\",\n \"offset_start\": 17,\n \"offset_end\": 21\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_202ec62c\",\n \"text\": \"The poor perfomance of the dynamics in terms of approaching consensus explains the scarcity1 of known results about (2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 230.76,\n \"width\": 266.25,\n \"height\": 210.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 278.13,\n \"height\": 329.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(2)\",\n \"offset_start\": 116,\n \"offset_end\": 119\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_202ec62c\",\n \"text\": \"Instead, papers like [12,22,20,25,29] have considered other possible quantizations of (1): in [12,22] all states are quantized in the right-hand side, while in [20,25] distances between couples of states are seen through the quantizer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 406.32,\n \"width\": 278.13,\n \"height\": 34.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 290.13,\n \"height\": 369.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 302.13,\n \"height\": 369.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 314.01,\n \"height\": 244.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b11\",\n \"text\": \"[12,\",\n \"offset_start\": 21,\n \"offset_end\": 25\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"22,\",\n \"offset_start\": 25,\n \"offset_end\": 28\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b19\",\n \"text\": \"20,\",\n \"offset_start\": 28,\n \"offset_end\": 31\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"25,\",\n \"offset_start\": 31,\n \"offset_end\": 34\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b28\",\n \"text\": \"29]\",\n \"offset_start\": 34,\n \"offset_end\": 37\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b11\",\n \"text\": \"[12,\",\n \"offset_start\": 94,\n \"offset_end\": 98\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"22]\",\n \"offset_start\": 98,\n \"offset_end\": 101\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b19\",\n \"text\": \"[20,\",\n \"offset_start\": 160,\n \"offset_end\": 164\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"25]\",\n \"offset_start\": 164,\n \"offset_end\": 167\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_202ec62c\",\n \"text\": \"In these papers convergence to consensus is proved under appropriate but generally mild assumptions [38].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 321.0,\n \"width\": 314.01,\n \"height\": 120.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 326.01,\n \"height\": 340.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b37\",\n \"text\": \"[38]\",\n \"offset_start\": 100,\n \"offset_end\": 104\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cf30a88\",\n \"text\": \"Surveys of the opinion dynamics literature can be found in [11,23,34]: all of these bring forward the need for theories that can explain both agreement and disagreement, as recognized since [28,1].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 338.01,\n \"height\": 350.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 349.89,\n \"height\": 369.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 361.89,\n \"height\": 113.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"[11,\",\n \"offset_start\": 59,\n \"offset_end\": 63\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b22\",\n \"text\": \"23,\",\n \"offset_start\": 63,\n \"offset_end\": 66\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b33\",\n \"text\": \"34]\",\n \"offset_start\": 66,\n \"offset_end\": 69\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"[28,\",\n \"offset_start\": 190,\n \"offset_end\": 194\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"1]\",\n \"offset_start\": 194,\n \"offset_end\": 196\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cf30a88\",\n \"text\": \"Different explanations of persistence of disagreement have been proposed: among them, we recall in [24] the persisting influence of the initial opinions; in [27] the bounded confidence of the individuals; in [32,2] the presence of stubborn individuals; and in [3] the occurrence of antagonistic interactions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 189.96,\n \"width\": 361.89,\n \"height\": 251.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 373.77,\n \"height\": 369.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 385.77,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 397.77,\n \"height\": 341.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"[24]\",\n \"offset_start\": 99,\n \"offset_end\": 103\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"[27]\",\n \"offset_start\": 157,\n \"offset_end\": 161\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b31\",\n \"text\": \"[32,\",\n \"offset_start\": 208,\n \"offset_end\": 212\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"2]\",\n \"offset_start\": 212,\n \"offset_end\": 214\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b2\",\n \"text\": \"[3]\",\n \"offset_start\": 260,\n \"offset_end\": 263\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cf30a88\",\n \"text\": \"Here, we support the claim that quantization can be a source of disagreement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 417.96,\n \"width\": 397.77,\n \"height\": 23.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 409.65,\n \"height\": 324.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cf30a88\",\n \"text\": \"The fact that others' opinion are materialized by means of discrete behaviours is a natural observation, which has been made by social scientists [24,Chapter 10] and has been addressed in several models including [36,30,16].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 403.44,\n \"width\": 409.65,\n \"height\": 37.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 421.65,\n \"height\": 369.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 433.65,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 445.53,\n \"height\": 218.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"[24,\",\n \"offset_start\": 146,\n \"offset_end\": 150\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Chapter 10]\",\n \"offset_start\": 150,\n \"offset_end\": 161\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"[36,\",\n \"offset_start\": 213,\n \"offset_end\": 217\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"30,\",\n \"offset_start\": 217,\n \"offset_end\": 220\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b15\",\n \"text\": \"16]\",\n \"offset_start\": 220,\n \"offset_end\": 223\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cf30a88\",\n \"text\": \"Discrete behaviours can result as consequences of limited verbalization capabilities, as postulated in [36], or represent actions taken by the individuals (CODA models), as in [30,16].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 296.16,\n \"width\": 445.53,\n \"height\": 144.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 457.53,\n \"height\": 369.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 469.41,\n \"height\": 274.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"[36]\",\n \"offset_start\": 103,\n \"offset_end\": 107\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"[30,\",\n \"offset_start\": 176,\n \"offset_end\": 180\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b15\",\n \"text\": \"16]\",\n \"offset_start\": 180,\n \"offset_end\": 183\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cf30a88\",\n \"text\": \"These papers feature dynamics that may not reach consensus and that involve quantization together with other nonlinearities.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 350.76,\n \"width\": 469.41,\n \"height\": 90.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 481.41,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 86.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cf30a88\",\n \"text\": \"In comparison, our proposed model (2) can be understood as an effort to single out the effects of quantization only.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 163.08,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 277.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 221.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cf30a88\",\n \"text\": \"We consider the case of multiple quantization levels, but two-level quantization as in [16] can be easily obtained as a particular case.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 298.68,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 142.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 517.29,\n \"height\": 368.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 529.29,\n \"height\": 66.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b15\",\n \"text\": \"[16]\",\n \"offset_start\": 87,\n \"offset_end\": 91\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e21792f0\",\n \"text\": \"Outline of the paper.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 541.17,\n \"height\": 88.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e21792f0\",\n \"text\": \"In Section 2 we present some alternative forms of (2), introduce Carathéodory and Krasovskii solutions, and prove some of their basic properties.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 183.6,\n \"width\": 541.17,\n \"height\": 257.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 369.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e21792f0\",\n \"text\": \"Section 3 is devoted to equilibria, providing the relevant definitions and examples.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 565.05,\n \"height\": 355.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e21792f0\",\n \"text\": \"In Section 4 we prove the asymptotic estimate of the distance of solutions from consensus and show that it is sharp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 431.88,\n \"width\": 565.05,\n \"height\": 9.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 369.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 589.05,\n \"height\": 115.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e21792f0\",\n \"text\": \"In Section 5 we study the special cases of all-to-all and bipartite communication and prove that in these cases consensus is achieved.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 194.4,\n \"width\": 589.05,\n \"height\": 246.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 332.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e21792f0\",\n \"text\": \"Finally, Section 6 presents some simulations on random graphs and Section 7 concludes the paper.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 408.48,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 32.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 624.93,\n \"height\": 27.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_50aa5d6c\",\n \"text\": \"2. Fundamental properties of the dynamics.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 642.49,\n \"height\": 229.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_50aa5d6c\",\n \"text\": \"We begin this section by rewriting equations (2) in some alternative forms that allow us to see the model from different points of view.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 326.04,\n \"width\": 641.97,\n \"height\": 114.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 653.97,\n \"height\": 369.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 126.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f969b173\",\n \"text\": \"First of all, we can think that communication among individuals is described by a weighted directed graph whose vertices are individuals.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 350.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 252.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f969b173\",\n \"text\": \"The numbers a ij ≥ 0 are the entries of the weighted adjaciency matrix A of the graph, namely a ij > 0 if the agents i and j are linked, a ij = 0 if they are not linked and a ii = 0. We can then observe that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 330.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 73.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 407.52,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 418.92,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 22.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 53.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_6b4d7cc0\",\n \"text\": \"ẋi (t) = j =i a ij q(x j (t)) -x j (t) + x j (t) -x i (t) = j =i a ij x j (t)) -x i (t) + j =i a ij q(x j (t)) -x j (t) .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 134.64,\n \"width\": 180.21,\n \"height\": 245.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_52e2663b\",\n \"text\": \"If we denote by d i := j a ij the weighted degree of the i-th vertex, by D = diag(d i ), and by q(x) = (q(x 1 ), . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 241.41,\n \"height\": 91.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 177.12,\n \"width\": 246.9,\n \"height\": 3.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 183.0,\n \"width\": 241.41,\n \"height\": 258.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 255.21,\n \"height\": 111.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_52e2663b\",\n \"text\": \", q(x N )) ⊤ , then we can define the Laplacian matrix of the graph L = D -A and write\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 184.92,\n \"width\": 253.85,\n \"height\": 256.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 267.21,\n \"height\": 56.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 131.04,\n \"width\": 267.21,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 141.0,\n \"width\": 267.21,\n \"height\": 52.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_77e9e6c3\",\n \"text\": \"ẋ = -Lx + A(q(x) -x) (3) = -L(x -x a 1) + A(q(x) -x),\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 288.81,\n \"height\": 256.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_07e75ac9\",\n \"text\": \"where for the second equality we have used 1 ⊤ = (1, ..., 1) and x a (t) = 1 N 1 ⊤ x(t), together with the fact that L1 = 0. System (3) can be seen as the classical consensus system perturbed by others' states quantization errors.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 325.01,\n \"height\": 322.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 402.0,\n \"width\": 325.03,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 400.44,\n \"width\": 332.34,\n \"height\": 6.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 408.72,\n \"width\": 325.01,\n \"height\": 32.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 338.37,\n \"height\": 369.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 350.37,\n \"height\": 260.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_07e75ac9\",\n \"text\": \"This interpretation will become useful in Section 4. Clearly, we can also write (3) as\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 338.28,\n \"width\": 350.37,\n \"height\": 102.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 362.25,\n \"height\": 262.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_6bad7658\",\n \"text\": \"(4) ẋ = -Dx + Aq(x),\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 383.85,\n \"height\": 225.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bb9d1540\",\n \"text\": \"which prompts a connection with the theory of neural networks.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 405.45,\n \"height\": 280.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c080f54\",\n \"text\": \"Remark 1 (Neural networks).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 421.65,\n \"height\": 134.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5c080f54\",\n \"text\": \"By adding a constant term I ∈ R N in (4) we get\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 228.12,\n \"width\": 421.65,\n \"height\": 124.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 355.8,\n \"width\": 421.65,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 365.16,\n \"width\": 420.54,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 383.52,\n \"width\": 421.65,\n \"height\": 56.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3d95ea94\",\n \"text\": \"(5) ẋ = -Dx + Aq(x) + I, which is the typical system used in order to describe Hopfield neural networks.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 443.25,\n \"height\": 12.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 208.2,\n \"width\": 443.25,\n \"height\": 14.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 225.36,\n \"width\": 443.25,\n \"height\": 22.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 249.6,\n \"width\": 443.25,\n \"height\": 57.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 464.85,\n \"height\": 336.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3d95ea94\",\n \"text\": \"In this context, individuals represent neurons and the function q is called activation function.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 412.8,\n \"width\": 464.85,\n \"height\": 28.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 476.85,\n \"height\": 369.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f008104\",\n \"text\": \"In the basic models q is assumed to be smooth and increasing, but the literature has also considered weaker assumptions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 488.73,\n \"height\": 368.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 500.73,\n \"height\": 156.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f008104\",\n \"text\": \"In particular, in [21] q can be discontinuous but must be increasing and bounded, and the matrix A is assumed invertible.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 233.4,\n \"width\": 500.73,\n \"height\": 207.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 512.61,\n \"height\": 324.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b20\",\n \"text\": \"[21]\",\n \"offset_start\": 18,\n \"offset_end\": 22\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f008104\",\n \"text\": \"A major difference between our model and the one in [21] is that we have multiple equilibria (Section 3), whereas [21] assumes a single equilibrium point.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 403.68,\n \"width\": 512.61,\n \"height\": 37.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 524.61,\n \"height\": 368.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 536.61,\n \"height\": 263.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b20\",\n \"text\": \"[21]\",\n \"offset_start\": 52,\n \"offset_end\": 56\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b20\",\n \"text\": \"[21]\",\n \"offset_start\": 114,\n \"offset_end\": 118\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2fc5929\",\n \"text\": \"When we look at system (4), we observe that for every k ∈ Z N the vector q is constant on each set\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 552.81,\n \"height\": 254.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 348.0,\n \"width\": 552.81,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 358.32,\n \"width\": 551.7,\n \"height\": 12.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 376.32,\n \"width\": 552.81,\n \"height\": 64.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 564.81,\n \"height\": 88.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_64223e28\",\n \"text\": \"S k = {x ∈ R N : k i - 1 2 ≤ x i < k i + 1 2 , i = 1, . . . , N }.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 142.8,\n \"width\": 581.85,\n \"height\": 227.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"This fact makes it evident that the system is affine if restricted to each set S k .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 330.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 402.84,\n \"width\": 617.0,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 408.12,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover its right-hand side is discontinuous on the set ∆ = k∈Z N ∂S k , where ∂S k is the boundary of S k .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 415.2,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 25.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 624.93,\n \"height\": 239.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 322.2,\n \"width\": 629.96,\n \"height\": 20.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 345.6,\n \"width\": 624.93,\n \"height\": 11.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 357.6,\n \"width\": 629.0,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 362.76,\n \"width\": 624.93,\n \"height\": 46.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 409.2,\n \"width\": 629.0,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 417.48,\n \"width\": 624.93,\n \"height\": 23.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 64.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 136.08,\n \"width\": 640.88,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 141.36,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"In general, existence of solutions of equations with discontinuous right-hand side is not guaranteed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 151.2,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 289.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 150.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"For this reason different types of solutions have been introduced in the literature.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 229.08,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 212.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 145.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"The notion of solution nearest to the classical one is that of Carathéodory solution.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 222.6,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 218.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 142.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"The main problem in using Carathéodory solutions is that, often, they do not exist or can not be extended to infinity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 218.88,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 222.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 299.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"Here we prove that Carathéodory solutions do exists and are complete.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 377.76,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 63.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 249.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"Nevertheless the discontinuity causes the strange phenomenon of solutions converging to points which are not equilibria.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 328.2,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 112.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 369.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 43.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"In order to better understand this phenomenon we also study Krasovskii solutions: such points are in fact Krasovskii equilibria.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 120.72,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 320.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 237.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"We now formally introduce Carathéodory and Krasovskii solutions and study their basic properties.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 350.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 95.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"We refer the reader to [26,5,17] for overviews on generalized solutions of discontinuous differential equations.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 171.96,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 269.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 206.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b25\",\n \"text\": \"[26,\",\n \"offset_start\": 23,\n \"offset_end\": 27\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b4\",\n \"text\": \"5,\",\n \"offset_start\": 27,\n \"offset_end\": 29\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b16\",\n \"text\": \"17]\",\n \"offset_start\": 29,\n \"offset_end\": 32\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"System (2) can be cast in the general form (6) ẋ = f (x), provided f : R N → R N is the vector field given by f i (x) = j a ij [q(x j ) -x i ].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 282.6,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 158.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 20.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 204.69,\n \"height\": 12.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 237.72,\n \"width\": 204.69,\n \"height\": 39.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 225.78,\n \"height\": 71.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 148.08,\n \"width\": 226.89,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 161.76,\n \"width\": 225.78,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 180.36,\n \"width\": 226.89,\n \"height\": 154.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 349.56,\n \"width\": 232.38,\n \"height\": 3.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 355.44,\n \"width\": 226.89,\n \"height\": 37.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 395.52,\n \"width\": 226.89,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 405.84,\n \"width\": 226.89,\n \"height\": 14.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"(6)\",\n \"offset_start\": 43,\n \"offset_end\": 46\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"Let I ⊂ R be an interval of the form (0, T ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 426.48,\n \"width\": 226.89,\n \"height\": 14.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 240.69,\n \"height\": 4.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 79.92,\n \"width\": 240.69,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 90.48,\n \"width\": 240.69,\n \"height\": 147.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e815f6ee\",\n \"text\": \"An absolutely continuous function x : I → R N is a Carathéodory solution of (6) if it satisfies (6) for almost all t ∈ I or, equivalently, if it is a solution of the integral equation\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 242.16,\n \"width\": 240.69,\n \"height\": 167.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 413.52,\n \"width\": 240.69,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 426.24,\n \"width\": 239.46,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 252.57,\n \"height\": 279.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 354.48,\n \"width\": 252.57,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 363.84,\n \"width\": 252.57,\n \"height\": 77.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 264.57,\n \"height\": 177.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"(6)\",\n \"offset_start\": 96,\n \"offset_end\": 99\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_03f088d6\",\n \"text\": \"x(t) = x 0 + t 0 f (x(s))ds.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 200.16,\n \"width\": 284.46,\n \"height\": 112.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0611d4bf\",\n \"text\": \"An absolutely continuous function x : I → R N is a Krasovskii solution of (6) if for almost every t ∈ I, it satisfies\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 321.81,\n \"height\": 174.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 251.28,\n \"width\": 321.81,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 264.84,\n \"width\": 320.7,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 283.44,\n \"width\": 321.81,\n \"height\": 157.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 333.69,\n \"height\": 62.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 136.8,\n \"width\": 333.69,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 146.28,\n \"width\": 333.69,\n \"height\": 54.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_80bcad44\",\n \"text\": \"(7) ẋ(t) ∈ Kf (x(t)),\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 355.89,\n \"height\": 219.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01f9407f\",\n \"text\": \"where Kf (x) = δ>0 co({f (y) : y such that x -y < δ}).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 378.09,\n \"height\": 25.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 145.8,\n \"width\": 390.45,\n \"height\": 12.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 159.48,\n \"width\": 390.45,\n \"height\": 23.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 186.12,\n \"width\": 404.94,\n \"height\": 14.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 201.96,\n \"width\": 390.45,\n \"height\": 113.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 317.4,\n \"width\": 390.45,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 327.36,\n \"width\": 390.45,\n \"height\": 39.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e5d839ec\",\n \"text\": \"We recall that in general any Carathéodory solution is also a Krasovskii solution and we observe that, for the specific dynamics (2), Krasovskii solutions coincide with Filippov solutions that are often adopted for discontinuous systems.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 418.29,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 430.17,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 442.17,\n \"height\": 302.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e5d839ec\",\n \"text\": \"The following result states the basic properties of the solutions of (2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 381.0,\n \"width\": 442.17,\n \"height\": 60.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 454.17,\n \"height\": 242.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23d7af1c\",\n \"text\": \"Theorem 2.1 (Properties of solutions).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 470.49,\n \"height\": 174.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00c92a69\",\n \"text\": \"(i) (Existence) For any initial condition there exist a Carathéodory solution and a Krasovskii solution of (2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 91.8,\n \"width\": 482.49,\n \"height\": 349.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 494.49,\n \"height\": 124.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00c92a69\",\n \"text\": \"(ii) (Boundedness) Any Carathéodory or Krasovskii solution of (2) is bounded on its domain.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 88.8,\n \"width\": 506.37,\n \"height\": 352.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 518.37,\n \"height\": 49.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00c92a69\",\n \"text\": \"(iii) (Completeness) Any Carathéodory or Krasovskii solution starting at t 0 ∈ R is defined on the set [t 0 , +∞).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 85.68,\n \"width\": 530.25,\n \"height\": 333.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 423.72,\n \"width\": 530.25,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 433.8,\n \"width\": 530.9,\n \"height\": 7.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 542.25,\n \"height\": 130.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_df07cd12\",\n \"text\": \"Proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 558.69,\n \"height\": 26.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_df07cd12\",\n \"text\": \"(i-C) First of all, we remark that the right-hand side of ( 2) is continuous at any point in the interior of S k for any k ∈ Z N , then local solutions with initial conditions in R N \\\\ ∆ do exist.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 558.69,\n \"height\": 319.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 570.57,\n \"height\": 143.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 215.52,\n \"width\": 574.64,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 224.76,\n \"width\": 570.57,\n \"height\": 41.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 270.36,\n \"width\": 570.57,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 280.92,\n \"width\": 569.46,\n \"height\": 12.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 295.08,\n \"width\": 570.57,\n \"height\": 145.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 581.46,\n \"height\": 74.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 150.12,\n \"width\": 582.57,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 157.8,\n \"width\": 582.57,\n \"height\": 50.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_df07cd12\",\n \"text\": \"Then, we consider initial conditions in ∆.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 214.32,\n \"width\": 582.57,\n \"height\": 186.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_df07cd12\",\n \"text\": \"For any x 0 ∈ R N we denote by I(x 0 ) the subset of {1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 406.92,\n \"width\": 582.57,\n \"height\": 34.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 594.45,\n \"height\": 9.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 87.24,\n \"width\": 594.45,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 99.0,\n \"width\": 593.34,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 118.44,\n \"width\": 594.45,\n \"height\": 151.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 274.32,\n \"width\": 594.45,\n \"height\": 12.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 288.84,\n \"width\": 594.45,\n \"height\": 11.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_df07cd12\",\n \"text\": \", N } of the indices i such that x 0i = k i + 1 2 for some k i ∈ Z and by M the cardinality of I(x 0 ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 302.04,\n \"width\": 594.45,\n \"height\": 12.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 315.6,\n \"width\": 594.45,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 325.32,\n \"width\": 594.45,\n \"height\": 115.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 606.45,\n \"height\": 44.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 120.12,\n \"width\": 604.99,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 120.12,\n \"width\": 612.43,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 128.64,\n \"width\": 606.45,\n \"height\": 48.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 180.12,\n \"width\": 606.45,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 189.48,\n \"width\": 606.45,\n \"height\": 161.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_df07cd12\",\n \"text\": \"We first consider initial conditions x 0 such that M = 1 and I(x 0 ) = {i}, i.e. x 0i = k i + 1 2 for some k i ∈ Z and x 0j = h + 1 2 for any j = i and any h ∈ Z.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 618.45,\n \"height\": 312.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 407.4,\n \"width\": 618.45,\n \"height\": 16.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 428.28,\n \"width\": 618.45,\n \"height\": 12.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 630.33,\n \"height\": 46.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 121.68,\n \"width\": 628.99,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 121.68,\n \"width\": 636.31,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 130.56,\n \"width\": 630.33,\n \"height\": 48.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 183.24,\n \"width\": 630.33,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 193.2,\n \"width\": 630.33,\n \"height\": 74.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 270.96,\n \"width\": 628.99,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 270.96,\n \"width\": 636.31,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 279.72,\n \"width\": 630.33,\n \"height\": 105.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 388.56,\n \"width\": 630.33,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 398.52,\n \"width\": 630.98,\n \"height\": 9.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_df07cd12\",\n \"text\": \"Let us denote\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 413.4,\n \"width\": 630.33,\n \"height\": 27.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 642.33,\n \"height\": 28.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_9ac29af3\",\n \"text\": \"s i (x) = x i -k i - 1 2 , S + i = {x ∈ R N : x i -k i - 1 2 ≥ 0}, S - i = {x ∈ R N : x i -k i - 1 2 < 0}, f | S - i (x 0 ) = lim x∈S - i ,x→x0 f (x).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 182.64,\n \"width\": 650.13,\n \"height\": 147.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5fea4d28\",\n \"text\": \"We have that ∇s i (x 0 ) = e i (the i-th vector of the canonical basis) and, if we define\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 151.41,\n \"height\": 59.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 134.76,\n \"width\": 151.41,\n \"height\": 12.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 147.72,\n \"width\": 151.41,\n \"height\": 293.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_c0b69ea7\",\n \"text\": \"a(x) = ∇s i (x) • f (x), then a(x 0 ) = ∇s i (x 0 ) • f | S + i (x 0 ) = ∇s i (x 0 ) • f | S - i (x 0 ) = j =i a ij (q(x 0j ) -k i -1 2 ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 163.29,\n \"height\": 292.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4a8d5c9e\",\n \"text\": \"If a(x 0 ) < 0, the vector field f | S - i points towards the half-space s i (x) < 0 and then there is a solution starting at x 0 which satisfies the equations ẋ = f | Si (x) and stays in S - i in an interval of the form (t 0 , t 0 +ǫ) for some ǫ > 0. This fact is proved in [35,8].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 222.69,\n \"height\": 134.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 207.24,\n \"width\": 222.69,\n \"height\": 2.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 210.0,\n \"width\": 226.58,\n \"height\": 10.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 214.92,\n \"width\": 232.16,\n \"height\": 2.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 225.36,\n \"width\": 222.69,\n \"height\": 215.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 236.49,\n \"height\": 295.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 368.76,\n \"width\": 236.49,\n \"height\": 2.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 371.52,\n \"width\": 240.5,\n \"height\": 10.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 376.44,\n \"width\": 245.96,\n \"height\": 2.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 383.16,\n \"width\": 236.49,\n \"height\": 57.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 249.53,\n \"height\": 23.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 89.04,\n \"width\": 256.74,\n \"height\": 2.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 98.88,\n \"width\": 251.49,\n \"height\": 342.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b34\",\n \"text\": \"[35,\",\n \"offset_start\": 275,\n \"offset_end\": 279\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b7\",\n \"text\": \"8]\",\n \"offset_start\": 279,\n \"offset_end\": 281\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4a8d5c9e\",\n \"text\": \"Analogously, if a(x 0 ) ≥ 0, then there is a solution starting at x 0 which satisfies the equation ẋ = f | S + i (x) and stays in S + i in an interval of the form (t 0 , t 0 + ǫ) for some ǫ > 0. Note in particular that if a(x 0 ) = 0, then the vector field\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 263.49,\n \"height\": 91.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 167.4,\n \"width\": 263.49,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 178.68,\n \"width\": 263.49,\n \"height\": 262.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 275.37,\n \"height\": 64.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 138.0,\n \"width\": 275.37,\n \"height\": 2.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 140.76,\n \"width\": 279.47,\n \"height\": 10.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 145.68,\n \"width\": 284.84,\n \"height\": 2.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 152.16,\n \"width\": 275.37,\n \"height\": 79.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 231.96,\n \"width\": 273.67,\n \"height\": 6.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 231.36,\n \"width\": 280.74,\n \"height\": 2.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 241.92,\n \"width\": 275.37,\n \"height\": 199.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 289.29,\n \"height\": 285.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_c8fcaf42\",\n \"text\": \"f | S + i is tangent to discontinuity surface x i = k i + 1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 289.29,\n \"height\": 368.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6cb24c62\",\n \"text\": \"2 , namely a hyperplane, not only at x 0 but also in a neighborhood of x 0 intersecated with the discontinuity surface.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 210.36,\n \"width\": 310.03,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 215.52,\n \"width\": 304.05,\n \"height\": 225.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 316.05,\n \"height\": 274.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6cb24c62\",\n \"text\": \"Indeed there exists a neighbourhood N (x 0 ) of x 0 such that for all x ∈ N (x 0 ) one has q(x j ) = q(x 0j ) for all j = i.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 350.76,\n \"width\": 316.05,\n \"height\": 90.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 328.05,\n \"height\": 206.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 282.24,\n \"width\": 328.05,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 292.68,\n \"width\": 328.05,\n \"height\": 148.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 339.93,\n \"height\": 40.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6cb24c62\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover if x i = k i + 1/2 one gets a(x) = a(x 0 ), and then there exists a solution starting on the hyperplane which lays on it.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 117.96,\n \"width\": 339.93,\n \"height\": 322.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 351.93,\n \"height\": 228.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_50a5e477\",\n \"text\": \"We now consider initial conditions x 0 such that 1 < M ≤ N .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 363.93,\n \"height\": 240.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 334.92,\n \"width\": 363.93,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 345.72,\n \"width\": 363.93,\n \"height\": 11.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_50a5e477\",\n \"text\": \"The vector field f has 2 M limit values at x 0 corresponding to the 2 M sectors defined by the inequalities\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 362.52,\n \"width\": 363.93,\n \"height\": 77.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 375.81,\n \"height\": 22.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 94.56,\n \"width\": 374.7,\n \"height\": 7.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 106.56,\n \"width\": 375.81,\n \"height\": 176.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 282.72,\n \"width\": 374.7,\n \"height\": 7.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 294.6,\n \"width\": 375.81,\n \"height\": 146.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_2b330dcc\",\n \"text\": \"x i -k i -1 2 ≥ 0 and x i -k i -1 2 < 0, i ∈ I(x 0 ). We describe these sectors by means of vectors B ∈ {0, 1} N . Let H(t) = 1 if t ≥ 0 and H(t) = 0 if t < 0. We define B i = H(x i -k i -1 2 ) if i ∈ I(x 0 ) and B i = 0 if i / ∈ I(x 0 ). Let f B (x 0 ) = lim x→x0,x∈S k+B f (x).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 386.35,\n \"height\": 369.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73ad19dc\",\n \"text\": \"In the following we denote f B (x 0 ) = f B .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 423.69,\n \"height\": 177.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73ad19dc\",\n \"text\": \"We want to prove that there exists B such that H((f B ) i ) = B i for all i ∈ I(x 0 ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 254.04,\n \"width\": 423.69,\n \"height\": 186.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 435.57,\n \"height\": 128.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 204.72,\n \"width\": 435.57,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 215.76,\n \"width\": 435.57,\n \"height\": 25.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73ad19dc\",\n \"text\": \"This means that the vector field f B points inside the sector S k+B at x 0 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 249.0,\n \"width\": 435.57,\n \"height\": 191.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 447.57,\n \"height\": 80.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 152.4,\n \"width\": 451.64,\n \"height\": 16.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 173.52,\n \"width\": 447.57,\n \"height\": 25.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b8d48204\",\n \"text\": \"Preliminarily, note that as x 0 ∈ S k , then q(x 0j ) = k j .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 459.57,\n \"height\": 131.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 226.8,\n \"width\": 459.57,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 237.84,\n \"width\": 459.57,\n \"height\": 6.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 243.96,\n \"width\": 463.64,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 249.12,\n \"width\": 459.57,\n \"height\": 86.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b8d48204\",\n \"text\": \"If x ∈ S k+B from the definition of B it follows that q(x j ) = k j + B j for all j = 1, ..., n.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 342.48,\n \"width\": 459.57,\n \"height\": 16.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 363.48,\n \"width\": 459.57,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 374.52,\n \"width\": 459.57,\n \"height\": 6.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 380.64,\n \"width\": 463.64,\n \"height\": 16.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 402.6,\n \"width\": 459.57,\n \"height\": 38.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 471.45,\n \"height\": 302.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b8d48204\",\n \"text\": \"Then the ith component of f B can be written as\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 382.56,\n \"width\": 471.45,\n \"height\": 58.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 483.45,\n \"height\": 152.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_f82de1aa\",\n \"text\": \"(8) (f B ) i = j a ij (k j + B j ) -d i (k i + 1 2 ) = j a ij k j -d i (k i + 1 2 ) + j a ij B j\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 503.95,\n \"height\": 353.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_edbe4733\",\n \"text\": \"Now, we start by considering the sector\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 529.29,\n \"height\": 178.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_b1261396\",\n \"text\": \"B 1 such that (B 1 ) i = 0 for all i ∈ I(x 0 ). If H((f B 1 ) i ) = 0 for all i ∈ I(x 0 ), we have finished. Otherwise, there exists i ∈ I(x 0 ) such that H((f B 1 ) i ) = 1. Assume without loss of generality that i = 1, i.e. H((f B 1 ) 1 ) = 1. Then for all B = B 1 we have H((f B ) 1 ) = 1. In fact if (f B 1 ) 1 > 0 then also (f B ) 1 = (f B 1 ) 1 + j a 1j B j > 0.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 528.07,\n \"height\": 369.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2e136cc\",\n \"text\": \"We then examine only those B such that B 1 = 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 589.05,\n \"height\": 230.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2e136cc\",\n \"text\": \"In particular the next B we consider, which we call\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 329.4,\n \"width\": 589.05,\n \"height\": 111.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 117.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_6be5feb5\",\n \"text\": \"B 2 , is such that (B 2 ) 1 = 1 and (B 2 ) i = 0 for all other i ∈ I(x 0 ). If H((f B 2 ) i ) = 0 for all i ∈ I(x 0 ) \\\\ {1}, then we have finished. Otherwise, there exists j ∈ I(x 0 ) \\\\ {1} such that H((f B 1 ) j ) = 1. Assume that such j = 2, i.e. H((f B 2 ) 2 ) = 1. Then for all B ∈ {B 1 , B 2 } we have H((f B ) 2 ) = 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 599.83,\n \"height\": 369.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b30f0c19\",\n \"text\": \"We can then restrict our attention to those B such that B 1 = B 2 = 1, and so forth.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 384.36,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 56.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 302.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b30f0c19\",\n \"text\": \"By proceeding in this way, in M step at most we find the sector B with the desired property.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 378.84,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 62.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 341.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6046a9e5\",\n \"text\": \"As already mentioned, the meaning of the condition H((f B ) i ) = B i for all i is that the vector field f B is directed inside S k+B and local existence is a consequence of the results in [35,8].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 350.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 189.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 261.96,\n \"width\": 688.76,\n \"height\": 16.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 283.2,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 157.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 102.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b34\",\n \"text\": \"[35,\",\n \"offset_start\": 189,\n \"offset_end\": 193\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b7\",\n \"text\": \"8]\",\n \"offset_start\": 193,\n \"offset_end\": 195\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6046a9e5\",\n \"text\": \"More precisely, if f B points strictly inside B, i.e. (f B ) i = 0 for all i, then there is a solution that enters the sector.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 180.36,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 260.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 234.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6046a9e5\",\n \"text\": \"If instead some components of f B are null, f B is tangent to the boundary of S k+B , and, more precisely, to\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 310.56,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 130.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 205.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 277.68,\n \"width\": 126.8,\n \"height\": 16.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 104.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_bc14d3c4\",\n \"text\": \"∂S k+B ∩ [∩ i∈ Ĩ(x0) {x : x i = k i + 1/2}], where Ĩ(x 0 ) is the subset of I(x 0 ) such that (f B ) i = 0 if i ∈ Ĩ(x 0 ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 369.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_852ddf4b\",\n \"text\": \"In fact we observe that there exists a solution issuing from x 0 which lies on the set\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 161.61,\n \"height\": 350.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 173.61,\n \"height\": 12.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_6bb7ca61\",\n \"text\": \"∂S k+B ∩ [∩ i∈ Ĩ(x0) {x : x i = k i + 1/2}]. Let us consider x ∈ ∂S k+B ∩ [∩ i∈ Ĩ(x0) {x : x i = k i + 1/2}] and let us compute (f B (x)) i . (f B (x)) i = j a ij q(x j ) -d i x i = j ∈I(x0) a ij q(x j ) + j∈I(x0)\\\\ Ĩ(x0) a ij q(x j ) + j∈ Ĩ(x0) a ij q(x j ) -d i k i + 1 2 . Note that if j ∈ Ĩ(x 0 ) then q(x j ) = q((x 0 ) j ) = k j + B j as x ∈ ∂S k+B ∩ [∩ i∈ Ĩ(x0) {x : x i = k i + 1/2}]. If j ∈ I(x 0 ) then also q(x j ) = q((x 0 ) j ) = k j + B j , provided that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 173.61,\n \"height\": 369.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aee4e232\",\n \"text\": \"x is sufficiently near x 0 so that the quantity\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 297.69,\n \"height\": 201.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_98e1939f\",\n \"text\": \"x j -k j -1/2 does not change sign. Finally, if j ∈ I(x 0 )\\\\ Ĩ(x 0 ) then x j = k j + 1/2 and (f B (x 0 )) j > 0 as H((f B )) j = B j . Let N B (x 0 ) = {x ∈ ∂S k+B ∩ [∩ i∈ Ĩ(x0) {x : x i = k i + 1/2}] : x j > k j + 1/2}\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 297.69,\n \"height\": 369.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0c00e36e\",\n \"text\": \". In a neighborhood of x 0 intersecated with N B (x 0 ) also q(x j ) remains constant and so does (f B (x)) i for all i ∈ Ĩ(x 0 ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 411.69,\n \"width\": 322.65,\n \"height\": 29.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 335.85,\n \"height\": 368.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 348.93,\n \"height\": 73.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 149.28,\n \"width\": 348.93,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 160.8,\n \"width\": 346.41,\n \"height\": 13.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 174.24,\n \"width\": 348.93,\n \"height\": 11.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0c00e36e\",\n \"text\": \"This means that the vector field f B (x) is tangent to the set N B (x 0 ) in a neighbourhood of x 0 and thus there exists a solution issuing from x 0 and lying on this set.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 191.4,\n \"width\": 348.93,\n \"height\": 249.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 360.93,\n \"height\": 368.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 372.81,\n \"height\": 92.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0c00e36e\",\n \"text\": \"We conclude that there exist a solution ϕ of (2), t 0 ∈ R and ǫ > 0 such that ϕ(t 0 ) = x 0 and φ(t) = f B (ϕ(t)) for almost every t ∈ (t 0 , t 0 + ǫ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 384.81,\n \"height\": 232.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 327.12,\n \"width\": 384.81,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 338.04,\n \"width\": 384.81,\n \"height\": 102.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 396.69,\n \"height\": 217.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 292.32,\n \"width\": 396.69,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 301.8,\n \"width\": 396.69,\n \"height\": 47.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4beaa008\",\n \"text\": \"(i-K) Since the function q is locally bounded, then the Krasovskii set-valued function Kf (x) is upper semi-continuous with compact and convex values and local existence of Krasovskii solutions is a consequence of the existence theorem in [4], page 98, Theorem 3.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 408.69,\n \"height\": 350.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 420.69,\n \"height\": 17.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 93.0,\n \"width\": 420.69,\n \"height\": 12.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 106.68,\n \"width\": 420.69,\n \"height\": 334.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 432.57,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 444.57,\n \"height\": 66.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b3\",\n \"text\": \"[4]\",\n \"offset_start\": 239,\n \"offset_end\": 242\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa78d3e0\",\n \"text\": \"(ii-C) Let x(t) be a Carathéodory solution and let m be any index in\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 456.57,\n \"height\": 298.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_02bf14c8\",\n \"text\": \"I such that x m (t) = min{x i (t), i ∈ I}. For i ∈ I, x i (t) ≥ x m (t). Let q(x m (t)) = q m (t). If x m (t) ∈ q m (t) -1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 456.57,\n \"height\": 369.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b3c280b1\",\n \"text\": \"2 , q m (t) , one has q(x i (t)) ≥ x m (t) for all i ∈ I and then ẋm (t) = j a mj [q(x j (t)) -x m (t)] ≥ 0. When x m (t) ∈ q m (t), q m (t) + 1 2 , instead, x m (t) may be decreasing as there may be other indices i such that q(x i (t)) = q m (t).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 167.52,\n \"width\": 486.31,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 172.68,\n \"width\": 480.45,\n \"height\": 112.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 480.45,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 304.92,\n \"width\": 480.45,\n \"height\": 65.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 376.68,\n \"width\": 480.45,\n \"height\": 17.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 400.44,\n \"width\": 480.45,\n \"height\": 40.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 73.8,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 34.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 122.88,\n \"width\": 498.9,\n \"height\": 3.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 128.64,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 53.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 184.44,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 194.88,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 27.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 226.32,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 237.96,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 68.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 310.8,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 325.92,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 61.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 390.48,\n \"width\": 491.95,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 390.48,\n \"width\": 499.27,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 400.2,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 40.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 368.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b3c280b1\",\n \"text\": \"Nevertheless as already remarked ẋm (t) ≥ 0 when x m (t) = q m (t) and then x m (t) is lower bounded by min{x m (0), q m (0)}.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 517.29,\n \"height\": 177.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 254.16,\n \"width\": 517.29,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 266.4,\n \"width\": 517.29,\n \"height\": 174.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 529.29,\n \"height\": 178.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b3c280b1\",\n \"text\": \"Analogously, if M is any index such that x M (t) = max{x i (t), i ∈ I}, q(x M (t)) = q M (0), we get that x M (t) is upper bounded by max{x M (0), q M (0)}, and the function q M (t) is nonincreasing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 257.16,\n \"width\": 529.29,\n \"height\": 183.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 541.17,\n \"height\": 92.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 167.52,\n \"width\": 541.17,\n \"height\": 24.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 195.24,\n \"width\": 541.17,\n \"height\": 245.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 282.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d842d64f\",\n \"text\": \"(ii-K) Let now x(t) be a Krasovskii solution and m, M, x m , x M , q m , q M be defined as in (ii-C).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 565.05,\n \"height\": 351.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 48.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d842d64f\",\n \"text\": \"We have to distinguish three cases.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 123.36,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 148.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d842d64f\",\n \"text\": \"If x m (t) ∈ q m (t), q m (t) + 1 2 , then (as for Carathéodory solutions) ẋm (t) may be negative, but x m (t) remains lower bounded by min{x m (0), q m (0)}.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 276.12,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 33.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 312.72,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 326.64,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 61.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 391.2,\n \"width\": 575.59,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 391.2,\n \"width\": 583.03,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 400.92,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 40.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 589.05,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 98.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d842d64f\",\n \"text\": \"If x m (t) ∈ q m (t) -1 2 , q m (t) , then (as for Carathéodory solutions) ẋm (t) ≥ 0. The remaining case when x m (t) = q m (t) - 1 2 is more delicate and specific to Krasovskii solutions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 176.4,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 34.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 214.8,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 229.44,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 23.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 255.12,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 266.28,\n \"width\": 599.59,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 266.28,\n \"width\": 606.91,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 271.44,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 169.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 62.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 138.36,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 150.36,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 196.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 349.92,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 361.68,\n \"width\": 611.47,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 361.68,\n \"width\": 618.91,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 371.04,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 69.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 624.93,\n \"height\": 160.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d842d64f\",\n \"text\": \"Indeed, there can exist an index ℓ such that x ℓ (t) = x m (t) but q(y) = q m (t) -1 for some points y in the neighborhood of x ℓ , which makes the (set-valued) right-hand side include negative values.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 240.24,\n \"width\": 624.93,\n \"height\": 200.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 133.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 206.88,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 215.88,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 225.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 273.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d842d64f\",\n \"text\": \"In such a case, x m (t) would be allowed to decrease, but this fact would in turn lead to the situation of the first case.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 349.44,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 91.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 41.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d842d64f\",\n \"text\": \"In conclusion, x m (t) is lower bounded by q m (0) -1 and similarly x M (t) is upper bounded by q M (0) + 1. (iii-C-K) Carathéodory solutions can be continued up to +∞ thanks to local existence and boundedness of solutions (the proof is perfectly analogous to the classical one).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 117.6,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 206.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 326.64,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 336.6,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 104.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 129.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 266.25,\n \"height\": 351.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 278.25,\n \"height\": 369.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 290.13,\n \"height\": 21.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d842d64f\",\n \"text\": \"Completeness of Krasovskii solutions can either be deduced as for Carathéodory solutions or obtained as a consequence of Lemma 5.1 page 53 in [19].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 97.8,\n \"width\": 290.13,\n \"height\": 343.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 302.13,\n \"height\": 300.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b18\",\n \"text\": \"[19]\",\n \"offset_start\": 142,\n \"offset_end\": 146\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_3ce7e25e\",\n \"text\": \"✻ ✲ ✈ ✈ O ✈ ✒ ✠ x 2 x 1 1/2 1/2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 219.83,\n \"width\": 96.17,\n \"height\": 102.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ebf4d9a1\",\n \"text\": \"The following example shows that in general uniqueness of solutions is not guaranteed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 318.45,\n \"height\": 351.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 330.33,\n \"height\": 31.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0bc1f167\",\n \"text\": \"Example 1 (Multiple Carathéodory solutions).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 346.65,\n \"height\": 209.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0bc1f167\",\n \"text\": \"Consider the dynamics\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 307.2,\n \"width\": 346.65,\n \"height\": 99.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_c36e7204\",\n \"text\": \"ẋ1 =q(x 2 ) -x 1 ẋ2 =q(x 1 ) -x 2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 225.36,\n \"width\": 368.61,\n \"height\": 63.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd8afa91\",\n \"text\": \"and let f (x 1 , x 2 ) = (q(x 2 ) -x 1 , q(x 1 ) -x 2 ) ⊤ .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 406.65,\n \"height\": 113.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 188.16,\n \"width\": 406.65,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 198.36,\n \"width\": 406.65,\n \"height\": 37.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 238.08,\n \"width\": 406.65,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 248.28,\n \"width\": 405.17,\n \"height\": 23.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd8afa91\",\n \"text\": \"Note that the vector field f restricted to the line x 2 = x 1 is parallel to this line.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 277.8,\n \"width\": 406.65,\n \"height\": 163.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 418.53,\n \"height\": 183.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd8afa91\",\n \"text\": \"Then if we take initial conditions on this line, there exist Carathéodory solutions which lie it.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 260.88,\n \"width\": 418.53,\n \"height\": 180.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 430.53,\n \"height\": 222.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd8afa91\",\n \"text\": \"In particular if (x 1 (0), x 2 (0)) ⊤ = (1/2, 1/2) ⊤ , there are two solutions issuing from this point which correspond to the limit values of f when restricted to the two sets\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 298.68,\n \"width\": 429.17,\n \"height\": 142.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 441.05,\n \"height\": 369.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 454.41,\n \"height\": 204.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_f3059894\",\n \"text\": \"S (0,0) = {x ∈ R 2 : -1 2 ≤ x i < + 1 2 , i = 1, 2} and S (1,1) = {x ∈ R 2 : 1 2 ≤ x i < 3 2 , i = 1, 2}.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 452.95,\n \"height\": 368.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73b1a82a\",\n \"text\": \"These solutions converge to (0, 0) ⊤ and (1, 1) ⊤ , respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 289.68,\n \"width\": 466.01,\n \"height\": 150.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 479.09,\n \"height\": 107.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73b1a82a\",\n \"text\": \"Their trajectories are the line segments joining the initial condition with the points (0, 0) ⊤ and (1, 1) ⊤ ; see Figure 2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 186.12,\n \"width\": 480.45,\n \"height\": 254.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 490.97,\n \"height\": 253.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2a0493f\",\n \"text\": \"Many consensus-seeking dynamics enjoy a monotonicity property, such that the smallest (largest) component is nondecreasing (nonincreasing).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 508.65,\n \"height\": 350.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 520.65,\n \"height\": 275.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2a0493f\",\n \"text\": \"This fact is not true for system (2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 352.2,\n \"width\": 520.65,\n \"height\": 88.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 532.53,\n \"height\": 64.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(2)\",\n \"offset_start\": 33,\n \"offset_end\": 36\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2a0493f\",\n \"text\": \"Nevertheless in the next proposition we prove monotonicity of maximum and minimum quantization level in the case of Carathéodory solutions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 141.84,\n \"width\": 532.53,\n \"height\": 299.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 544.53,\n \"height\": 343.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2a0493f\",\n \"text\": \"This monotonicity of the extremal quantization levels does not hold for Krasovskii solutions, as can be seen from Example 4 in the next section.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 421.56,\n \"width\": 544.53,\n \"height\": 19.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 556.41,\n \"height\": 369.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 568.41,\n \"height\": 250.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2a0493f\",\n \"text\": \"Proposition 2.2 (Monotonicity and limit of minimum and maximum quantization level for Carathéodory solutions).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 584.73,\n \"height\": 351.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 596.61,\n \"height\": 170.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2a0493f\",\n \"text\": \"Let x be a Carathéodory solution and define x m (t) = min{x i (t), i ∈ I}, q m (t) = q(x m (t)), x M (t) = max{x i (t), i ∈ I} and q M (t) = q(x M (t)).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 255.0,\n \"width\": 596.61,\n \"height\": 185.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 608.61,\n \"height\": 110.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 186.96,\n \"width\": 608.61,\n \"height\": 25.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 216.6,\n \"width\": 608.61,\n \"height\": 178.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 398.88,\n \"width\": 608.61,\n \"height\": 21.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 425.16,\n \"width\": 608.61,\n \"height\": 15.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 620.61,\n \"height\": 79.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2a0493f\",\n \"text\": \"Then, function q m is nondecreasing, function q M is nonincreasing and they both are definitively constant.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 155.88,\n \"width\": 620.61,\n \"height\": 285.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 632.49,\n \"height\": 168.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6f583e06\",\n \"text\": \"Proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 26.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6f583e06\",\n \"text\": \"We have shown in the proof of Theorem 2.1 (iiC) that, for Carathéodory solutions, x m (t) ≥ min{x m (0), q m (0)} for all t ≥ 0. This means that x m (t) can not leave the quantization interval q m (0) -1 2 , q m (0) + 1 2 from below but only from above.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 320.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 70.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 147.96,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 160.92,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 122.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 288.12,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 301.08,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 139.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 182.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 256.56,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 267.72,\n \"width\": 671.23,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 267.72,\n \"width\": 678.67,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 272.88,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 39.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 315.48,\n \"width\": 671.23,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 315.48,\n \"width\": 678.67,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 328.56,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 112.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 27.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6f583e06\",\n \"text\": \"Consequently, the smallest level q m (t) is nondecreasing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 105.48,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 245.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6f583e06\",\n \"text\": \"Since it is bounded and take values in Z, it follows that it is definitively constant, i.e. for any Carathéodory solution x(t) of ( 2) there exist T * ∈ R and q * m ∈ Z such that for any t ≥ T * min{q(x i (t)), i = 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 356.28,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 84.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 369.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 109.49,\n \"height\": 156.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 234.84,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 247.08,\n \"width\": 109.49,\n \"height\": 42.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 284.76,\n \"width\": 115.74,\n \"height\": 7.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 297.96,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 310.2,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 100.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 415.92,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 429.24,\n \"width\": 109.49,\n \"height\": 11.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 101.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6f583e06\",\n \"text\": \", N } = q * m .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 175.32,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 12.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 188.88,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 199.08,\n \"width\": 121.37,\n \"height\": 21.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 216.48,\n \"width\": 127.74,\n \"height\": 7.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 224.04,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6f583e06\",\n \"text\": \"Analogous considerations can be repeated for q M (t).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 235.68,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 205.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 27.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_38bea3ab\",\n \"text\": \"We observe that the function q takes values in Z, and this means that we a priori admit infinite types of behaviours.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 151.17,\n \"height\": 350.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 163.17,\n \"height\": 177.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_38bea3ab\",\n \"text\": \"Nevertheless a consequence of the previous remark is that the number of quantization levels actually assumed in the evolution of the system is finite, once the initial condition is fixed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 253.92,\n \"width\": 163.17,\n \"height\": 187.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 175.05,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 187.05,\n \"height\": 249.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_38bea3ab\",\n \"text\": \"In particular, if the initial values of all the components are in the interval (0, 1), the quantizer only takes on the values 0 and 1 and opinions remain in (0, 1): in this way we get the case of binary behaviours.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 326.64,\n \"width\": 187.05,\n \"height\": 114.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 199.05,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 210.93,\n \"height\": 369.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 222.93,\n \"height\": 49.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd9a9adb\",\n \"text\": \"3. Equilibria and lack of consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 241.45,\n \"height\": 179.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd9a9adb\",\n \"text\": \"Generally speaking, a point x * is said to be an equilibrium of (6) if the function x(t) = x * is a solution of ( 6).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 274.92,\n \"width\": 239.57,\n \"height\": 166.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 251.45,\n \"height\": 324.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd9a9adb\",\n \"text\": \"Since we have different types of solution, we distinguish between different types of equilibria.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 402.96,\n \"width\": 252.81,\n \"height\": 38.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 264.81,\n \"height\": 364.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3a6eab0\",\n \"text\": \"We call x * a Carathéodory equilibrium of (6) if the function x(t) = x * is a Carathédodory solution of ( 6), and we call x * a Krasovskii equilibrium of (6) if the function x(t) = x * is a Krasovskii solution of (6).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 278.57,\n \"height\": 350.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 290.57,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 302.45,\n \"height\": 215.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"(6)\",\n \"offset_start\": 213,\n \"offset_end\": 216\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3a6eab0\",\n \"text\": \"Carathéodory equilibria are found by looking for solutions of the equation f (x * ) = 0, whereas Krasovskii equilibria are points x * such that 0 ∈ Kf (x * ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 292.32,\n \"width\": 303.93,\n \"height\": 148.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 314.45,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 326.45,\n \"height\": 89.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 164.16,\n \"width\": 327.81,\n \"height\": 22.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 187.32,\n \"width\": 326.45,\n \"height\": 20.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3a6eab0\",\n \"text\": \"If we denote by E C the set of Carathéodory equilibria of (6) and by E K the set of Krasovskii equilibria, it is evident that E C ⊂ E K .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 212.28,\n \"width\": 327.81,\n \"height\": 228.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 339.69,\n \"height\": 293.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 369.24,\n \"width\": 339.69,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 379.8,\n \"width\": 339.69,\n \"height\": 17.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"(6)\",\n \"offset_start\": 58,\n \"offset_end\": 61\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3a6eab0\",\n \"text\": \"As an example of a Krasovskii equilibrium that is not a Carathéodory equilibrium we can take the point (1/2, 1/2) ⊤ in Example 1. Actually points of the form (h+ 1/2, ..., h+ 1/2) ⊤ are always Krasovskii equilibria of (2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 401.64,\n \"width\": 339.69,\n \"height\": 39.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 351.69,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 362.33,\n \"height\": 368.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 375.57,\n \"height\": 168.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ef994c39\",\n \"text\": \"Let us call consensus point a point x ∈ R N such that x i = x j for all i, j = 1, ..., N .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 390.81,\n \"height\": 155.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 248.64,\n \"width\": 390.81,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 258.0,\n \"width\": 389.58,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 275.52,\n \"width\": 390.81,\n \"height\": 165.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ef994c39\",\n \"text\": \"Clearly, integer consensus points like x * = k1 with k ∈ Z are Carathéodory equilibria of (2) because f (k1) = 0.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 401.33,\n \"height\": 227.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 302.16,\n \"width\": 402.69,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 311.52,\n \"width\": 402.69,\n \"height\": 129.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 414.69,\n \"height\": 121.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ef994c39\",\n \"text\": \"Such a point k1 belongs to the interior of S k1 and, consequently, is locally asymptotically stable.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 202.56,\n \"width\": 414.69,\n \"height\": 238.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 426.57,\n \"height\": 199.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ef994c39\",\n \"text\": \"However, Carathéodory equilibria are not necessarily consensus points and may belong to the discontinuity set.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 276.6,\n \"width\": 426.57,\n \"height\": 164.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 438.57,\n \"height\": 319.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_050c26f6\",\n \"text\": \"Example 2 (Non-consensus Carathéodory equilibrium).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 455.01,\n \"height\": 247.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_050c26f6\",\n \"text\": \"Consider the system ẋ1 =q(x 3 ) -x 1 ẋ2 =q(x 3 ) -x 2 ẋ3 =q(x 1 ) + q(x 2 ) + q(x 4 ) -3x 3 ẋ4 =q(x 3 ) + q(x 5 ) -2x 4 ẋ5 =q(x 4 ) -x 5\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 340.68,\n \"width\": 455.01,\n \"height\": 87.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 188.04,\n \"width\": 477.45,\n \"height\": 41.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 231.84,\n \"width\": 477.45,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 241.8,\n \"width\": 477.45,\n \"height\": 9.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 188.04,\n \"width\": 492.33,\n \"height\": 41.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 231.84,\n \"width\": 492.33,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 241.8,\n \"width\": 492.33,\n \"height\": 9.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 188.04,\n \"width\": 507.33,\n \"height\": 111.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 301.68,\n \"width\": 507.33,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 311.64,\n \"width\": 507.33,\n \"height\": 14.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 188.04,\n \"width\": 522.21,\n \"height\": 76.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 266.76,\n \"width\": 522.21,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 276.72,\n \"width\": 522.21,\n \"height\": 14.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 188.04,\n \"width\": 537.21,\n \"height\": 41.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 231.84,\n \"width\": 537.21,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 241.8,\n \"width\": 537.21,\n \"height\": 9.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f63aebd\",\n \"text\": \"The point x = (0, 0, 1/3, 1/2, 1) ⊤ is a Carathéodory equilibrium point which lies on the boundary of S (0,0,0,1,1) as x4 = 1/2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 559.25,\n \"height\": 368.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 572.49,\n \"height\": 77.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 149.28,\n \"width\": 576.79,\n \"height\": 35.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 189.0,\n \"width\": 572.49,\n \"height\": 54.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f63aebd\",\n \"text\": \"The intersection of a neighborhood of x with set S (0,0,0,1,1) is contained in the attraction region of x, but x is not Lyapunov stable.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 247.8,\n \"width\": 572.49,\n \"height\": 193.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 584.49,\n \"height\": 21.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 93.48,\n \"width\": 588.79,\n \"height\": 35.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 132.84,\n \"width\": 584.49,\n \"height\": 308.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f63aebd\",\n \"text\": \"Indeed, we recall the an equilibrium point x * is said to be Lyapunov stable if for all ǫ > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that for all initial conditions x 0 with x 0 -x * < δ all corresponding (Carathéodory) solutions x(t; x 0 ) are such that x(t; x 0 ) -x * < ǫ for all t ≥ 0. In our case x is not Lyapunov stable as for small values of α > 0 solutions starting from points of the form x = (0, 0, 1/3, 1/2 -α, 1) ⊤ follow the vector field (-x 1 , -x 2 , -3x 3 , 1 -2x 4 , -x 5 ) ⊤ towards the point (0, 0, 0, 1/2, 0) ⊤ .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 595.13,\n \"height\": 368.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 608.37,\n \"height\": 319.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 394.44,\n \"width\": 608.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 404.88,\n \"width\": 607.01,\n \"height\": 35.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 620.37,\n \"height\": 322.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 397.08,\n \"width\": 620.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 407.28,\n \"width\": 619.01,\n \"height\": 33.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 632.37,\n \"height\": 35.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 112.32,\n \"width\": 632.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 124.56,\n \"width\": 632.37,\n \"height\": 316.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 644.25,\n \"height\": 258.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 331.68,\n \"width\": 644.25,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 341.04,\n \"width\": 642.89,\n \"height\": 99.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 656.25,\n \"height\": 45.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 119.64,\n \"width\": 656.25,\n \"height\": 13.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 133.08,\n \"width\": 656.25,\n \"height\": 7.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 141.96,\n \"width\": 656.25,\n \"height\": 18.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 160.44,\n \"width\": 656.25,\n \"height\": 13.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 176.4,\n \"width\": 656.25,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 186.36,\n \"width\": 656.25,\n \"height\": 18.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 206.04,\n \"width\": 656.25,\n \"height\": 13.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 219.48,\n \"width\": 654.89,\n \"height\": 166.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f63aebd\",\n \"text\": \"This example also shows that solutions can converge to points that are not consensus points.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 28.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_38fa6f33\",\n \"text\": \"For smooth systems, if a (classical) solution converges to a point, then such point is a (classical) equilibrium.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 350.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 105.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_38fa6f33\",\n \"text\": \"This property does not hold true for Carathéodory solutions of systems with discontinuous right-hand side, and, in particular, in the case of systems of the form (4).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 181.8,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 259.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 369.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 67.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_38fa6f33\",\n \"text\": \"This motivates the following definition of extended equilibrium.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 144.24,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 277.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_38fa6f33\",\n \"text\": \"Let k ∈ Z and f k the vector field whose components are\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 426.48,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 14.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 147.25,\n \"height\": 6.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 80.76,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 90.24,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 34.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 124.44,\n \"width\": 150.8,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 132.96,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 166.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_ef586ea3\",\n \"text\": \"(f k ) i (x) = j =i a ij (k j -x i ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 197.88,\n \"width\": 169.65,\n \"height\": 117.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_53da2d9d\",\n \"text\": \"Clearly f k coincides with f on the set S k .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 202.17,\n \"height\": 39.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 111.24,\n \"width\": 206.24,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 119.52,\n \"width\": 202.17,\n \"height\": 124.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 244.32,\n \"width\": 206.24,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 249.6,\n \"width\": 202.17,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_53da2d9d\",\n \"text\": \"We call extended equilibrium of (2) a point x * ∈ R N such that there exists k ∈ Z N such that f k (x * ) = 0 and x * ∈ S k .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 256.68,\n \"width\": 202.17,\n \"height\": 184.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 212.69,\n \"height\": 9.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 85.08,\n \"width\": 214.05,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 94.44,\n \"width\": 212.94,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 112.08,\n \"width\": 214.05,\n \"height\": 101.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 216.48,\n \"width\": 214.05,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 225.84,\n \"width\": 212.94,\n \"height\": 12.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 243.0,\n \"width\": 214.05,\n \"height\": 48.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 291.12,\n \"width\": 218.12,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 296.4,\n \"width\": 212.69,\n \"height\": 67.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 367.56,\n \"width\": 214.05,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 377.04,\n \"width\": 214.05,\n \"height\": 6.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 383.16,\n \"width\": 218.12,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 388.44,\n \"width\": 214.05,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_53da2d9d\",\n \"text\": \"We denote by E e the set of extended equilibria of (2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 395.4,\n \"width\": 214.05,\n \"height\": 45.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 226.05,\n \"height\": 189.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(2)\",\n \"offset_start\": 51,\n \"offset_end\": 54\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_53da2d9d\",\n \"text\": \"It is evident that E C ⊂ E e ⊂ E K .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 267.24,\n \"width\": 226.05,\n \"height\": 91.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 363.36,\n \"width\": 226.05,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 374.4,\n \"width\": 226.05,\n \"height\": 11.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 389.4,\n \"width\": 226.05,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 400.56,\n \"width\": 226.05,\n \"height\": 17.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_53da2d9d\",\n \"text\": \"The following example shows that these inclusions are strict in general.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 423.84,\n \"width\": 226.05,\n \"height\": 17.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 237.93,\n \"height\": 290.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_325beae1\",\n \"text\": \"Example 3 (4-path graph: equilibria).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 254.25,\n \"height\": 174.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_325beae1\",\n \"text\": \"Let us consider (2) on a 4-node line graph:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 276.84,\n \"width\": 254.25,\n \"height\": 164.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 266.13,\n \"height\": 26.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_f1663359\",\n \"text\": \"ẋ1 = q(x 2 ) -x 1 ẋ2 = q(x 1 ) + q(x 3 ) -2x 2 (9) ẋ3 = q(x 2 ) + q(x 4 ) -2x 3 ẋ4 = q(x 3 ) -x 4\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 287.73,\n \"height\": 237.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_89ec324e\",\n \"text\": \"Then,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 354.09,\n \"height\": 25.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bbe1eea6\",\n \"text\": \"• The point x A = (0, 1 2 , 1 2 , 1) ⊤ is an extended equilibrium, because x A ∈ S (0,0,1,1) and f (0,0,1,1) (x A ) = 0.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 366.09,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 366.09,\n \"height\": 49.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 157.32,\n \"width\": 364.98,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 166.68,\n \"width\": 366.09,\n \"height\": 22.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 191.64,\n \"width\": 364.63,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 191.64,\n \"width\": 372.07,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 196.8,\n \"width\": 366.09,\n \"height\": 2.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 202.44,\n \"width\": 364.63,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 202.44,\n \"width\": 372.07,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 207.6,\n \"width\": 364.73,\n \"height\": 178.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 386.52,\n \"width\": 364.98,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 395.76,\n \"width\": 366.09,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 405.24,\n \"width\": 366.09,\n \"height\": 6.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 411.36,\n \"width\": 370.39,\n \"height\": 29.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 378.09,\n \"height\": 24.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 132.6,\n \"width\": 382.39,\n \"height\": 29.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 162.24,\n \"width\": 378.09,\n \"height\": 9.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 171.72,\n \"width\": 376.86,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 178.32,\n \"width\": 378.09,\n \"height\": 26.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bbe1eea6\",\n \"text\": \"However, x A can not be a Carathéodory equilibrium, because q(x A\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 210.12,\n \"width\": 378.09,\n \"height\": 49.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 259.8,\n \"width\": 376.86,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 270.24,\n \"width\": 378.09,\n \"height\": 170.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 389.97,\n \"height\": 49.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 157.2,\n \"width\": 388.86,\n \"height\": 5.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_df83fbae\",\n \"text\": \"2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 157.2,\n \"width\": 394.99,\n \"height\": 3.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_c4aa350b\",\n \"text\": \") = 1 = x A 1 = 0. • The point x B = ( 1 2 , 1 2 , 1 2 ,1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 388.86,\n \"height\": 134.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\",\n \"label\": \"1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd62aefb\",\n \"text\": \"2 ) ⊤ is a Krasovskii equilibrium, as it can be computed that 0 ∈ Kf (x B ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 219.96,\n \"width\": 407.83,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 225.12,\n \"width\": 400.61,\n \"height\": 215.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 413.85,\n \"height\": 53.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 165.84,\n \"width\": 413.85,\n \"height\": 23.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 190.56,\n \"width\": 413.85,\n \"height\": 9.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 200.04,\n \"width\": 412.74,\n \"height\": 6.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 207.0,\n \"width\": 413.85,\n \"height\": 6.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bd62aefb\",\n \"text\": \"However, x B can not be an extended equilibrium, because x B 1 = 1 2 can not be equal to any quantizer value, so that the first component of the vector field can not be zero in any neighbourhood of the point.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 221.04,\n \"width\": 413.85,\n \"height\": 50.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 271.44,\n \"width\": 412.74,\n \"height\": 6.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 282.72,\n \"width\": 413.85,\n \"height\": 158.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 425.85,\n \"height\": 41.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 149.64,\n \"width\": 424.74,\n \"height\": 6.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 149.64,\n \"width\": 430.87,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 161.4,\n \"width\": 425.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 175.08,\n \"width\": 424.39,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 175.08,\n \"width\": 431.83,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 184.92,\n \"width\": 425.85,\n \"height\": 256.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 437.85,\n \"height\": 333.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 449.73,\n \"height\": 24.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9614f4f0\",\n \"text\": \"This example shows that extended equilibria include points, like x A , that are not consensus points.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 465.93,\n \"height\": 284.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 356.28,\n \"width\": 464.82,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 362.88,\n \"width\": 465.93,\n \"height\": 78.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 477.93,\n \"height\": 60.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9614f4f0\",\n \"text\": \"Interestingly, there exist Carathéodory solutions that asymptotically converge to x A : it is enough to take the solution issuing from an initial condition in S (0,0,1,1) .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 138.6,\n \"width\": 477.93,\n \"height\": 302.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 489.93,\n \"height\": 60.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 132.48,\n \"width\": 488.82,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 138.96,\n \"width\": 489.93,\n \"height\": 302.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 501.81,\n \"height\": 18.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 90.24,\n \"width\": 506.11,\n \"height\": 29.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 120.0,\n \"width\": 501.81,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9614f4f0\",\n \"text\": \"In spite of being attractive, x A is not a Carathéodory equilibrium and actually Carathéodory solutions originating from x A converge to (1, 1, 1, 1) ⊤ .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 128.88,\n \"width\": 501.81,\n \"height\": 131.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 260.04,\n \"width\": 500.7,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 270.48,\n \"width\": 501.81,\n \"height\": 170.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 514.89,\n \"height\": 226.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 298.68,\n \"width\": 513.66,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 309.36,\n \"width\": 513.41,\n \"height\": 105.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9614f4f0\",\n \"text\": \"This pathological behaviour might appear surprising, but is allowed by the discontinuity of the vector field.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 421.56,\n \"width\": 514.89,\n \"height\": 19.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 526.77,\n \"height\": 369.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 538.77,\n \"height\": 79.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00deb111\",\n \"text\": \"In the previous example one can find a Krasovskii solution that is not a Carathéodory solution: it slides on the discontinuity set and connects two equilibria.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 550.77,\n \"height\": 351.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 562.65,\n \"height\": 329.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5507ab87\",\n \"text\": \"Example 4 (4-path graph: Krasovskii trajectories).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 578.85,\n \"height\": 230.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5507ab87\",\n \"text\": \"Let us consider again the dynamics (9) on the 4-node path graph.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 330.0,\n \"width\": 578.85,\n \"height\": 111.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 590.85,\n \"height\": 178.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5507ab87\",\n \"text\": \"Consider the parametrized segment x a = (a, 1 2 , 1 2 , 1 -a) ⊤ for a ∈ [0, 1 2 ], which interpolates between the Krasovskii equilibria x 0 = x A and x 1 2 = x B .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 258.36,\n \"width\": 590.85,\n \"height\": 182.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 602.85,\n \"height\": 11.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 86.76,\n \"width\": 601.39,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 86.76,\n \"width\": 608.71,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 91.92,\n \"width\": 602.85,\n \"height\": 2.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 97.56,\n \"width\": 601.39,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 97.56,\n \"width\": 608.71,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 102.72,\n \"width\": 602.85,\n \"height\": 9.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 115.08,\n \"width\": 602.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 125.76,\n \"width\": 601.37,\n \"height\": 42.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 172.92,\n \"width\": 602.85,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 184.2,\n \"width\": 602.85,\n \"height\": 10.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 197.52,\n \"width\": 601.39,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 197.52,\n \"width\": 608.71,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 202.68,\n \"width\": 602.85,\n \"height\": 238.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 614.73,\n \"height\": 29.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 101.04,\n \"width\": 613.62,\n \"height\": 5.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 111.24,\n \"width\": 614.73,\n \"height\": 29.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 137.4,\n \"width\": 623.75,\n \"height\": 3.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 145.32,\n \"width\": 614.73,\n \"height\": 16.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 161.4,\n \"width\": 613.62,\n \"height\": 6.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 168.36,\n \"width\": 614.73,\n \"height\": 3.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5507ab87\",\n \"text\": \"For every a ∈ (0, 1 2 ) it holds true that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 176.04,\n \"width\": 614.73,\n \"height\": 50.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 228.96,\n \"width\": 614.73,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 238.44,\n \"width\": 614.73,\n \"height\": 11.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 252.84,\n \"width\": 613.27,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 252.84,\n \"width\": 620.71,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 258.0,\n \"width\": 614.73,\n \"height\": 80.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_5c62893d\",\n \"text\": \"Kf (x a ) = co {( 1 -a, 0, 1, a) ⊤ , (-a, 0, 0, a) ⊤ , (-a, -1, 0, a -1) ⊤ , (1 -a, -1, 1, a -1) ⊤ }.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 637.25,\n \"height\": 369.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8aa85449\",\n \"text\": \"Then, there is a Krasovskii solution ϕ(t) such that • ϕ(0) = x B = (1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2);\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 220.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 142.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_944f342d\",\n \"text\": \"• for any t > 0, there exists a ∈ (0, 1/2) such that ϕ(t) = x a ;\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 120.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 231.6,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 10.0,\n \"y\": 241.08,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 123.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d2e1fcd3\",\n \"text\": \"• if ϕ(t) = x a , then φ(t) = (-a, 0, 0, a);\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 163.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b51e5863\",\n \"text\": \"• lim t→+∞ ϕ(t) = x A = (0, 1/2, 1/2, 1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 161.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b51e5863\",\n \"text\": \"Note that ϕ(t) can not be a Carathéodory solution as f (x a ) = (1 -a, 0, 1, a).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 280.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 354.84,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 364.8,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 40.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b51e5863\",\n \"text\": \"This example also shows that the minimum quantizer level q m (t) assumed along Krasovskii solutions may be decreasing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 138.81,\n \"height\": 369.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 150.81,\n \"height\": 169.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b51e5863\",\n \"text\": \"In fact, if we compute q m (t) for the Krasovskii solution showed above, then q m (0) = 1 whereas q m (t) = 0 if t > 0. This fact should be contrasted with the monotonicity of Carathéodory solutions established in Proposition 2.2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 245.16,\n \"width\": 150.81,\n \"height\": 196.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 162.69,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 174.69,\n \"height\": 369.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 186.69,\n \"height\": 42.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dc28d30a\",\n \"text\": \"3.1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 204.25,\n \"height\": 17.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dc28d30a\",\n \"text\": \"Path graph: equilibria.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 113.52,\n \"width\": 204.25,\n \"height\": 118.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dc28d30a\",\n \"text\": \"We now show, by means of an example, that equilibria can be significantly far from consensus: in the case the communication graph is a path, such distance can be proportional to the square of number of individuals.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 237.6,\n \"width\": 203.73,\n \"height\": 203.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 215.73,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 227.73,\n \"height\": 364.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_481a48d7\",\n \"text\": \"If the graph is a path, equations (2) read\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 239.61,\n \"height\": 179.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_22ffeb21\",\n \"text\": \"ẋ1 =q(x 2 ) -x 1 ẋi =q(x i-1 ) + q(x i+1 ) -2x i , i = 2, . . . , N -1 (10) ẋN =q(x N -1 ) -x N Proposition 3.1. If x * is an extended equilibrium, then max |x * j -x * i | : i, j = 1, . . . , N ≤ (N -2) 2 4 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 259.29,\n \"height\": 286.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9cf4ae63\",\n \"text\": \"Furthermore, there exists an extended equilibrium x * such that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 356.61,\n \"height\": 272.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_e7c57ee1\",\n \"text\": \"x * N -x * 1 = (N -2) 2 4\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 172.08,\n \"width\": 374.63,\n \"height\": 84.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5a75699d\",\n \"text\": \"if N is even\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 378.33,\n \"height\": 52.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_8820a7a8\",\n \"text\": \"(N -1)(N -3) 4\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 229.68,\n \"width\": 390.17,\n \"height\": 47.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6e55d10a\",\n \"text\": \"if N is odd.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 288.0,\n \"width\": 392.73,\n \"height\": 50.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_499ba5c4\",\n \"text\": \"Proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 414.21,\n \"height\": 26.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_499ba5c4\",\n \"text\": \"Let us characterize extended equilibria of (10).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 414.21,\n \"height\": 204.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"(10)\",\n \"offset_start\": 43,\n \"offset_end\": 47\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_13bce859\",\n \"text\": \"Let k ∈ Z N . If x * is such that f k (x * ) = 0 then x * 1 =k 2 x * i = k i-1 + k i+1 2 , i = 2, . . . , N -1 x * N =k N -1 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 412.85,\n \"height\": 369.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f03ae760\",\n \"text\": \"Then, x * ∈ S k if and only if the following inequalities are satisfied\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 505.85,\n \"height\": 38.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 113.88,\n \"width\": 507.21,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 123.24,\n \"width\": 507.21,\n \"height\": 6.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 129.96,\n \"width\": 511.28,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 138.48,\n \"width\": 507.21,\n \"height\": 222.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_4fb56ec1\",\n \"text\": \"k 1 - 1 2 ≤k 2 ≤ k 1 + 1 2 k i - 1 2 ≤ k i-1 + k i+1 2 ≤ k i + 1 2 , i ∈ {2, . . . , N } k N - 1 2 ≤k N -1 ≤ k N + 1 2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 153.72,\n \"width\": 524.25,\n \"height\": 205.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_426c8ecf\",\n \"text\": \"Since k i ∈ Z, from the first inequality it follows that k 1 = k 2 and from the last one it follows that k N = k N -1 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 601.89,\n \"height\": 34.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 110.28,\n \"width\": 601.89,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 120.36,\n \"width\": 601.89,\n \"height\": 320.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 613.77,\n \"height\": 105.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 177.96,\n \"width\": 617.45,\n \"height\": 10.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 188.64,\n \"width\": 613.77,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_426c8ecf\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover the inequalities with i = 2, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 197.4,\n \"width\": 613.77,\n \"height\": 177.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_426c8ecf\",\n \"text\": \", N -1 can be written in the form\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 376.68,\n \"width\": 613.77,\n \"height\": 12.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 392.76,\n \"width\": 613.77,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 403.08,\n \"width\": 613.77,\n \"height\": 37.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 625.77,\n \"height\": 84.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_66c3d422\",\n \"text\": \"k i -k i-1 -1 ≤ k i+1 -k i ≤ k i -k i-1 + 1 that implies |k i+1 -k i | -|k i -k i-1 | ≤ |(k i+1 -k i ) -(k i -k i-1 )| ≤ 1 i.e. |k i+1 -k i | ≤ |k i -k i-1 | + 1 and |k i -k i-1 | ≥ |k i+1 -k i | -1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 645.45,\n \"height\": 307.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b4ba2ab\",\n \"text\": \"From the left inequality we deduce that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 127.17,\n \"height\": 173.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_bc1c4877\",\n \"text\": \"|k i -k i-1 | ≤ i -2, i ∈ {2, . . . , N }\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 182.28,\n \"width\": 146.61,\n \"height\": 148.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_520282f3\",\n \"text\": \"and from the right inequality\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 165.93,\n \"height\": 127.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_7ed620de\",\n \"text\": \"|k i -k i-1 | ≤ N -i, i ∈ {2, . . . , N }.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 178.92,\n \"width\": 185.37,\n \"height\": 155.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0a22e65d\",\n \"text\": \"These two inequalities imply that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 204.69,\n \"height\": 146.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_cb6a87d1\",\n \"text\": \"|k i -k i-1 | ≤ min{i -2, N -i}, i ∈ {2, . . . , N },\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 153.12,\n \"width\": 224.13,\n \"height\": 206.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4ee16dd4\",\n \"text\": \"that can be written as\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 243.45,\n \"height\": 97.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_921996d7\",\n \"text\": \"|k i -k i-1 | ≤ i -2, i ∈ {2, . . . , N }, i ≤ N + 2 2 and |k i -k i-1 | ≤ N -i, i ∈ {2, . . . , N }, i > N + 2 2 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 258.69,\n \"height\": 287.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ebde53a2\",\n \"text\": \"Assuming without loss of generality that j ≥ i, we can deduce that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 321.33,\n \"height\": 184.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 260.16,\n \"width\": 321.33,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 270.6,\n \"width\": 321.33,\n \"height\": 93.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_9a72a3c3\",\n \"text\": \"|k j -k i | ≤ |k j -k j-1 | + |k j-1 -k j-2 | + . . . + |k i+1 -k i | ≤ |k N -k N -1 | + . . . + |k 2 -k 1 |\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 343.17,\n \"height\": 369.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b419537\",\n \"text\": \"and also\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 362.61,\n \"height\": 36.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_e9a7e642\",\n \"text\": \"|x j -x i | ≤ |k N -k N -1 | + . . . + |k 2 -k 1 |\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 168.36,\n \"width\": 374.49,\n \"height\": 176.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cc79bd0\",\n \"text\": \"Let us distinguish the cases N is even and N is odd.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 390.93,\n \"height\": 234.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cc79bd0\",\n \"text\": \"If N is even, N = 2n, n ∈ N, and N +2 2 = n + 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 312.24,\n \"width\": 390.93,\n \"height\": 105.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 420.84,\n \"width\": 390.93,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 431.04,\n \"width\": 391.58,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 402.93,\n \"height\": 16.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 92.52,\n \"width\": 401.46,\n \"height\": 17.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 99.12,\n \"width\": 408.79,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 113.64,\n \"width\": 402.93,\n \"height\": 36.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1cc79bd0\",\n \"text\": \"We have\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 154.56,\n \"width\": 402.93,\n \"height\": 36.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_47de7d67\",\n \"text\": \"|k N -k N -1 | + |k N -1 -k N -2 | + . . . + |k n+1 -k n | + . . . + |k 2 -k 1 | ≤ 0 + 1 + 2 + . . . + (2n -n -2) + (n + 1 -2) + (n -2) + . . . + 1 + 0 ≤ (n -2)(n -1) 2 + (n -1)n 2 = (n -1) 2 = (N -2) 2 4 . If N is odd, N = 2m + 1, m ∈ N, and N +2 2 = m + 3 2 . We have |k N -k N -1 | + |k N -1 -k N -2 | + . . . |k n+1 -k n | + . . . . + |k 2 -k 1 | ≤ 0 + 1 + 2 + . . . + (2m + 1 -m -2) + m + 1 -2) + (m -2) + . . . + 1 + 0 ≤ 2 (m -1)m 2 = (m -1)m = (N -1)(N -3) 4 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 422.25,\n \"height\": 353.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_247d3277\",\n \"text\": \"The first statement then follows from the fact (N -1)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 565.29,\n \"height\": 214.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 290.28,\n \"width\": 565.29,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 300.24,\n \"width\": 565.29,\n \"height\": 10.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_2732affb\",\n \"text\": \"(N -3) ≤ (N -2) 2 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 310.6,\n \"width\": 564.07,\n \"height\": 86.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_16e95365\",\n \"text\": \"In order to prove the second statement, if we select k such that k 1 = 0 and\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 577.17,\n \"height\": 327.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_32dc74dd\",\n \"text\": \"k i -k i-1 = i -2, i ∈ {2, . . . , N }, i ≤ N +2 2 N -i, i ∈ {2, . . . , N }, i > N +2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 151.68,\n \"width\": 596.7,\n \"height\": 194.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ffa0312d\",\n \"text\": \"2 , we do obtain an extended equilibrium x * that achieves the above bounds.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 335.64,\n \"width\": 618.43,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 347.28,\n \"width\": 612.57,\n \"height\": 2.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 632.73,\n \"height\": 321.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ffa0312d\",\n \"text\": \"Point x * in the previous proposition shows that the system has extended equilibria that, provided N is large enough, are arbitrarily far from consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 351.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 300.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ffa0312d\",\n \"text\": \"We shall come back to this point in Example 6. Figure 3 shows convergence to a non-consensus state.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 377.88,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 63.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 12.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 369.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ae09e61\",\n \"text\": \"A classical approach to obtain (conservative) results about quantized systems is to see the quantized dynamics as the perturbation of a \\\"nominal\\\" system, where the perturbation is due to the quantization error q(x) -x.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 256.44,\n \"width\": 325.29,\n \"height\": 184.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 337.17,\n \"height\": 368.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 349.17,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 361.17,\n \"height\": 43.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 118.2,\n \"width\": 361.17,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 128.76,\n \"width\": 361.17,\n \"height\": 8.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ae09e61\",\n \"text\": \"This idea is also useful for our problem.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 144.0,\n \"width\": 361.17,\n \"height\": 179.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ae09e61\",\n \"text\": \"In this section we get an asymptotic estimate of the distance of solutions from consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 330.0,\n \"width\": 361.17,\n \"height\": 111.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 373.05,\n \"height\": 280.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ae09e61\",\n \"text\": \"In order to prove it we need to assume the graph to be weight balanced.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 356.64,\n \"width\": 373.05,\n \"height\": 84.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 385.05,\n \"height\": 227.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ae09e61\",\n \"text\": \"Below, we recall a few concepts of graph theory needed to make use of this assumption.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 304.2,\n \"width\": 385.05,\n \"height\": 136.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 397.05,\n \"height\": 242.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4117478c\",\n \"text\": \"We have already defined\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 408.93,\n \"height\": 110.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_16d37f98\",\n \"text\": \"d i = N j=1 a ij . Let d i =\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 205.44,\n \"width\": 406.38,\n \"height\": 117.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"N k=1 a ki .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 339.0,\n \"width\": 406.38,\n \"height\": 6.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 339.0,\n \"width\": 414.42,\n \"height\": 14.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 355.68,\n \"width\": 408.93,\n \"height\": 15.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"The (directed weighted) graph with adjacency matrix A is said to be weight-balanced if d i = d i for all i = 1, ..., N .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 380.28,\n \"width\": 408.93,\n \"height\": 60.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 422.49,\n \"height\": 350.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 422.28,\n \"width\": 421.38,\n \"height\": 2.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 429.12,\n \"width\": 422.49,\n \"height\": 11.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 434.49,\n \"height\": 66.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"Note that L1 = 0 and 1 ⊤ L = 0 if and only if the graph is weightbalanced.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 144.84,\n \"width\": 433.13,\n \"height\": 296.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 446.49,\n \"height\": 41.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"Given an edge (i, j), we shall refer to i and to j as the tail and the head of the edge, respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 117.36,\n \"width\": 446.49,\n \"height\": 323.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 458.37,\n \"height\": 96.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"A path is an ordered list of edges such that the head of each edge is equal to the tail of the following one.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 173.4,\n \"width\": 458.37,\n \"height\": 267.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 470.37,\n \"height\": 194.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"The graph is said to be 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 270.72,\n \"width\": 470.37,\n \"height\": 101.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 95.28,\n \"width\": 482.25,\n \"height\": 7.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"strongly connected if for any i, j there is an path from i to j; 2. connected if there exists one node j such that for any i there is path from i to j; 3. weakly connected if for each pair of nodes i, j, one can construct a path which connects i and j by possibly reverting the direction of some edges.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 482.25,\n \"height\": 263.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 95.28,\n \"width\": 494.25,\n \"height\": 345.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 506.25,\n \"height\": 19.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 95.28,\n \"width\": 518.13,\n \"height\": 345.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 530.13,\n \"height\": 290.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"These three notions of connectedness coincide when the graph is symmetric, that is when a ij > 0 if and only if a ji > 0. On the contrary, weakly connected weightbalanced graphs are strongly connected [18,Proposition 2].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 542.13,\n \"height\": 368.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 554.01,\n \"height\": 369.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 566.01,\n \"height\": 261.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b17\",\n \"text\": \"[18,\",\n \"offset_start\": 201,\n \"offset_end\": 205\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Proposition 2]\",\n \"offset_start\": 205,\n \"offset_end\": 219\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75609e5c\",\n \"text\": \"We recall the following result, which can be derived from [9, Theorem 1.37] and [18, Formula (1) and Section 2.2].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 339.84,\n \"width\": 566.01,\n \"height\": 101.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 577.89,\n \"height\": 368.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 589.89,\n \"height\": 38.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_abe216e5\",\n \"text\": \"x ⊤ Lx ≥ λ * x -x a 1 2 , for all x ∈ R N .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 13.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 662.09,\n \"height\": 217.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_86ba0897\",\n \"text\": \"Theorem 4.2 (Convergence to a set).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 170.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_86ba0897\",\n \"text\": \"Assume that the graph with adjacency matrix A is weight balanced and weakly connected.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 271.8,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 168.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 225.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_86ba0897\",\n \"text\": \"If x(t) is any Carathéodory or Krasovskii solution of (2) and\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 304.8,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 136.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 132.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_057d5414\",\n \"text\": \"M = x ∈ R N : inf α∈R x -α1 ≤ ||A|| λ * √ N 2 ,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 156.36,\n \"width\": 139.65,\n \"height\": 200.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_368ff2af\",\n \"text\": \"then dist(x(t), M ) → 0 as t → +∞.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 186.81,\n \"height\": 78.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 153.0,\n \"width\": 186.81,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 165.72,\n \"width\": 186.81,\n \"height\": 24.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 193.32,\n \"width\": 186.81,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 206.04,\n \"width\": 186.81,\n \"height\": 20.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c94c5f8\",\n \"text\": \"Proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 203.73,\n \"height\": 26.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c94c5f8\",\n \"text\": \"We prove the statement for Krasovskii solutions, as Carathéodory solutions are a special case.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 203.73,\n \"height\": 319.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 215.61,\n \"height\": 78.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c94c5f8\",\n \"text\": \"Let y(t) = x(t) -x a (t)1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 154.56,\n \"width\": 215.61,\n \"height\": 64.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 221.64,\n \"width\": 215.61,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 231.6,\n \"width\": 215.61,\n \"height\": 30.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c94c5f8\",\n \"text\": \"Then ẏ(t) = ẋ(t) -ẋa (t)1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 266.52,\n \"width\": 215.61,\n \"height\": 72.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 341.88,\n \"width\": 215.61,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 353.52,\n \"width\": 215.61,\n \"height\": 28.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c94c5f8\",\n \"text\": \"Consider the function V (y) = 1 2 y ⊤ y.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 385.56,\n \"width\": 215.61,\n \"height\": 55.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 227.61,\n \"height\": 70.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 146.52,\n \"width\": 226.15,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 146.52,\n \"width\": 233.59,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 151.68,\n \"width\": 226.25,\n \"height\": 20.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c94c5f8\",\n \"text\": \"We have that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 176.04,\n \"width\": 227.61,\n \"height\": 58.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_b7dba6c8\",\n \"text\": \"∇V (y) • ẏ =y ⊤ ẏ(t) =(x -x a 1) ⊤ [ ẋ -ẋa 1] =(x -x a 1) ⊤ ẋ -x ⊤ ẋa 1 + x a 1 ⊤ ẋa 1 =(x -x a 1) ⊤ ẋ -ẋa x ⊤ 1 + ẋa N x a =(x -x a 1) ⊤ ẋ -ẋa N x a + ẋa N x a =(x -x a 1) ⊤ ẋ. From (3) we get ẋ ∈ -L(x -x a 1) + AK(q(x) -x) ⊆ -L(x -x a 1) + A(Kq(x) -x).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 250.25,\n \"height\": 330.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82c67833\",\n \"text\": \"For any v ∈ Kq(x) -x, it holds v ≤ √ N 2 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 405.93,\n \"height\": 43.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 119.64,\n \"width\": 405.93,\n \"height\": 48.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 171.0,\n \"width\": 405.93,\n \"height\": 60.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 240.72,\n \"width\": 405.93,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 253.92,\n \"width\": 398.33,\n \"height\": 6.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 260.4,\n \"width\": 404.58,\n \"height\": 6.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 258.72,\n \"width\": 411.91,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 268.68,\n \"width\": 405.93,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82c67833\",\n \"text\": \"Then, if v ∈ Kq(x) -x is such that ẏ = -L(x -x a 1) + Av, we have\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 278.4,\n \"width\": 405.93,\n \"height\": 44.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 327.48,\n \"width\": 405.93,\n \"height\": 48.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 378.72,\n \"width\": 405.93,\n \"height\": 62.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 73.8,\n \"width\": 417.93,\n \"height\": 13.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 90.48,\n \"width\": 417.93,\n \"height\": 34.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 126.84,\n \"width\": 417.93,\n \"height\": 85.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_ca0db0c1\",\n \"text\": \"∇V (y) • ẏ =(x -x a 1) ⊤ [-L(x -x a 1) + Av] = -(x -x a 1) ⊤ L(x -x a 1) + (x -x a 1) ⊤ Av = -(x -x a 1) ⊤ Sym(L)(x -x a 1) + (x -x a 1) ⊤ Av ≤ -λ * x -x a 1 2 + x -x a 1 A √ N 2 ≤ x -x a 1 -λ * x -x a 1 + A √ N 2 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 125.52,\n \"width\": 439.13,\n \"height\": 261.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cd4386b7\",\n \"text\": \"We conclude that dist(x(t), M ) → 0 as t → +∞, because otherwise V would decrease unboundedly along solutions, which is forbidden by V being nonnegative.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 557.85,\n \"height\": 134.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 209.52,\n \"width\": 557.85,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 222.24,\n \"width\": 557.85,\n \"height\": 23.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 248.4,\n \"width\": 557.85,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 261.12,\n \"width\": 557.85,\n \"height\": 180.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 569.85,\n \"height\": 320.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_897aca58\",\n \"text\": \"Note that the infimum inf α∈R x -α1 is in fact achieved for α = 1 N N i=1 x i .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 586.65,\n \"height\": 145.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 238.2,\n \"width\": 586.65,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 248.64,\n \"width\": 586.65,\n \"height\": 139.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 395.28,\n \"width\": 585.31,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 393.72,\n \"width\": 592.62,\n \"height\": 6.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 414.12,\n \"width\": 584.22,\n \"height\": 6.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 414.12,\n \"width\": 592.14,\n \"height\": 12.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 429.24,\n \"width\": 586.65,\n \"height\": 11.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_897aca58\",\n \"text\": \"Then we can further elaborate that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 598.65,\n \"height\": 154.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_aa36b0a2\",\n \"text\": \"M = x ∈ R N : 1 √ N x - 1 N N i=1 x i 1 ≤ ||A|| 2λ * .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 149.28,\n \"width\": 619.02,\n \"height\": 214.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7d914af7\",\n \"text\": \"In order to better understand the interest of this overapproximation of the limit set, we specialize it to two families of graphs with uniform weights: complete and path graphs with a ij = 1 if i and j are connected and a ij = 0 if they are not.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 369.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 14.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 313.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_70bcca53\",\n \"text\": \"Example 5 (Complete graph).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 137.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_70bcca53\",\n \"text\": \"On complete graphs, we have ẋi = j =i q(x j ) -x i for all i, while ||A|| = N -1 and λ * = N , so that asymptotically\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 230.88,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 126.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 189.36,\n \"width\": 120.45,\n \"height\": 17.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 210.84,\n \"width\": 134.94,\n \"height\": 12.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 230.52,\n \"width\": 120.45,\n \"height\": 22.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 255.24,\n \"width\": 120.45,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 265.2,\n \"width\": 120.45,\n \"height\": 8.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 288.96,\n \"width\": 120.45,\n \"height\": 36.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 150.93,\n \"height\": 21.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 97.44,\n \"width\": 150.93,\n \"height\": 18.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 118.8,\n \"width\": 150.93,\n \"height\": 18.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 140.64,\n \"width\": 150.93,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 150.6,\n \"width\": 150.93,\n \"height\": 33.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 184.2,\n \"width\": 154.61,\n \"height\": 4.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 191.64,\n \"width\": 150.93,\n \"height\": 120.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_80f0bc74\",\n \"text\": \"1 √ N x - 1 N N i=1 x i 1 ≤ 1 2 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 200.16,\n \"width\": 170.34,\n \"height\": 113.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc55c37a\",\n \"text\": \"This bound implies that the limit points are close to consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 208.53,\n \"height\": 269.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc55c37a\",\n \"text\": \"In fact, we shall prove below (Theorem 5.3) that in this case limit points are precisely consensus points.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 345.96,\n \"width\": 208.53,\n \"height\": 94.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 220.53,\n \"height\": 350.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1961504c\",\n \"text\": \"Example 6 (Path graph).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 236.61,\n \"height\": 116.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1961504c\",\n \"text\": \"On path graphs with N nodes, λ * = 1 -cos( π N ) and ||A|| ≤ 2, because it always holds by Gershgorin's disk lemma that ||A|| ≤ d max .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 215.16,\n \"width\": 236.61,\n \"height\": 140.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 355.68,\n \"width\": 240.29,\n \"height\": 4.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 363.24,\n \"width\": 236.61,\n \"height\": 15.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 381.0,\n \"width\": 236.61,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 391.08,\n \"width\": 236.61,\n \"height\": 17.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 410.52,\n \"width\": 235.14,\n \"height\": 4.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 409.44,\n \"width\": 242.46,\n \"height\": 6.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 417.72,\n \"width\": 236.61,\n \"height\": 23.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 248.49,\n \"height\": 29.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 103.8,\n \"width\": 248.49,\n \"height\": 248.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 355.92,\n \"width\": 248.49,\n \"height\": 28.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 387.72,\n \"width\": 248.49,\n \"height\": 23.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1961504c\",\n \"text\": \"Then, an overapproximation of set M can be defined by\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 415.56,\n \"width\": 248.49,\n \"height\": 25.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 260.49,\n \"height\": 212.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_b90bf441\",\n \"text\": \"1 √ N x - 1 N N i=1 x i 1 ≤ 2 2(1 -cos π N ) = 1 π 2 2N 2 -π 4 4N 4 + o( 1 N 4 ) = 2 π 2 N 2 1 -π 2 2N 2 + o( 1 N 2 ) = 2 π 2 N 2 + O(1) as N → ∞.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 94.92,\n \"width\": 279.3,\n \"height\": 324.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a923372\",\n \"text\": \"Let us now consider the following equilibrium x * ∈ E e for odd N = 2m + 1, which was constructed in the proof of Proposition 3.1: the point x * is symmetric with respect to the median value x * m+1 and such that x * 1 = 0\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 375.17,\n \"height\": 207.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 282.6,\n \"width\": 376.53,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 292.08,\n \"width\": 376.53,\n \"height\": 148.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 387.05,\n \"height\": 369.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 399.05,\n \"height\": 86.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 154.56,\n \"width\": 405.42,\n \"height\": 17.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 175.8,\n \"width\": 400.41,\n \"height\": 58.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 195.48,\n \"width\": 418.13,\n \"height\": 9.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 201.12,\n \"width\": 424.99,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 208.44,\n \"width\": 419.97,\n \"height\": 15.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_a5f2689c\",\n \"text\": \"x * i = i 2 -3i + 3 2 if 2 ≤ i ≤ m x * m+1 = m(m -1) 2 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 182.4,\n \"width\": 434.59,\n \"height\": 148.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5b3ffafa\",\n \"text\": \"For instance, for N = 9 we have k = (0, 0,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 491.37,\n \"height\": 190.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ca4adbb1\",\n \"text\": \"⊤ and correspondingly\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 344.64,\n \"width\": 490.01,\n \"height\": 96.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_a947fd7d\",\n \"text\": \"x * = (0, 1 2 , 3 2 , 7 2 , 6, 17 2 , 21 2 , 23 2 , 12) ⊤ . Consequently, x * a = x * m+1 and x * -x * a 2 =2 m i=1 (x * i -x * m+1 ) 2 =2 m i=1 i 2 -3i + 3 2 - m(m -1) 2 2 = 1 2 m i=1 i 4 -6i 3 -(2m 2 -2m -15)i 2 + 6(m 2 -m -3)i + m 4 -2m 3 -5m 2 + 6m + 9 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 501.91,\n \"height\": 342.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41d3ee86\",\n \"text\": \"By recalling that for all a ∈ N, it holds n i=1 i a = 1 a+1 n a+1 + o(n a+1 )as n → ∞ and identifying the highest order terms in the above expression, we finally observe that\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 111.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 186.24,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 195.96,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 45.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 256.08,\n \"width\": 642.18,\n \"height\": 4.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 256.08,\n \"width\": 650.1,\n \"height\": 12.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 271.2,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 3.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 274.68,\n \"width\": 643.5,\n \"height\": 4.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 282.36,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 299.64,\n \"width\": 643.27,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 294.36,\n \"width\": 650.58,\n \"height\": 14.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 309.96,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 5.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 315.96,\n \"width\": 643.5,\n \"height\": 14.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 333.24,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 24.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 357.84,\n \"width\": 643.5,\n \"height\": 14.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 372.84,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 22.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 398.52,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 23.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 425.16,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 15.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 656.61,\n \"height\": 357.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_b0d1a6ee\",\n \"text\": \"1 √ N x * -x * a = 1 √ 120 N 2 + o(N 2 ) as N → ∞.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 149.04,\n \"width\": 673.65,\n \"height\": 216.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e512b09e\",\n \"text\": \"This example shows that the result in Proposition 4.2 can not be significantly improved in general, as the estimate on the limit set is asymptotically tight for large networks in the sense of the Euclidean distance from the consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 238.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e512b09e\",\n \"text\": \"Nevertheless, stronger results can be obtained for specific topologies, as we do in the following section.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 314.4,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 126.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 316.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d6346b98\",\n \"text\": \"5. Convergence to consensus on special graphs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 152.77,\n \"height\": 234.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d6346b98\",\n \"text\": \"The previous sections emphasize the fact that in general we can not expect consensus for a system of the form (2). Nevertheless we can prove that consensus is achieved when the communication graph has some particular form, namely if it is complete or complete bipartite, and weights are uniform.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 329.52,\n \"width\": 152.25,\n \"height\": 111.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 164.25,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 176.13,\n \"height\": 369.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 188.13,\n \"height\": 369.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 200.01,\n \"height\": 108.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ae51a414\",\n \"text\": \"5.1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 218.05,\n \"height\": 17.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ae51a414\",\n \"text\": \"Complete graph.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 113.52,\n \"width\": 218.05,\n \"height\": 83.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ae51a414\",\n \"text\": \"System (2) in the case of the complete graph with uniform weights reads (11) ẋ = f (x)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 202.32,\n \"width\": 217.53,\n \"height\": 238.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 229.53,\n \"height\": 81.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 251.37,\n \"height\": 17.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 239.04,\n \"width\": 251.37,\n \"height\": 36.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(11)\",\n \"offset_start\": 72,\n \"offset_end\": 76\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d622f63f\",\n \"text\": \"where f : R N → R N is given by\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 272.1,\n \"height\": 56.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 132.6,\n \"width\": 273.21,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 145.32,\n \"width\": 272.1,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 163.44,\n \"width\": 273.21,\n \"height\": 46.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_2d143209\",\n \"text\": \"f i (x) = j =i [q(x j ) -x i ]. We define q(x) = j =1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 142.8,\n \"width\": 273.21,\n \"height\": 227.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_618f3ee3\",\n \"text\": \"q(x j ), . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 198.96,\n \"width\": 302.37,\n \"height\": 38.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_618f3ee3\",\n \"text\": \",\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 239.16,\n \"width\": 302.37,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_63cf0d8e\",\n \"text\": \"j =N q(x j ) ⊤ = N j=1 q(x j ) -q(x 1 ), . . . , N j=1 q(x j ) -q(x N ) ⊤ ,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 164.88,\n \"width\": 295.61,\n \"height\": 205.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41e83047\",\n \"text\": \"and we observe that for every k ∈ Z N the function q is constant on each set S k .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 372.21,\n \"height\": 137.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 212.4,\n \"width\": 372.21,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 221.88,\n \"width\": 371.1,\n \"height\": 12.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 239.16,\n \"width\": 372.21,\n \"height\": 172.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 411.48,\n \"width\": 376.28,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 416.76,\n \"width\": 372.21,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_41e83047\",\n \"text\": \"The discontinuous vector field can be written as\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 423.84,\n \"width\": 372.21,\n \"height\": 17.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 384.21,\n \"height\": 189.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_d5fb16c1\",\n \"text\": \"(12) f (x) = q(x) -(N -1)x.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 406.05,\n \"height\": 237.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc38edd8\",\n \"text\": \"This form makes evident that in each set S k trajectories are line segments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 427.89,\n \"height\": 188.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 260.4,\n \"width\": 431.96,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 268.92,\n \"width\": 427.89,\n \"height\": 129.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc38edd8\",\n \"text\": \"We now prove that the set E e of extended equilibria reduces to quantized consensus points which actually are Carathéodory equilibria as they belong to the interior of some S k .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 439.89,\n \"height\": 351.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 451.77,\n \"height\": 369.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 463.77,\n \"height\": 42.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 114.48,\n \"width\": 467.84,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 119.64,\n \"width\": 463.77,\n \"height\": 2.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc38edd8\",\n \"text\": \"Proposition 5.1 (Extended equilibria for complete graph).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 479.97,\n \"height\": 264.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc38edd8\",\n \"text\": \"The sets of Carathéodory and extended equilibria of (11) coincide and are equal to\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 363.84,\n \"width\": 479.97,\n \"height\": 77.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 491.97,\n \"height\": 287.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_9130e2bb\",\n \"text\": \"E C = E e = {x ∈ Z N : ∃h ∈ Z such that x i = h ∀i = 1, . . . , N }.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 116.88,\n \"width\": 512.22,\n \"height\": 279.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2aa93e4f\",\n \"text\": \"Proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 542.97,\n \"height\": 26.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2aa93e4f\",\n \"text\": \"Clearly, any point of E e is a Carathéodory equilibrium of (11).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 542.97,\n \"height\": 282.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(11)\",\n \"offset_start\": 59,\n \"offset_end\": 63\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2aa93e4f\",\n \"text\": \"On the other hand x * is an extended equilibrium if there exists\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 409.8,\n \"width\": 542.97,\n \"height\": 31.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 553.49,\n \"height\": 240.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_692d9eb7\",\n \"text\": \"k ∈ Z N such that f k (x * ) = 0 and x * belongs to S k . If K = N j=1 k j , x * is a partial equilibrium if for all i = 1, . . . , N x * i = K -k i N -1 and k i - 1 2 ≤ x * i ≤ k i + 1 2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 553.49,\n \"height\": 368.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae65332\",\n \"text\": \"By multiplying these bounds by N -1, we get\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 657.33,\n \"height\": 150.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 226.08,\n \"width\": 657.33,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 236.04,\n \"width\": 657.33,\n \"height\": 39.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_8da0b60d\",\n \"text\": \"(N -1) k i - 1 2 ≤ K -k i ≤ (N -1) k i + 1 2 that implies, for all i = 1, . . . , N , K N - N -1 2N ≤ k i ≤ K N + N -1 2N . Since k i ∈ Z interval K N -N -1 2N , K N + N -1 2N\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 149.88,\n \"width\": 677.97,\n \"height\": 204.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \", and these bounds imply that k 1 = . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 260.4,\n \"width\": 149.49,\n \"height\": 170.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \"= k n .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 433.2,\n \"width\": 149.49,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 161.49,\n \"height\": 13.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \"We conclude that if x * is an extended equilibrium then x * ∈ S (h,...,h) for some h ∈ Z.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 91.44,\n \"width\": 160.13,\n \"height\": 259.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 355.32,\n \"width\": 161.49,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 365.64,\n \"width\": 161.49,\n \"height\": 6.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 371.76,\n \"width\": 165.79,\n \"height\": 27.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 403.56,\n \"width\": 161.49,\n \"height\": 37.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 5.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 81.12,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 91.2,\n \"width\": 174.14,\n \"height\": 9.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \"In this case f (x * ) i = (N -1)h -(N -1)x * i for all i = 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 106.2,\n \"width\": 172.13,\n \"height\": 107.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 217.68,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 227.88,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 14.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 245.04,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.24,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 11.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 270.6,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 280.92,\n \"width\": 172.13,\n \"height\": 18.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 178.5,\n \"height\": 2.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 303.72,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 69.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \", N , and finally x * i = h for all i = 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 374.28,\n \"width\": 173.49,\n \"height\": 66.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 184.01,\n \"height\": 9.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 77.64,\n \"width\": 190.5,\n \"height\": 2.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 85.08,\n \"width\": 185.37,\n \"height\": 86.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \", N .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 173.16,\n \"width\": 185.37,\n \"height\": 16.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \"We remark that also for (11) there may be Krasovskii equilibria which are not extended equilibria: see, for instance, the initial condition in Example 1 or, more generally, any point x * = (k + 1 2 )1 with integer k.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 201.57,\n \"height\": 351.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 213.45,\n \"height\": 369.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 224.09,\n \"height\": 135.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 210.96,\n \"width\": 223.99,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 210.96,\n \"width\": 231.43,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 216.12,\n \"width\": 225.45,\n \"height\": 78.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(11)\",\n \"offset_start\": 24,\n \"offset_end\": 28\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \"Actually, our convergence result below will imply that all Krasovskii equilibria are consensus points.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 300.0,\n \"width\": 225.45,\n \"height\": 141.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 237.45,\n \"height\": 303.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6fae2c82\",\n \"text\": \"Before it, we provide the reader with three statements that describe qualitative properties of the solutions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 383.39,\n \"width\": 237.45,\n \"height\": 57.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 249.33,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 261.33,\n \"height\": 41.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"Remark 2 (Local stability).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 277.53,\n \"height\": 126.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"Note that extended equilibria of (11) are Lyapunov stable and locally asymptotically stable.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 219.48,\n \"width\": 277.53,\n \"height\": 221.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 289.41,\n \"height\": 170.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"In fact for any equilibrium x * there exists a neighborhood where the vector field can be written as f (x) = -(N -1)(x -x * ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 248.4,\n \"width\": 288.05,\n \"height\": 192.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 301.41,\n \"height\": 262.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 336.84,\n \"width\": 301.41,\n \"height\": 30.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 369.72,\n \"width\": 301.41,\n \"height\": 18.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 390.36,\n \"width\": 301.41,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 400.32,\n \"width\": 300.05,\n \"height\": 17.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"Remark 3 (Finite-time exit for Carathéodory solutions).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 317.49,\n \"height\": 257.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"From the proof of Proposition 5.1 it follows that in each S k with k = (h, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 361.08,\n \"width\": 317.49,\n \"height\": 79.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 173.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 246.0,\n \"width\": 333.56,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.76,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 66.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \", h) ⊤ for any h ∈ Z, trajectories are line segments that are generated by Carathéodory solutions corresponding to a vector field whose equilibrium is out of S k .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 323.04,\n \"width\": 328.13,\n \"height\": 65.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 390.96,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 400.32,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 40.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 341.49,\n \"height\": 368.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 353.37,\n \"height\": 203.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 275.04,\n \"width\": 357.44,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 280.32,\n \"width\": 353.37,\n \"height\": 3.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"This consideration implies that all solutions to (2) escape from every set S k with k = (h, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 289.68,\n \"width\": 353.37,\n \"height\": 151.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 172.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 244.92,\n \"width\": 369.44,\n \"height\": 4.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 253.68,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 66.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \", h) ⊤ in finite time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 322.08,\n \"width\": 364.01,\n \"height\": 84.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"On the other hand, once inside some S (h,h,...,h) , the equilibrium is reached asymptotically.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 411.24,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 29.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 377.25,\n \"height\": 136.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 208.8,\n \"width\": 381.55,\n \"height\": 34.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 243.72,\n \"width\": 377.25,\n \"height\": 185.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"Lemma 5.2 (Invariance properties).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 393.45,\n \"height\": 157.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b77fce25\",\n \"text\": \"Let x(t) be a Carathéodory or Krasovskii solution of (11) and let s ij (x) = x i -x j and S ij = {x ∈ R N : s ij (x) = 0}.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 258.72,\n \"width\": 393.45,\n \"height\": 182.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 405.45,\n \"height\": 153.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 227.76,\n \"width\": 405.45,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 237.72,\n \"width\": 405.45,\n \"height\": 56.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 297.0,\n \"width\": 405.45,\n \"height\": 20.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 319.8,\n \"width\": 404.34,\n \"height\": 13.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 337.32,\n \"width\": 405.45,\n \"height\": 57.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3368b154\",\n \"text\": \"(A) (Invariant manifolds) If x(t 0 ) ∈ S ij , then x(t) ∈ S ij for all t ≥ t 0 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 87.48,\n \"width\": 417.33,\n \"height\": 149.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 240.12,\n \"width\": 417.33,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 249.6,\n \"width\": 417.33,\n \"height\": 58.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 311.28,\n \"width\": 417.33,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 320.64,\n \"width\": 417.33,\n \"height\": 50.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 373.92,\n \"width\": 417.33,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 384.36,\n \"width\": 417.33,\n \"height\": 11.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3368b154\",\n \"text\": \"(B) (Order preservation) If x i (t 0 ) ≤ x j (t 0 ) for some t 0 ∈ R then x i (t) ≤ x j (t) for all t ≥ t 0 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 87.84,\n \"width\": 429.33,\n \"height\": 147.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 238.32,\n \"width\": 429.33,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 248.76,\n \"width\": 429.33,\n \"height\": 77.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 329.04,\n \"width\": 429.33,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 338.52,\n \"width\": 429.33,\n \"height\": 52.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 393.72,\n \"width\": 429.33,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 404.28,\n \"width\": 429.33,\n \"height\": 36.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 441.33,\n \"height\": 17.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 128.64,\n \"width\": 441.33,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 139.08,\n \"width\": 441.33,\n \"height\": 11.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ce748ac\",\n \"text\": \"Proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 457.41,\n \"height\": 26.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ce748ac\",\n \"text\": \"We prove the statements for Krasovskii solutions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 457.41,\n \"height\": 227.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ce748ac\",\n \"text\": \"(A) Let x(t) be a Krasovskii solution such that x(t 0 ) = x 0 ∈ S ij .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 358.44,\n \"width\": 457.41,\n \"height\": 82.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 469.41,\n \"height\": 181.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 258.24,\n \"width\": 469.41,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 269.16,\n \"width\": 469.41,\n \"height\": 15.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3ce748ac\",\n \"text\": \"We prove that x(t) can not leave\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 292.2,\n \"width\": 469.41,\n \"height\": 148.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_4e80c7bb\",\n \"text\": \"S ij . If x 0 ∈ S ij \\\\∆, f (x 0 ) is parallel to S ij in fact ∇s ij (x 0 ) = e i -e j and ∇s ij (x 0 ) • f (x 0 ) =f i (x 0 ) -f j (x 0 ) = h =i [q(x 0h ) -x 0i ] - h =j [q(x 0h ) -x 0j ] =q(x 0j ) -q(x 0i ) -(N -1)(x 0i -x 0j ) = 0. Let now x 0 ∈ S ij ∩ ∆, i.e. x 0h = k h + 1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 481.29,\n \"height\": 317.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9acb9471\",\n \"text\": \"2 for h ∈ I ′ ⊂ I and some k h ∈ Z.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 245.16,\n \"width\": 574.63,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.04,\n \"width\": 568.65,\n \"height\": 21.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 278.88,\n \"width\": 568.65,\n \"height\": 15.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 294.96,\n \"width\": 567.29,\n \"height\": 2.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 301.2,\n \"width\": 568.65,\n \"height\": 16.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 322.32,\n \"width\": 568.65,\n \"height\": 54.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 381.12,\n \"width\": 568.65,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 391.2,\n \"width\": 569.3,\n \"height\": 9.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9acb9471\",\n \"text\": \"We first consider the case i, j ∈ I ′ .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 406.2,\n \"width\": 568.65,\n \"height\": 34.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 580.65,\n \"height\": 89.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 165.48,\n \"width\": 580.65,\n \"height\": 15.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 181.44,\n \"width\": 579.29,\n \"height\": 5.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9acb9471\",\n \"text\": \"In this case for any limit value f l (x 0 ) of f (x 0 ) at x 0 one has\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 192.12,\n \"width\": 580.65,\n \"height\": 143.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 336.48,\n \"width\": 579.54,\n \"height\": 2.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 339.48,\n \"width\": 580.65,\n \"height\": 101.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 592.65,\n \"height\": 14.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_e6c141d0\",\n \"text\": \"∇s ij (x 0 ) • f l (x 0 ) = f l i (x 0 ) -f l j (x 0 ) = q(x 0j ) -q(x 0i ) -(N -1)(x 0i -x 0j ) = 0.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 84.12,\n \"width\": 611.82,\n \"height\": 344.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f5528bd\",\n \"text\": \"meaning that all f l (x 0 ) are parallel to S ij .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 635.49,\n \"height\": 80.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 153.24,\n \"width\": 634.38,\n \"height\": 2.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 156.24,\n \"width\": 635.49,\n \"height\": 101.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f5528bd\",\n \"text\": \"Then we consider the case x 0i = x 0j = k + 1 2 for some k ∈ Z.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 647.49,\n \"height\": 190.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 284.4,\n \"width\": 646.03,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 284.4,\n \"width\": 653.35,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 293.16,\n \"width\": 647.49,\n \"height\": 45.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 342.6,\n \"width\": 647.49,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 352.44,\n \"width\": 648.14,\n \"height\": 9.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f5528bd\",\n \"text\": \"We consider four limit values f (i) (x 0 ), f (ii) (x 0 ), f (iii) (x), f (iv) (x) of vector the field f (x 0 ), depending on the fact that x 0 is approached from the following sectors:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 367.08,\n \"width\": 647.49,\n \"height\": 73.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 58.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 131.76,\n \"width\": 659.59,\n \"height\": 8.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 141.36,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 28.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 171.48,\n \"width\": 659.59,\n \"height\": 11.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 183.84,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 29.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 214.08,\n \"width\": 659.59,\n \"height\": 14.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 229.2,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 24.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.88,\n \"width\": 659.59,\n \"height\": 13.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 268.68,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 172.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 263.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ae563aac\",\n \"text\": \"(i)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 92.52,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 10.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_a33ed993\",\n \"text\": \"x i > k + 1 2 , x j < k + 1 (ii) x i > k + 1 2 , x j > k + 1 2 (iii) x i < k + 1 2 , x j > k + 1 2 (iv) x i < k + 1 2 , x j < k + 1 2 . Note that ∇s ij (x 0 ) • f (ii) (x 0 ) = ∇s ij (x 0 ) • f (iv) (x 0 ) = 0,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 683.23,\n \"height\": 98.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0b6fba30\",\n \"text\": \"meaning that f (ii) (x 0 ) and f (iv) (x 0 ) are parallel to S ij at x 0 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 162.81,\n \"height\": 67.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 140.52,\n \"width\": 161.71,\n \"height\": 11.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 152.88,\n \"width\": 162.81,\n \"height\": 46.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 200.64,\n \"width\": 161.71,\n \"height\": 13.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 214.32,\n \"width\": 162.81,\n \"height\": 130.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0b6fba30\",\n \"text\": \"In sector (i) one has s ij (x) = x i -x j > 0 and\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 350.88,\n \"width\": 162.81,\n \"height\": 90.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 174.69,\n \"height\": 46.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 121.68,\n \"width\": 174.69,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 131.64,\n \"width\": 174.69,\n \"height\": 47.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_7d41ac37\",\n \"text\": \"∇s ij (x 0 ) • f (i) (x 0 ) = -1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 202.8,\n \"width\": 186.31,\n \"height\": 107.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c390eab\",\n \"text\": \"This means that f (i) (x 0 ) points towards S ij and the solution can not move towards the sector (i).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 203.97,\n \"height\": 80.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 153.72,\n \"width\": 202.87,\n \"height\": 8.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 163.32,\n \"width\": 203.97,\n \"height\": 277.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 215.97,\n \"height\": 59.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c390eab\",\n \"text\": \"In fact assume by contradiction that there exists T > 0 such that the solution x(t) belongs to the sector (i) when t ∈ (0, T ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 136.56,\n \"width\": 215.97,\n \"height\": 304.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 227.97,\n \"height\": 202.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 278.28,\n \"width\": 227.97,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 289.08,\n \"width\": 227.97,\n \"height\": 27.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c390eab\",\n \"text\": \"The fact that x(t) belongs to the sector (i) means that x i (t) -x j (t) > 0 when t ∈ (0, T ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 323.16,\n \"width\": 227.97,\n \"height\": 117.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 239.85,\n \"height\": 148.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 223.2,\n \"width\": 239.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 233.64,\n \"width\": 239.85,\n \"height\": 75.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 313.44,\n \"width\": 239.85,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 324.0,\n \"width\": 239.85,\n \"height\": 27.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c390eab\",\n \"text\": \"On the other hand\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 357.6,\n \"width\": 239.85,\n \"height\": 83.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_3b96f01a\",\n \"text\": \"x i (t) -x j (t) = s ij (t) and d dt s ij (x(t)) = ∇s ij (x(t)) • ẋ(t) = ∇s ij (x(t)) • f (i) (x(t)) < 0 meaning that s ij (x(t)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 250.38,\n \"height\": 368.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ef2af77\",\n \"text\": \") is decreasing in (0, T ) so that x i (t) -x j (t) < x i (0) -x j (0) = 0, contradiction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 164.64,\n \"width\": 263.73,\n \"height\": 155.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 321.72,\n \"width\": 263.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 330.72,\n \"width\": 263.73,\n \"height\": 56.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 388.32,\n \"width\": 263.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 397.32,\n \"width\": 263.73,\n \"height\": 43.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 275.73,\n \"height\": 60.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ef2af77\",\n \"text\": \"Analogously in (iii) one has s ij (x) = x i -x j < 0 and ∇s ij (x 0 ) • f (iii) (x 0 ) = 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 141.0,\n \"width\": 275.73,\n \"height\": 182.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 327.48,\n \"width\": 275.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 338.4,\n \"width\": 275.73,\n \"height\": 54.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 397.08,\n \"width\": 275.73,\n \"height\": 12.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 410.04,\n \"width\": 275.73,\n \"height\": 24.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 438.24,\n \"width\": 275.73,\n \"height\": 2.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 287.73,\n \"height\": 4.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 78.0,\n \"width\": 286.63,\n \"height\": 14.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 93.12,\n \"width\": 287.73,\n \"height\": 39.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ef2af77\",\n \"text\": \"This means that f (iii) (x 0 ) points towards S ij and the solution cannot move towards sector (iii).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 136.56,\n \"width\": 287.73,\n \"height\": 79.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 217.44,\n \"width\": 286.63,\n \"height\": 14.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 232.56,\n \"width\": 287.73,\n \"height\": 208.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 299.61,\n \"height\": 110.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ef2af77\",\n \"text\": \"(B) This is an immediate consequence of the previous statement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 311.61,\n \"height\": 286.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ef2af77\",\n \"text\": \"Assume first that x i (t 0 ) < x j (t 0 ) and x i (t * ) > x j (t * ) for some t * > t 0 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 364.56,\n \"width\": 311.61,\n \"height\": 76.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 322.25,\n \"height\": 224.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ef2af77\",\n \"text\": \"Then there exist t ∈ (t 0 , t * ) such that x i ( t) = x j ( t) and t * > t 0 such that x i (t * ) > x j (t * ), which contradicts (A).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 300.72,\n \"width\": 321.69,\n \"height\": 77.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 381.12,\n \"width\": 323.61,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 390.48,\n \"width\": 322.25,\n \"height\": 50.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 333.69,\n \"height\": 355.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ef2af77\",\n \"text\": \"In the case x i (t 0 ) = x j (t 0 ) and x i (t * ) > x j (t * ) for some t * > t 0 the contradiction with (A) is immediate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 431.88,\n \"width\": 335.49,\n \"height\": 9.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 346.13,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 359.49,\n \"height\": 76.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"We now state the main result of this section: any Carathéodory or Krasovskii solution converges to a consensus point.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 375.45,\n \"height\": 351.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 387.33,\n \"height\": 173.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"The convergence is illustrated in Figure 4. Theorem 5.3 (Convergence-Complete graph).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 250.2,\n \"width\": 387.33,\n \"height\": 184.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 620.85,\n \"height\": 205.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"Any Carathéodory or Krasovskii solution x(t) of (11) converges to a consensus point.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 302.64,\n \"width\": 620.85,\n \"height\": 138.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 632.85,\n \"height\": 223.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"Furthermore, if x(t) is Carathéodory, then the limit point is necessarily of the form (h, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 299.64,\n \"width\": 632.85,\n \"height\": 141.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 262.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \", h) ⊤ with integer h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 335.76,\n \"width\": 643.37,\n \"height\": 90.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"If instead x(t) is Krasovskii, then the limit may be of the form (h + 1 2 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 434.16,\n \"width\": 644.73,\n \"height\": 6.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 656.73,\n \"height\": 284.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 360.24,\n \"width\": 655.27,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 360.24,\n \"width\": 662.71,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 365.4,\n \"width\": 656.73,\n \"height\": 16.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \", h + 1 2 ) ⊤ .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 383.16,\n \"width\": 656.73,\n \"height\": 20.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 406.68,\n \"width\": 655.27,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 406.68,\n \"width\": 662.71,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 411.84,\n \"width\": 655.37,\n \"height\": 13.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"Proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 26.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"As in the proof of Lemma 5.2 we prove convergence for the more general case of Krasovskii solutions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 319.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 122.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"Let x(t) be any Krasovskii solution of (11).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 199.92,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 191.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"(11)\",\n \"offset_start\": 39,\n \"offset_end\": 43\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"Thanks to the previous lemma, we can assume without loss of generality that x 1 (t 0 ) ≤ • • • ≤ x N (t 0 ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 396.12,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 44.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 329.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 405.6,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 35.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 31.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"Indeed, by order preservation we have x 1 (t) ≤ . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 108.6,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 191.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 302.76,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 313.56,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 11.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"≤ x N (t) for all t ≥ t 0 and x N (t) -x 1 (t) ≥ 0 for all t ≥ t 0 .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 328.08,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 338.76,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 60.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 402.72,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 413.4,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 27.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 24.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 97.8,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 106.92,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 21.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 131.16,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 141.72,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 39.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 184.08,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 194.64,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 10.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"We prove that x N (t) -x 1 (t) → 0 as t → +∞.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 209.76,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 88.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 299.76,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 308.88,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 21.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 333.12,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 345.84,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 23.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 371.88,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 384.6,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 20.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"If there exists T such that x N (T ) = x 1 (T ), then, thanks to Lemma 5.2, x N (t) -x 1 (t) = 0 with t ≥ T .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 409.32,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 31.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 313.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 388.44,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 398.88,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 42.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 27.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 102.84,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 114.36,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 10.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"If instead x N (t) > x 1 (t) for all t ≥ t 0 , then we can recall that ẋ(t) ∈ -Dx(t) + AKq(x(t)), where a ij = 1 if i = j and a ij = 0 if i = j, and there exists a measurable function v(t) ∈ Kq(x(t)) such that ẋ(t) = -Dx(t) + Av(t).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 130.8,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 145.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 279.84,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 139.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 434.4,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 33.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 107.76,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 333.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 107.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 182.76,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 47.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 234.24,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 71.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 309.0,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 33.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 344.64,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 36.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3649e59\",\n \"text\": \"We can then write\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 386.04,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 54.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 22.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_47664b9d\",\n \"text\": \"d dt (x N (t) -x 1 (t)) = j =N v j (t) -(N -1)x N (t) - j =1 v j (t) + (N -1)x 1 (t) = -(N -1)(x N (t) -x 1 (t)) -(v N (t) -v 1 (t)) As x N (t) > x 1 (t) we have that v N (t) ≥ v 1 (t), i.e. v N (t) -v 1 (t) ≥ 0 and then d dt (x N (t) -x 1 (t)) = -(N -1)(x N (t) -x 1 (t)) -(v N (t) -v 1 (t)) ≤ -(N -1)(x N (t) -x 1 (t)),(13)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 199.17,\n \"height\": 351.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\",\n \"label\": \"(13)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7505386\",\n \"text\": \"which implies that x N (t) -x 1 (t) → 0 as t → +∞.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 108.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 182.76,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 192.72,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 21.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 216.96,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 229.68,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 24.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 256.56,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 269.28,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 20.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f2b3c68a\",\n \"text\": \"We now distinguish two cases.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 330.81,\n \"height\": 131.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f2b3c68a\",\n \"text\": \"If x(t) is in the interior of S (h,...,h) for some t and some h ∈ Z, then\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 225.72,\n \"width\": 330.81,\n \"height\": 121.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 346.92,\n \"width\": 335.11,\n \"height\": 27.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 378.12,\n \"width\": 330.81,\n \"height\": 62.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 342.69,\n \"height\": 30.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.48,\n \"width\": 342.69,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 114.84,\n \"width\": 342.69,\n \"height\": 32.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_9d6ed7a5\",\n \"text\": \"ẋ(t) = f (x(t)) = -(N -1)(x(t) -(h, . . . , h) ⊤ )\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 157.68,\n \"width\": 361.49,\n \"height\": 199.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \"and x(t) → (h, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 383.97,\n \"height\": 36.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 111.6,\n \"width\": 383.97,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 124.56,\n \"width\": 383.97,\n \"height\": 25.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \", h) ⊤ as t → +∞.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 151.8,\n \"width\": 382.61,\n \"height\": 40.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 195.0,\n \"width\": 383.97,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 208.08,\n \"width\": 383.97,\n \"height\": 20.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \"Otherwise, the only way for x(t) to converge to consensus without entering the interior of any S (m,...,m) for any m ∈ Z is that x(t) converges to (h + 1 2 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 233.4,\n \"width\": 383.97,\n \"height\": 207.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 395.97,\n \"height\": 213.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 285.84,\n \"width\": 400.27,\n \"height\": 32.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 322.44,\n \"width\": 395.97,\n \"height\": 44.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 370.2,\n \"width\": 395.97,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 380.64,\n \"width\": 395.97,\n \"height\": 60.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 408.93,\n \"height\": 79.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 155.16,\n \"width\": 407.47,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 155.16,\n \"width\": 414.91,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 160.32,\n \"width\": 408.93,\n \"height\": 16.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \", h + 1 2 ) ⊤ for some h ∈ Z.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 178.08,\n \"width\": 408.93,\n \"height\": 20.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 203.04,\n \"width\": 407.47,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 203.04,\n \"width\": 414.91,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 208.2,\n \"width\": 407.57,\n \"height\": 62.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 275.52,\n \"width\": 408.93,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 286.68,\n \"width\": 409.58,\n \"height\": 9.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \"In this case, Remark 3 implies that x(t) actually reaches (h + 1 2 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 303.6,\n \"width\": 408.93,\n \"height\": 137.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 420.93,\n \"height\": 135.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 210.72,\n \"width\": 419.47,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 210.72,\n \"width\": 426.79,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 215.88,\n \"width\": 420.93,\n \"height\": 16.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \", h + 1 2 ) ⊤ in finite time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 233.64,\n \"width\": 420.93,\n \"height\": 20.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 257.4,\n \"width\": 419.47,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 257.4,\n \"width\": 426.79,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 262.56,\n \"width\": 419.45,\n \"height\": 73.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \"Afterwards, if x(t) is a Carathéodory solution, then it cannot stay there (because of Proposition 5.1), nor it can leave the consensus manifold (because of the differential inequality (13)): thus, it necessarily converges to (h, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 341.52,\n \"width\": 420.93,\n \"height\": 99.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 432.81,\n \"height\": 369.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 444.81,\n \"height\": 369.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 456.69,\n \"height\": 129.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \", h) or to (h+1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 203.04,\n \"width\": 456.69,\n \"height\": 78.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \", h+1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 282.84,\n \"width\": 456.69,\n \"height\": 30.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \"If instead x(t) is a Krasovskii solution, it may stay at (h + 1 2 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 317.28,\n \"width\": 456.69,\n \"height\": 124.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 468.69,\n \"height\": 124.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 200.28,\n \"width\": 467.23,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 200.28,\n \"width\": 474.67,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 205.44,\n \"width\": 468.69,\n \"height\": 16.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \", h + 1 2 ), which is Krasovskii equilibrium.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 223.08,\n \"width\": 468.69,\n \"height\": 20.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 246.72,\n \"width\": 467.23,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 246.72,\n \"width\": 474.67,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 251.88,\n \"width\": 468.69,\n \"height\": 149.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \"5.2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 486.49,\n \"height\": 17.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \"Complete bipartite graph.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 113.52,\n \"width\": 486.49,\n \"height\": 131.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cfe31d30\",\n \"text\": \"In the case the graph is complete bipartite, equations ( 2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 250.44,\n \"width\": 485.97,\n \"height\": 190.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 497.97,\n \"height\": 53.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_4e2fa465\",\n \"text\": \") read ẋi = h∈Q [q(x h ) -x i ] ẋh = i∈P [q(x i ) -x h ](14)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 497.97,\n \"height\": 282.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\",\n \"label\": \"(14)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d5d232dc\",\n \"text\": \"where P = {1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 25.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 100.8,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 6.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 111.36,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 121.8,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 12.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 136.32,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 11.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d5d232dc\",\n \"text\": \", p} and Q = {p + 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 149.52,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 33.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 186.6,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 8.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 197.52,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 208.08,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 10.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 220.2,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 31.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d5d232dc\",\n \"text\": \", N }.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 252.96,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 12.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 266.52,\n \"width\": 551.37,\n \"height\": 7.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d5d232dc\",\n \"text\": \"Proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 595.53,\n \"height\": 26.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d5d232dc\",\n \"text\": \"Let x(t) be any Krasovskii solution of (14).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 595.53,\n \"height\": 197.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b13\",\n \"text\": \"(14)\",\n \"offset_start\": 39,\n \"offset_end\": 43\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d5d232dc\",\n \"text\": \"First of all we prove that x i (t) -x j (t) → 0 as t → +∞ for i, j ∈ P and x h (t) -x k (t) → 0 as t → +∞ for h, k ∈ Q.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 326.16,\n \"width\": 595.53,\n \"height\": 114.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 20.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 95.16,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.72,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 21.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 131.16,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 145.32,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 25.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 175.32,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 189.48,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 49.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 244.2,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 17.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 267.0,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 42.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 312.12,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 322.68,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 21.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 348.84,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 363.0,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 25.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 393.0,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 407.16,\n \"width\": 607.53,\n \"height\": 33.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 619.53,\n \"height\": 15.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 90.48,\n \"width\": 619.53,\n \"height\": 20.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d5d232dc\",\n \"text\": \"We recall that x(t) is such that ẋ(t) ∈ -Dx(t) + K(Aq(x(t)))\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 115.2,\n \"width\": 619.53,\n \"height\": 136.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 194.04,\n \"width\": 640.17,\n \"height\": 15.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 212.04,\n \"width\": 640.17,\n \"height\": 42.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 257.04,\n \"width\": 640.17,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 267.0,\n \"width\": 640.17,\n \"height\": 53.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23fd2eed\",\n \"text\": \"and that there exists a measurable function v(t) such that ẋ(t) = v(t) -Dx(t) with v(t) ∈ K(Aq(x(t))).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 307.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 382.32,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 392.52,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 48.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 16.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 91.32,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 65.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23fd2eed\",\n \"text\": \"In the case of the bipartite graph d ii = N -p, d hh = p, (Aq(x)) i = h∈Q q(x h ), (Aq(x)) h = i∈P q(x i ) with i = 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 161.28,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 173.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 335.88,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 15.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 353.88,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 87.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 82.56,\n \"width\": 690.18,\n \"height\": 16.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 101.28,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 79.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 194.4,\n \"width\": 690.18,\n \"height\": 13.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 210.96,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 85.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23fd2eed\",\n \"text\": \", p and h = p + 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 297.96,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 89.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_23fd2eed\",\n \"text\": \", N .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 389.04,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 16.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_601933d8\",\n \"text\": \"We denote by v i (t) the i-th component of v(t) and prove that v i (t) = v j (t) for i, j ∈ P. Clearly if x h (t) = k + 1/2, k ∈ Z, for all h ∈ Q, then v i (t) = h∈Q q(x h (t)) for all i ∈ P. If x h (t) = k h +1/2, for some k h ∈ Z and for some h ∈ Q ′ ⊂ Q, there exist 2 |Q ′ | = M limit values Q 1 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 351.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 12.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 87.36,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 19.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 111.72,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 123.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 238.08,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 247.44,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 47.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 297.84,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 20.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 321.48,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 52.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 387.48,\n \"width\": 116.34,\n \"height\": 16.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 406.2,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 34.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 30.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 105.48,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 20.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 129.6,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 132.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 265.08,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 274.44,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 71.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 348.96,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 17.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 366.6,\n \"width\": 121.37,\n \"height\": 2.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 372.12,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 21.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 396.12,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 44.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 133.37,\n \"height\": 13.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 85.92,\n \"width\": 132.14,\n \"height\": 2.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 88.56,\n \"width\": 133.37,\n \"height\": 95.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 184.08,\n \"width\": 133.63,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 188.52,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 16.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_601933d8\",\n \"text\": \", Q M for q(x) at x(t), and v(t) ∈ K(Aq(x(t)) can be written v(t) = α 1 AQ 1 + . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 206.16,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 12.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 218.52,\n \"width\": 133.62,\n \"height\": 7.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 231.24,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 112.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 347.64,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 60.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 411.84,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 29.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 90.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 162.6,\n \"width\": 145.51,\n \"height\": 3.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 168.48,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 20.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_601933d8\",\n \"text\": \"α M AQ M , with α 1 , . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 191.04,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 30.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 221.64,\n \"width\": 145.5,\n \"height\": 7.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 230.4,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 55.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_601933d8\",\n \"text\": \", α M ∈ [0, 1] and α 1 + . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 287.16,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 18.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 309.48,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 318.96,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 75.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_601933d8\",\n \"text\": \"+ α M = 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 395.52,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 45.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_601933d8\",\n \"text\": \"As (Aq(x)) i = h∈Q q(x h ) for any i = 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 66.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 153.0,\n \"width\": 164.1,\n \"height\": 16.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 171.72,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 105.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_601933d8\",\n \"text\": \", p we get that v i (t) = v j (t) for any i, j ∈ P. Analogously, one has v h (t) = v k (t) for h, k ∈ Q.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 278.52,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 162.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 12.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 87.36,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 19.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 111.6,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 184.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 298.8,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 20.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4fa5dda1\",\n \"text\": \"For any i, j ∈ P we thus get\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 48.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 141.96,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 16.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 162.48,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 49.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_43069692\",\n \"text\": \"d dt (x i (t) -x j (t)) = v i (t) -px i (t) -v j (t) + px j (t) = -p(x i (t) -x j (t))\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 106.8,\n \"width\": 202.17,\n \"height\": 300.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96301efb\",\n \"text\": \"which implies that x i (t) -x j (t) → 0 as t → +∞.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 233.85,\n \"height\": 106.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 181.56,\n \"width\": 233.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 192.0,\n \"width\": 233.85,\n \"height\": 21.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 217.44,\n \"width\": 233.85,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 231.48,\n \"width\": 233.85,\n \"height\": 25.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 261.48,\n \"width\": 233.85,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 275.64,\n \"width\": 233.85,\n \"height\": 20.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96301efb\",\n \"text\": \"Moreover if there exists τ such that x i (τ ) = x j (τ ) for i, j ∈ P, then x i (t) = x j (t) for all t ≥ τ .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 303.0,\n \"width\": 233.85,\n \"height\": 138.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 245.85,\n \"height\": 115.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 192.6,\n \"width\": 245.85,\n \"height\": 21.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 218.16,\n \"width\": 245.85,\n \"height\": 119.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 341.76,\n \"width\": 245.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 353.64,\n \"width\": 245.85,\n \"height\": 8.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96301efb\",\n \"text\": \"Analogously one has x h (t) -x k (t) → 0 as t → +∞ for any h, k ∈ Q and if there exists τ ′ such that x h (τ ′ ) = x k (τ ′ ) for i, j ∈ P, then x h (t) = x k (t) for all t ≥ τ ′ .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 368.76,\n \"width\": 245.85,\n \"height\": 72.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 257.85,\n \"height\": 41.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 116.52,\n \"width\": 257.85,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 127.44,\n \"width\": 257.85,\n \"height\": 21.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 154.56,\n \"width\": 257.85,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 169.68,\n \"width\": 257.85,\n \"height\": 26.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 201.72,\n \"width\": 257.85,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 216.84,\n \"width\": 257.85,\n \"height\": 74.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 297.0,\n \"width\": 257.85,\n \"height\": 19.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 321.6,\n \"width\": 256.49,\n \"height\": 119.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 268.37,\n \"height\": 123.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 200.28,\n \"width\": 269.73,\n \"height\": 21.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 225.84,\n \"width\": 269.73,\n \"height\": 121.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 351.6,\n \"width\": 269.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 363.36,\n \"width\": 268.37,\n \"height\": 11.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96301efb\",\n \"text\": \"The fact that x i (t)-x j (t) → 0 and x h (t)-x k (t) → 0 as t → +∞ also implies that either there exists T such that x i (t) ≤ x h (t) for all i ∈ P, h ∈ Q and for all t ≥ T or x i (t) -x h (t) → 0 for all i ∈ P, h ∈ Q.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 381.12,\n \"width\": 269.73,\n \"height\": 59.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 281.73,\n \"height\": 50.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 125.52,\n \"width\": 281.73,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 138.24,\n \"width\": 281.73,\n \"height\": 79.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 220.44,\n \"width\": 281.73,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 233.16,\n \"width\": 281.73,\n \"height\": 22.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 258.48,\n \"width\": 281.73,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 271.2,\n \"width\": 281.73,\n \"height\": 169.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 75.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 150.36,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 161.04,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 58.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 222.48,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 20.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 246.12,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 5.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 254.76,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 17.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 276.0,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 52.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 331.44,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 342.24,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 43.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 387.84,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 397.92,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 22.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 423.12,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 435.96,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 305.61,\n \"height\": 32.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 107.28,\n \"width\": 305.61,\n \"height\": 19.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 130.56,\n \"width\": 305.61,\n \"height\": 5.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 139.08,\n \"width\": 305.61,\n \"height\": 20.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \"Let m(t) ∈ {1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 39.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 134.52,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 24.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 160.92,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 11.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \", N } be such that x m(t) (t) = min{x i (t), i = 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 174.0,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 12.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 187.56,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 197.28,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 67.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 264.84,\n \"width\": 321.9,\n \"height\": 16.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 281.76,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 118.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \", N } and M (t) ∈ {1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 401.64,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 12.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 415.2,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 424.92,\n \"width\": 317.61,\n \"height\": 16.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 22.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 96.96,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 22.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 120.96,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 11.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \", N } be such that x M(t) (t) = max{x i (t), i = 1, . . .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 134.16,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 12.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 147.72,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 156.0,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 63.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 219.48,\n \"width\": 333.78,\n \"height\": 17.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 237.6,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 111.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \", N }.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 350.4,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 12.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 363.96,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 7.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \"We will simply denote x m(t) (t) = x m (t) and x M(t) (t) = x M (t).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 376.32,\n \"width\": 329.49,\n \"height\": 64.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 341.49,\n \"height\": 38.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 110.4,\n \"width\": 345.78,\n \"height\": 16.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 127.2,\n \"width\": 341.49,\n \"height\": 80.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 208.08,\n \"width\": 345.78,\n \"height\": 17.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 226.2,\n \"width\": 341.49,\n \"height\": 55.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \"Thanks to the previous remark we can assume that m(t) ∈ P and M (t) ∈ Q definitively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 287.76,\n \"width\": 341.49,\n \"height\": 153.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 353.49,\n \"height\": 96.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 172.92,\n \"width\": 353.49,\n \"height\": 17.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 195.6,\n \"width\": 353.49,\n \"height\": 42.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 242.04,\n \"width\": 353.49,\n \"height\": 18.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 265.08,\n \"width\": 353.49,\n \"height\": 49.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \"We first assume that there exist T ′ ∈ R and q ∈ Z such that x m (T ′ ), x M (T ′ ) ∈ (q -1/2, q + 1/2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 321.84,\n \"width\": 353.49,\n \"height\": 119.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 364.01,\n \"height\": 33.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 109.08,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 119.04,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 34.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 157.56,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 167.4,\n \"width\": 364.01,\n \"height\": 122.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 293.28,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 303.12,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 8.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 314.28,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 324.36,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 58.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74798760\",\n \"text\": \"In this case, from (14) we get that x m (t), x M (t) ∈ (q -1/2, q + 1/2) for all t ≥ T ′ and x i (t) → q for all i ∈ P, x h (t) → q for all h ∈ Q.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 387.96,\n \"width\": 365.37,\n \"height\": 53.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 377.37,\n \"height\": 153.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 228.84,\n \"width\": 377.37,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 238.68,\n \"width\": 377.37,\n \"height\": 8.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 249.72,\n \"width\": 377.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 259.92,\n \"width\": 377.37,\n \"height\": 92.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 355.32,\n \"width\": 377.37,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 366.24,\n \"width\": 376.01,\n \"height\": 53.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 423.0,\n \"width\": 377.37,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 436.2,\n \"width\": 377.37,\n \"height\": 4.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 389.37,\n \"height\": 32.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 107.28,\n \"width\": 389.37,\n \"height\": 19.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 130.56,\n \"width\": 389.37,\n \"height\": 22.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 155.52,\n \"width\": 389.37,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 168.24,\n \"width\": 389.37,\n \"height\": 42.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 213.96,\n \"width\": 389.37,\n \"height\": 20.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b13\",\n \"text\": \"(14)\",\n \"offset_start\": 19,\n \"offset_end\": 23\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75c17327\",\n \"text\": \"We then prove that there exist T and q ∈ Z such that either x m (T ), x M (T ) ∈ (q -1/2, q + 1/2) or x m (t) = x M (t) = q + 1/2 for all t ≥ T .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 401.25,\n \"height\": 177.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 272.16,\n \"width\": 401.25,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 282.84,\n \"width\": 401.25,\n \"height\": 147.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 434.4,\n \"width\": 401.25,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 413.25,\n \"height\": 8.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 82.92,\n \"width\": 413.25,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 92.88,\n \"width\": 413.25,\n \"height\": 215.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 311.28,\n \"width\": 413.25,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 321.84,\n \"width\": 413.25,\n \"height\": 10.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_053efeb2\",\n \"text\": \"Note that as far as x m (t) ∈ [q -1/2, q + 1/2) and x M (t) > q + 1/2, for almost all t one has\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 425.13,\n \"height\": 109.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 201.84,\n \"width\": 425.13,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 211.32,\n \"width\": 425.13,\n \"height\": 7.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 220.68,\n \"width\": 425.13,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 230.28,\n \"width\": 425.13,\n \"height\": 210.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 437.13,\n \"height\": 39.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_1b8ef28f\",\n \"text\": \"d dt (x M (t) -x m (t)) ∈ K i∈P [q(x i ) -x M ] - h∈Q [q(x h ) -x m ]\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 124.32,\n \"width\": 454.77,\n \"height\": 259.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5936e9be\",\n \"text\": \"and if v ∈ K( i∈P [q(x i ) -x M ] -h∈Q [q(x h ) -x m ]), then v ≤ -1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 32.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 107.76,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 21.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 139.32,\n \"width\": 498.9,\n \"height\": 13.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 154.32,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 24.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 180.12,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 189.48,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 17.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 208.32,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 228.24,\n \"width\": 498.9,\n \"height\": 16.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 245.28,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 26.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 273.0,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 282.36,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 52.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 338.4,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 26.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5936e9be\",\n \"text\": \"This fact implies that x M (t) -x m (t) decreases until one of the following cases is reached:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 368.76,\n \"width\": 493.41,\n \"height\": 72.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 47.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 121.68,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 131.64,\n \"width\": 505.29,\n \"height\": 254.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ded9da11\",\n \"text\": \"• q -1/2 < x m (t ′ ) < q + 1/2, x M (t ′ ) = q + 1/2, • x m (t ′ ) = q -1/2, x M (t ′ ) = q + 1/2, • x m (t ′ ) = x M (t ′ ) = q + 1/2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 517.29,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 517.29,\n \"height\": 4.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 114.96,\n \"width\": 517.29,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 125.04,\n \"width\": 515.93,\n \"height\": 185.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 529.29,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 527.81,\n \"height\": 45.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 155.76,\n \"width\": 529.29,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 165.72,\n \"width\": 527.81,\n \"height\": 99.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 97.92,\n \"width\": 541.17,\n \"height\": 4.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 108.0,\n \"width\": 539.81,\n \"height\": 117.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ded9da11\",\n \"text\": \"In the first case, q(x i (t ′ )) = q.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 551.81,\n \"height\": 130.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ded9da11\",\n \"text\": \"Since q -(q + 1/2) = -1/2 < 0, we get that there exists t ′′ > t such that x M (t) decreases in (t ′ , t ′′ ) and x m (T ), x M (T ) ∈ (q-1/2, q+1/2) at some time T ∈ (t ′ , t ′′ ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 224.52,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 30.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 257.16,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 266.88,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 49.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 319.44,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 22.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 344.88,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 96.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 563.69,\n \"height\": 288.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 363.0,\n \"width\": 565.05,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 372.48,\n \"width\": 565.05,\n \"height\": 69.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 65.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 141.84,\n \"width\": 577.05,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 151.2,\n \"width\": 575.69,\n \"height\": 30.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9cdbf838\",\n \"text\": \"The second case is analogous to the first one with x m (t) increasing and x M (t) decreasing in a right neighbourhood (t ′ , t ′′ ) of t ′ , so that x m (T ), x M (T ) ∈ (q -1/2, q + 1/2) at some time T ∈ (t ′ , t ′′ ).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 589.05,\n \"height\": 350.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 599.57,\n \"height\": 305.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 379.92,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 389.4,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 8.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 399.12,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 408.0,\n \"width\": 600.93,\n \"height\": 33.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 87.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 163.92,\n \"width\": 612.93,\n \"height\": 6.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 173.4,\n \"width\": 611.57,\n \"height\": 29.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9f0b0d99\",\n \"text\": \"Finally in the third case it is sufficient to recall that if x i (t ′ ) = x j (t ′ ) and x h (t ′ ) = x k (t ′ ) then x i (t) = x j (t) and x h (t) = x k (t) for all t ≥ t ′ .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 623.45,\n \"height\": 351.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 635.45,\n \"height\": 280.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 356.88,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 369.48,\n \"width\": 635.45,\n \"height\": 9.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9f0b0d99\",\n \"text\": \"This implies that x i (t), x h (t) → q or x i (t), x h (t) → q + 1 or x i (t) = x h (t) = q + 1/2 for all i ∈ P, h ∈ Q.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 386.52,\n \"width\": 636.81,\n \"height\": 54.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 68.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 143.88,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 156.84,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 67.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 227.64,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 240.72,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 176.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 420.72,\n \"width\": 648.81,\n \"height\": 20.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 5.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 80.52,\n \"width\": 660.69,\n \"height\": 20.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0119f0f3\",\n \"text\": \"By exhausting the cases, we have proved the claim and consequently completed the proof.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 672.69,\n \"height\": 351.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 684.69,\n \"height\": 42.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f11bfa01\",\n \"text\": \"6. Simulations on general graphs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 99.37,\n \"height\": 166.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f11bfa01\",\n \"text\": \"We now present some simulations in order to illustrate and explore the convergence properties of (2) on general graphs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 261.24,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 179.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 345.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f11bfa01\",\n \"text\": \"The simulations show that convergence to non-consensus equilibria is very common on non-structured graphs: two examples are shown in Figures 5 and6.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 423.84,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 17.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 294.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"We have constructed our numerical solutions, issuing from random initial conditions, by applying the explicit Euler method with a fixed step.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 90.0,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 351.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 276.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"Numerical solutions constructed in this way are approximations of certain Krasovskii solutions, which include attractive Krasovskii solutions sliding on the discontinuity set.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 354.36,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 86.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 368.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 306.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"However, we are unable to observe in the simulations any chattering phenomenon that would indicate the presence of solutions with this feature.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 385.56,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 55.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 194.49,\n \"height\": 368.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 206.49,\n \"height\": 217.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"It thus remains an open problem determining whether there exists any non-Carathéodory non-constant solutions with non-negligible basin of attraction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 206.49,\n \"height\": 145.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 218.37,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 230.37,\n \"height\": 148.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"Instead, our numerical solutions cannot approximate any unstable Krasovskii solutions sliding on the discontinuity set.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 226.56,\n \"width\": 230.37,\n \"height\": 214.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 242.37,\n \"height\": 307.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"Nevertheless, we know that there exist some, because an example of those has been constructed analytically in Example 3. q(x) t Fig. 5. Evolution of x and q(x(t)) on a connected graph with N = 20 generated as an instance of random geometric graph with connectivity radius 0.2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 384.12,\n \"width\": 242.37,\n \"height\": 57.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 254.25,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 266.25,\n \"height\": 114.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 263.15,\n \"width\": 342.25,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 353.61,\n \"width\": 420.6,\n \"height\": 3.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 89.88,\n \"width\": 442.46,\n \"height\": 351.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 451.82,\n \"height\": 207.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"The size of Euler method step is 0.01.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 283.92,\n \"width\": 451.82,\n \"height\": 141.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"q(x) t Fig. 6.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 263.15,\n \"width\": 539.89,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 353.61,\n \"width\": 618.24,\n \"height\": 3.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 89.88,\n \"width\": 640.37,\n \"height\": 26.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"Evolution of x and q(x(t)) on a connected directed graph with N = 20, randomly generated by connecting each ordered pair of nodes with probability 0.1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 123.84,\n \"width\": 640.1,\n \"height\": 316.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 649.58,\n \"height\": 268.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ffb774d\",\n \"text\": \"The size of Euler method step is 0.01.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 345.72,\n \"width\": 649.58,\n \"height\": 95.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 659.06,\n \"height\": 44.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Quantization as disturbance.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_085218ea\",\n \"text\": \"In this article we have addressed the problem of opinions formation in a group where opinions are continuous variables that are communicated to other individuals by means of discrete variables, which may represent behaviours, choices, or verbal expressions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 168.0,\n \"width\": 98.85,\n \"height\": 273.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 110.85,\n \"height\": 369.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 122.73,\n \"height\": 369.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 133.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_085218ea\",\n \"text\": \"We have shown that in general we can not expect consensus and that unexpected equilibria may appear.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 213.6,\n \"width\": 134.73,\n \"height\": 227.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 238.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_085218ea\",\n \"text\": \"We think that these features are relevant from the point of view of opinion dynamics, as a good model should be able to justify both agreement and disagreement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 315.48,\n \"width\": 146.73,\n \"height\": 125.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 158.61,\n \"height\": 368.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 217.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_085218ea\",\n \"text\": \"Our positive results consist in an asymptotic estimate of the distance from consensus depending on the communication graph and in the proof of consensus for some special cases, when the communication graph is either complete or complete bipartite.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 294.84,\n \"width\": 170.61,\n \"height\": 146.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 182.49,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 194.49,\n \"height\": 369.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 206.49,\n \"height\": 209.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_085218ea\",\n \"text\": \"Two main questions remain open: proving (or disproving) that solutions converge to equilibria, and finding necessary and sufficient conditions for consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 289.2,\n \"width\": 206.49,\n \"height\": 151.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 218.37,\n \"height\": 369.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 72.0,\n \"width\": 230.37,\n \"height\": 169.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusion.\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_0\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 2 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 2. A pair of distinct trajectories issuing from the point (1/2, 1/2), as discussed in Example 1.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 3 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 3. Simulation via explicit Euler method of (10) for N = 20 from random initial conditions in [0, 30], showing convergence to a non-consensus state.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"41\",\n \"head\": \"Lemma 4 . 1 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Let L be the Laplacian matrix of a weight-balanced and weakly connected graph.Then: (i) The matrix Sym(L) = L+L ⊤ 2 is positive semi-definite.(ii) Denoted by λ * the smallest non-zero eigenvalue of Sym(L),\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_3\",\n \"label\": \"4\",\n \"head\": \"Fig. 4 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Fig. 4. Simulations of (11) and (14) (respectively, left and right plot) for N = 20 from random initial conditions in [0, 30], obtained via the explicit Euler method with step size 10 -2 .Both simulations show convergence of the states to the integer consensus value h = 15.System (11) also exhibits order preservation as per Lemma 5.2.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_4\",\n \"label\": \"54\",\n \"head\": \"Theorem 5 . 4 (\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Convergence-Complete bipartite).Any Carathéodory or Krasovskii solution to (14) converges to a consensus point.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n }\n ],\n \"references\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"b1\",\n \"target\": \"b0\",\n \"title\": \"Mathematical models in social psychology\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"R. P. 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Part I, Annual Reviews in Control, 43 (2017), pp. 65-79.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"A Proskurnikov\",\n \"R Tempo\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Part I, Annual Reviews in Control\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2017\",\n \"year\": 2017,\n \"volume\": \"43\",\n \"page_start\": \"65\",\n \"page_end\": \"79\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b35\",\n \"target\": \"b34\",\n \"title\": \"Traiettorie di campi di vettori discontinui\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"A. Pucci, Traiettorie di campi di vettori discontinui, Rendiconti dell'Istituto Matematico dell'Università degli Studi di Trieste, 8 (1976), pp. 84-93.\",\n \"authors\": \"A Pucci\",\n \"journal\": \"Rendiconti dell'Istituto Matematico dell'Università degli Studi di Trieste\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1976\",\n \"year\": 1976,\n \"volume\": \"8\",\n \"page_start\": \"84\",\n \"page_end\": \"93\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b36\",\n \"target\": \"b35\",\n \"title\": \"Attitude dynamics with limited verbalisation capabilities\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"D. Urbig, Attitude dynamics with limited verbalisation capabilities, Journal of Artificial Soci- eties and Social Simulation, 6 (2003), pp. 1-23.\",\n \"authors\": \"D Urbig\",\n \"journal\": \"Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2003\",\n \"year\": 2003,\n \"volume\": \"6\",\n \"page_start\": \"1\",\n \"page_end\": \"23\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b37\",\n \"target\": \"b36\",\n \"title\": \"Modelling influence and opinion evolution in online collective behaviour\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"C. Van de Kerckhove, S. Martin, P. Gend, P. J. Rentfrow, J. M. Hendrickx, and V. D. Blondel, Modelling influence and opinion evolution in online collective behaviour, PloS one, 11 (2016), p. e0157685.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"C Van De Kerckhove\",\n \"S Martin\",\n \"P Gend\",\n \"P Rentfrow\",\n \"J Hendrickx\",\n \"V Blondel\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"PloS one\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2016\",\n \"year\": 2016,\n \"volume\": \"11\",\n \"pages\": \"157685\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b38\",\n \"target\": \"b37\",\n \"title\": \"Nonlinear consensus protocols with applications to quantized systems\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"J. Wei, X. Yi, H. Sandberg, and K. Johansson, Nonlinear consensus protocols with ap- plications to quantized systems, in IFAC World Congress, Toulouse, France, July 2017, pp. 16010-16015.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"J Wei\",\n \"X Yi\",\n \"H Sandberg\",\n \"K Johansson\"\n ],\n \"publication_date\": \"2017-07\",\n \"year\": 2017,\n \"page_start\": \"16010\",\n \"page_end\": \"16015\"\n }\n ]\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":386947,"string":"386,947"}}},{"rowIdx":90,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01b8afb7-832c-4b14-a80f-00c7ad560e1c.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01b8afb7-832c-4b14-a80f-00c7ad560e1c.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"paragraph\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"The BLI-3/TSP-15/DOXA-1 Dual Oxidase Complex Is Required for Iodide Toxicity in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Zhaofa Xu\",\n \"Jintao Luo\",\n \"Yu Li\",\n \"Long Ma\"\n ],\n \"doi\": \"10.1534/g3.114.015982\",\n \"hash\": \"4E8D8CD7E2177C831BF2AC0C57875361\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2015-02-01\",\n \"publication_year\": 2015,\n \"publisher\": \"Oxford University Press (OUP)\",\n \"journal\": \"G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics\",\n \"abstract\": [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"Table S1 Survival of wild-type animals treated with feeding RNAis targeting mlt-7 and each skpo gene individually or in combination.Strain Survival (5 mM NaI) control RNAi No bli-3(RNAi) Yes mlt-7(RNAi) No skpo-1(RNAi) No skpo-2(RNAi) No skpo-3(RNAi) No skpo-1(RNAi) + skpo-2(RNAi) + skpo-3(RNAi) No skpo-1(RNAi) + mlt-7(RNAi) No skpo-2(RNAi) + mlt-7(RNAi) No skpo-3(RNAi) + mlt-7(RNAi) No skpo-1(RNAi) + skpo-2(RNAi) + skpo-3(RNAi) + mlt-7(RNAi) No\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [],\n \"references\": []\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":1145,"string":"1,145"}}},{"rowIdx":91,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01b8afb7-832c-4b14-a80f-00c7ad560e1c.pub2tei"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01b8afb7-832c-4b14-a80f-00c7ad560e1c.pub2tei.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"paragraph\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"The BLI-3/TSP-15/DOXA-1 Dual Oxidase Complex Is Required for Iodide Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Zhaofa Xu\",\n \"Jintao Luo\",\n \"Yu Li\",\n \"Long Ma\"\n ],\n \"publisher\": \"Genetics Society of America\",\n \"journal\": \"G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics\",\n \"abstract\": [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"Iodine is an essential trace element for life. Iodide deficiency can lead to defective biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and is a major cause of hypothyroidism and mental retardation. Excess iodide intake, however, has been linked to different thyroidal diseases. How excess iodide causes harmful effects is not well understood. Here, we found that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits developmental arrest and other pleiotropic defects when exposed to excess iodide. To identify the responsible genes, we performed a forward genetic screen and isolated 12 mutants that can survive in excess iodide. These mutants define at least four genes, two of which we identified as bli-3 and tsp-15. bli-3 encodes the C. elegans ortholog of the mammalian dual oxidase DUOX1 and tsp-15 encodes the tetraspanin protein TSP-15, which was previously shown to interact with BLI-3. The C. elegans dual oxidase maturation factor DOXA-1 is also required for the arresting effect of excess iodide. Finally, we detected a dramatically increased biogenesis of reactive oxygen species in animals treated with excess iodide, and this effect can be partially suppressed by bli-3 and tsp-15 mutations. We propose that the BLI-3/TSP-15/DOXA-1 dual oxidase complex is required for the toxic pleiotropic effects of excess iodide.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b1b91138\",\n \"text\": \"C. elegans strains were grown at 20° as described, unless otherwise indicated (Brenner 1974). N2 (Bristol) was the reference wild-type strain. Strains used in this study include:\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib3\",\n \"text\": \"Brenner 1974\",\n \"offset_start\": 79,\n \"offset_end\": 91\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Strains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ec252d94\",\n \"text\": \"Five young adults were grown in an OP50-seeded NGM plate supplemented with chemicals (NaI, KI, or NaCl) at different concentrations and their F1 progeny were observed. When the concentration of I− is high (e.g., at 5 mM), the F1 progeny of wild-type P0 animals would arrest at the larval stages and the bacterial food would be barely consumed on day 8. Animals that could survive and propagate in 5 mM I− would generate numerous progeny of mixed developmental stages and consume most or all of the bacterial food by day 8. We found that adding NaI stock solution to a premade NGM agar plate to a final concentration of 5 mM has the same effect on animal development as does a plate to which an equal amount of NaI was added during the preparation of the NGM media.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"C. elegans survival assay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e14c7fb0\",\n \"text\": \"Synchronized L4 wild-type animals (P0) were mutagenized with EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) as described (Brenner 1974). F1 progeny were allowed to grow to young adults in NGM plates seeded with OP50 bacteria and were transferred to plates containing 5 mM NaI. After 8 d, F2 progeny were observed under a dissecting microscope to identify surviving adult animals. From ∼5000 F1 (∼10,000 haploid genomes) animals screened, we obtained 12 independent F2 isolates.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib3\",\n \"text\": \"Brenner 1974\",\n \"offset_start\": 104,\n \"offset_end\": 116\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Genetic screen and mapping of mutations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e57cbd2d\",\n \"text\": \"We mapped the mutations to chromosomes using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wicks et al. 2001) and previously described SNPs (Davis et al. 2005). Mutations mapped near each other were tested by genetic complementation for the survival of trans heterozygous animals in 5 mM NaI.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib58\",\n \"text\": \"Wicks et al. 2001\",\n \"offset_start\": 85,\n \"offset_end\": 102\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib7\",\n \"text\": \"Davis et al. 2005\",\n \"offset_start\": 135,\n \"offset_end\": 152\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Genetic screen and mapping of mutations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bde6b291\",\n \"text\": \"Bright field pictures of C. elegans gonads and cuticle blisters were taken using a digital camera attached to a Leica microscope. Pictures of unshedded cuticles were taken using a digital camera attached to an Olympus SZX16 dissecting microscope. Intestinal autofluorescence of excess iodide-treated animals were observed under an Olympus SZX16 dissecting microscope using either a GFP filter (excitation wavelength 460–495 nm) or an RFP filter (excitation wavelength 530–550 nm).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Observation of gonad development, cuticle shedding defect, and intestinal autofluorescence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b296b7c1\",\n \"text\": \"Hoechst 33258 staining was performed as described (Moribe et al. 2004) with minor modifications. Synchronized young adult animals were washed off plates and incubated at room temperature with gentle shaking for 15 min with 1 μg/ml Hoechst 33258 (Sigma) diluted in M9. After staining, animals were washed three times with M9 and observed under a Leica DM5000B fluorescence microscope.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib40\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2004\",\n \"offset_start\": 51,\n \"offset_end\": 69\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Hoechst 33258 staining\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d6387a6b\",\n \"text\": \"Whole-animal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using 2′, 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) (D6883, Sigma), a fluorescence-base probe for general ROS (Halliwell and Gutteridge 2007) based on a method described previously (Gruber et al. 2011) with modifications. Synchronized animals at the L1 larval stage were allowed to recover on NGM agar plates for 8 hr with food and washed three times with H2O afterward. Approximately 150 to 300 animals were transferred to each well of a dark-walled 96-well plate containing ample bacterial food, 200 μl H2O, and 50 μM DCFDA with or without 5 mM NaI. DCFDA fluorescence intensity was measured using a fluoremeter (Synergy 2; BioTek) at the excitation wavelength of 485 nm and the emission wavelength of 528 nm every 10 min for 12 hr at room temperature. After fluorescence measurement, the exact number of animals in each well was counted. Fluorescence readings were normalized to bacterial controls on the same plate.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib22\",\n \"text\": \"Halliwell and Gutteridge 2007\",\n \"offset_start\": 184,\n \"offset_end\": 213\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib20\",\n \"text\": \"Gruber et al. 2011\",\n \"offset_start\": 255,\n \"offset_end\": 273\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measuring general reactive oxygen species\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd18b99e\",\n \"text\": \"We normalized all raw control and experimental values against the mean of the control values (wild-type animals without iodide treatment) of the biological replicates. Statistics were performed using raw values.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measuring general reactive oxygen species\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5345ce7a\",\n \"text\": \"L4 animals were fed HT115 (DE3) bacteria expressing dsRNAs targeting different genes on NGM plates with 1 mM IPTG and 0.1 mg/ml Ampicillin (Timmons et al. 2001) with or without 5 mM NaI for 8 d. The progeny were examined under dissecting microscope for survival. The RNAi feeding bacterial strains for bli-2, bli-3, bli-5, mlt-7, skpo-1, skpo-2, skpo-3, and ZK822.5 were obtained from a whole-genome RNAi library (Kamath et al. 2003), and the sequences of the plasmid inserts were determined. We generated RNAi constructs targeting tsp-15, doxa-1, and F52H2.4 by subcloning a 977-bp tsp-15 genomic fragment, a 1025-bp doxa-1 genomic fragment, and an 837-bp F52H2.4 genomic fragment into the pPD129.36 vector, respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib54\",\n \"text\": \"Timmons et al. 2001\",\n \"offset_start\": 140,\n \"offset_end\": 159\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib26\",\n \"text\": \"Kamath et al. 2003\",\n \"offset_start\": 414,\n \"offset_end\": 432\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"RNA interference\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_24ce7648\",\n \"text\": \"The effect of iodide on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is largely unknown, except that it can act as an attractant (Ward 1973). To investigate whether iodide affects C. elegans development, we examined F1 progeny of wild-type young adults grown on OP50-seeded NGM plates containing different concentrations of NaI. We found that at concentrations below 1 mM, NaI had no apparent effect on animal development (Table 1). A stepwise increase of NaI concentrations from 1 mM to 10 mM incrementally suppressed the development of animals. When exposed to high concentrations of NaI, animals never reached adulthood and instead were arrested at or before the L3 (5 mM NaI) or L2 (10 mM NaI) larval stages based on body sizes. This result suggests that NaI has a dose-dependent development-arresting effect on C. elegans.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib56\",\n \"text\": \"Ward 1973\",\n \"offset_start\": 127,\n \"offset_end\": 136\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Excess iodide causes pleiotropic defects in C. elegans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_01ea7276\",\n \"text\": \"We treated synchronized animals of the L1 larval stage with 5 mM NaI (excess iodide hereafter) and identified the gonads of arrested animals (Figure 1A). We found that the arms of most gonads extended less than halfway along the ventral sides, similar to the morphology of wild-type gonads between the L2 and L3 larval stages (Hirsh et al. 1976) and consistent the notion that these animals arrested at or before the L3 larval stage based on body size analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib23\",\n \"text\": \"Hirsh et al. 1976\",\n \"offset_start\": 327,\n \"offset_end\": 344\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Excess iodide causes pleiotropic defects in C. elegans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1a3c3f4\",\n \"text\": \"To determine whether Na+ plays a role in causing the developmental arrest, we replaced NaI with NaCl in the culture media. At comparable concentrations as that of NaI, NaCl had no apparent effect on animal development, suggesting that Na+ does not cause the developmental arrest (Table 1). To understand whether this effect is limited to NaI, we tested KI. At comparable concentrations, KI is equally efficient as NaI in causing the developmental arrest (Table 1).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Excess iodide causes pleiotropic defects in C. elegans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e7d3eb38\",\n \"text\": \"To examine whether biological activities of the OP50 bacteria might be involved in the development-arresting effect of NaI on C. elegans, we fed animals OP50 bacteria killed by heating (75° for 1 hr) and found that excess iodide caused a developmental arrest indistinguishable from that of animals grown on live OP50 (Z. Xu and L. Ma, unpublished observations), suggesting that iodide acts directly on animals. The effect of excess iodide on animal development is reversible, as some arrested larva could resume development and grow to healthy adults when placed in a regular culture plate without NaI (Z. Xu and L. Ma, unpublished observations). Taken together these results suggest that excess iodide is solely responsible for the development-arresting effect on C. elegans.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Excess iodide causes pleiotropic defects in C. elegans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a40132e7\",\n \"text\": \"In animals treated with excess iodide, we identified two other apparent defects: a cuticle shedding defect and a premature accumulation of intestinal autofluorescence (Figure 1). The cuticle shedding defect left some animals trapped in old cuticles (Figure 1B, arrows), and approximately 8% of animals had this defect after 48-hr exposure to excess iodide (Figure 1C). Animals exposed to excess iodide also developed strong intestinal autofluorescence (Figure 1D), which reached ∼80% penetrance after 72-hr exposure (Figure 1E). Animals not exposed to NaI rarely exhibited unshedded old cuticles (Z. Xu and L. Ma, unpublished observations) or intestinal autofluorescence (Figure 1D) at comparable time intervals. Therefore, excess iodide caused pleiotropic defects in C. elegans that include developmental arrest, cuticle shedding defect, and premature accumulation of intestinal autofluorescence.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Excess iodide causes pleiotropic defects in C. elegans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7849569d\",\n \"text\": \"To investigate whether any genes are involved in the development-arresting effect of excess iodide, we mutagenized P0 animals with ethyl methanesulfonate and screened the progeny of ∼5000 F1 animals for mutants that could survive in 5 mM NaI. We obtained 12 independent isolates from the screen. We mapped all 12 mutations using SNPs (see Materials and Methods). Genetic complementation tests suggest that these mutations might affect at least four genes (Table 2).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"A forward genetic screen identifies mutants that survive in excess iodide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b8a34601\",\n \"text\": \"The mac33 mutation representing complementation group 1 (Table 2) caused an obviously blistered (Bli) phenotype (Figure 2A). The mac40 mutants of complementation group 2 occasionally exhibited the Bli phenotype as well (Figure 2A). The majority of the mutants, however, did not exhibit an obviously Bli phenotype. To determine whether these mutants had microscopic cuticle lesions that were not obvious under dissecting microscope, we stained animals with the nuclear-binding fluorescence dye Hoechst 33258, which was previously used as a sensitive detection for cuticle integrity (Moribe et al. 2004; Thein et al. 2009). As shown in Figure 2B, five isolates from complementation groups 1, 2, and 3, including mac33, mac38, mac40, mac42, and mac43, exhibited defective cuticle integrity (Figure 2A and B), suggesting that these mutants carry genetic lesions affecting C. elegans cuticle formation. This result raises the possibility that genes known to affect cuticle biogenesis might be involved in the development-arresting effect of excess iodide.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib40\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2004\",\n \"offset_start\": 582,\n \"offset_end\": 600\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib52\",\n \"text\": \"Thein et al. 2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 602,\n \"offset_end\": 619\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Mutants that survive in excess iodide have defective cuticles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_502e320e\",\n \"text\": \"Mutations affecting C. elegans cuticles generally cause several phenotypes that include blisters on cuticle (Bli), dumpy (Dpy), long (Lon), roller (Rol), and squat (Sqt) (Kramer 1997). Because we only detected an obviously Bli phenotype in the mac isolates, we postulate that some previously characterized Bli mutants might behave similarly as our isolates for survival in excess iodide. We tested a series of Bli mutants (Table 3), including bli-1(e769), bli-2(e768), bli-3(e767), bli-4(e937), bli-5(e518) (Brenner 1974), bli-6(n776, sc16), (Park and Horvitz 1986) and tsp-15(sv15) (Moribe et al. 2004), and found that only bli-3(e767) and tsp-15(sv15) mutants could survive in excess iodide (Table 3). Hence, a subset of genes involved in cuticle formation is also required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib29\",\n \"text\": \"Kramer 1997\",\n \"offset_start\": 171,\n \"offset_end\": 182\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib3\",\n \"text\": \"Brenner 1974\",\n \"offset_start\": 508,\n \"offset_end\": 520\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib43\",\n \"text\": \"Park and Horvitz 1986\",\n \"offset_start\": 543,\n \"offset_end\": 564\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib40\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2004\",\n \"offset_start\": 584,\n \"offset_end\": 602\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Mutants that survive in excess iodide have defective cuticles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1b8f6967\",\n \"text\": \"bli-3 encodes the C. elegans ortholog of the mammalian dual oxidase DUOX1 (Edens et al. 2001; Simmer et al. 2003), a member of the NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases required for the biogenesis of the reactive oxygen species H2O2 (Donko et al. 2005). BLI-3 oxidase activity is essential for C. elegans cuticle formation and pathogen resistance (Chavez et al. 2009; Hoeven et al. 2011; Moribe et al. 2012; Moribe and Mekada 2013; Moribe et al. 2004; Zou et al. 2013). tsp-15 encodes a tetraspanin protein homolog that forms a transmembrane protein complex with BLI-3 and the dual oxidase maturation factor DOXA-1 (Moribe et al. 2012; Moribe et al. 2004). TSP-15 is required for the oxidase activity of BLI-3 (Moribe et al. 2012).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib12\",\n \"text\": \"Edens et al. 2001\",\n \"offset_start\": 75,\n \"offset_end\": 92\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib50\",\n \"text\": \"Simmer et al. 2003\",\n \"offset_start\": 94,\n \"offset_end\": 112\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib11\",\n \"text\": \"Donko et al. 2005\",\n \"offset_start\": 230,\n \"offset_end\": 247\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib4\",\n \"text\": \"Chavez et al. 2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 344,\n \"offset_end\": 362\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib25\",\n \"text\": \"Hoeven et al. 2011\",\n \"offset_start\": 364,\n \"offset_end\": 382\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib38\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2012\",\n \"offset_start\": 384,\n \"offset_end\": 402\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib39\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe and Mekada 2013\",\n \"offset_start\": 404,\n \"offset_end\": 426\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib40\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2004\",\n \"offset_start\": 428,\n \"offset_end\": 446\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib61\",\n \"text\": \"Zou et al. 2013\",\n \"offset_start\": 448,\n \"offset_end\": 463\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib38\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2012\",\n \"offset_start\": 612,\n \"offset_end\": 630\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib40\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2004\",\n \"offset_start\": 632,\n \"offset_end\": 650\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib38\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2012\",\n \"offset_start\": 707,\n \"offset_end\": 725\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Mutations in complementation groups 1 and 2 affect tsp-15 and bli-3, respectively\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e13baaed\",\n \"text\": \"Three of our complementation groups were mapped to chromosome I (Table 2), on which both bli-3 and tsp-15 locate (www.wormbase.org). Genetic complementation tests between bli-3(e767) or tsp-15(sv15) and a mutation representing each of the three groups (Table 2, alleles in bold) indicate that mac40 is an allele of bli-3 and mac33 is an allele of tsp-15, respectively, whereas mac32 represents an unknown gene. Consistent with this finding, the blisters of mac33 and mac40 mutants are filled with cellular components (Figure 2A) and resemble those of tsp-15(sv15) and bli-3(e767) mutants but are different from the clear blisters of bli-1(e769) mutants (Figure 2A).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mutations in complementation groups 1 and 2 affect tsp-15 and bli-3, respectively\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_efd59d2f\",\n \"text\": \"We determined the coding sequences of bli-3 in the isolates of the mac40 complementation group and identified a missense mutation in each of the four mutants (Figure 3A). These mutations caused a G44S (mac41) change in the peroxidase domain, an S694F (mac38) change in the region between the first transmembrane domain and the EF hand domain, and an A1263T (mac40) change and an A1330V (mac37) change in the NADPH oxidase domain (Figure 3A).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mutations in complementation groups 1 and 2 affect tsp-15 and bli-3, respectively\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_514adb3b\",\n \"text\": \"Similarly in mac33 mutants, we identified a missense mutation in tsp-15 that changes a nonconserved Gly249 to Arg in the fourth transmembrane domain of TSP-15 (Figure 3B).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mutations in complementation groups 1 and 2 affect tsp-15 and bli-3, respectively\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e70cf5b3\",\n \"text\": \"To verify the functions of bli-3 and tsp-15 in mediating the arresting effect of excess iodide, we reduced the expression of bli-3 or tsp-15 in animals using feeding RNAi. We found that these RNAi-treated animals exhibited the Bli phenotype (Z. Xu and L. Ma, unpublished observations) and acquired the ability for surviving in 5 mM NaI (Table 3). Together with genetic and molecular analyses above, this result suggests that functional losses in bli-3 or tsp-15 can suppress the development-arresting effect of excess iodide and the mac mutations in bli-3 or tsp-15 are loss-of-function mutations.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mutations in complementation groups 1 and 2 affect tsp-15 and bli-3, respectively\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d60aaa3d\",\n \"text\": \"In addition to developmental arrest, excess iodide also caused cuticle shedding defect and premature accumulation of intestinal autofluorescence in animals (Figure 1). We found that bli-3(e767) and tsp-15(sv15) mutants treated with excess iodide did not exhibit these phenotypes (Z. Xu and L. Ma, unpublished observations), suggesting that these defects also require the activities of BLI-3 and TSP-15.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mutations in complementation groups 1 and 2 affect tsp-15 and bli-3, respectively\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0c857da5\",\n \"text\": \"DOXA-1 is the C. elegans ortholog of the mammalian dual oxidase maturation factor (Grasberger and Refetoff 2006; Morand et al. 2009) and forms a complex with BLI-3 and TSP-15 to regulate the biogenesis of H2O2 (Moribe et al. 2012). We found that animals fed dsRNAs targeting doxa-1 were Bli (Z. Xu and L. Ma, unpublished observations) and could survive in 5 mM NaI (Table 3). Hence, each component of the BLI-3/TSP-15/DOXA-1 dual oxidase complex is required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide in C. elegans.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib19\",\n \"text\": \"Grasberger and Refetoff 2006\",\n \"offset_start\": 83,\n \"offset_end\": 111\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib35\",\n \"text\": \"Morand et al. 2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 113,\n \"offset_end\": 131\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib38\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2012\",\n \"offset_start\": 211,\n \"offset_end\": 229\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The C. elegans dual oxidase maturation factor DOXA-1 is required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_42f50206\",\n \"text\": \"C. elegans cuticle formation also requires MLT-7, an ShkT (Shk toxin)-domain-containing heme peroxidase that crosslinks collagens by reducing H2O2 generated by the BLI-3 dual oxidase (Thein et al. 2009). Animals fed dsRNAs targeting mlt-7 were Bli (Z. Xu and L. Ma, unpublished observations) but failed to survive in 5 mM NaI (Table 3).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib52\",\n \"text\": \"Thein et al. 2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 184,\n \"offset_end\": 201\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The C. elegans dual oxidase maturation factor DOXA-1 is required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1a5f480a\",\n \"text\": \"Besides MLT-7, the C. elegans genome also encodes three other ShkT-domain-containing peroxidases named SKPO-1, SKPO-2, and SKPO-3 (Tiller and Garsin 2014), among which SKPO-3 is the most identical to MLT-7 (BLAST, www.wormbase.org). SKPO-1 is expressed in the hypodermis and protects C. elegans from the infection by bacterial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis, whereas SKPO-2 and SKPO-3 do not appear to have such a function (Tiller and Garsin 2014). We examined whether MLT-7 might function redundantly with the SKPO proteins in affecting the survival of animals in excess iodide (Supporting Information, Table S1). We used RNAi to reduce the expression of mlt-7 and each skpo gene individually or in combination. We did not observe survival of these RNAi-treated animals in excess iodide (Table S1). Therefore, MLT-7 and each of the SKPO proteins might not be individually or redundantly required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib53\",\n \"text\": \"Tiller and Garsin 2014\",\n \"offset_start\": 131,\n \"offset_end\": 153\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib53\",\n \"text\": \"Tiller and Garsin 2014\",\n \"offset_start\": 424,\n \"offset_end\": 446\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The C. elegans dual oxidase maturation factor DOXA-1 is required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce32f7aa\",\n \"text\": \"In C. elegans, duox-2 encodes a barely expressed paralog of BLI-3 that has a truncated C-terminal NADPH oxidase domain (Edens et al. 2001). A duox-2(ok1775) deletion mutant failed to survive in excess iodide (Table 3), suggesting that duox-2 is not required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib12\",\n \"text\": \"Edens et al. 2001\",\n \"offset_start\": 120,\n \"offset_end\": 137\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The C. elegans dual oxidase maturation factor DOXA-1 is required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5d2535c0\",\n \"text\": \"Finally, we tested two C. elegans genes (F52H2.4 and ZK822.5) that encode homologs (BLAST search, www.wormbase.org) of the mammalian Na/I symporter, a protein that actively transports iodide from the blood into the thyroid gland (Dai et al. 1996). We found that a ZK822.5(ok2281) deletion mutant (Table 3) and animals treated with F52H2.4(RNAi), ZK822.5(RNAi), or both RNAis (Table 3) were similarly arrested in 5 mM NaI as wild-type animals did, suggesting that F52H2.4 or ZK822.5 might not be required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib6\",\n \"text\": \"Dai et al. 1996\",\n \"offset_start\": 230,\n \"offset_end\": 245\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The C. elegans dual oxidase maturation factor DOXA-1 is required for the development-arresting effect of excess iodide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f13ce924\",\n \"text\": \"Because a conserved function of the BLI-3/TSP-15/DOXA-1 complex is to generate the reactive oxygen species H2O2 (Moribe et al. 2012), we tested whether excess iodide would cause an altered ROS biogenesis, which might contribute to the aforementioned pleiotropic defects. We treated synchronized animals at the L1 larval stage with excess iodide and measured relative ROS biogenesis using 2′, 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), a fluorescence-base probe for general ROS (Gruber et al. 2011; Halliwell and Gutteridge 2007) (see Materials and Methods).\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib38\",\n \"text\": \"Moribe et al. 2012\",\n \"offset_start\": 113,\n \"offset_end\": 131\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib20\",\n \"text\": \"Gruber et al. 2011\",\n \"offset_start\": 484,\n \"offset_end\": 502\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib22\",\n \"text\": \"Halliwell and Gutteridge 2007\",\n \"offset_start\": 504,\n \"offset_end\": 533\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Excess iodide promotes ROS biogenesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_47a39966\",\n \"text\": \"As shown in Figure 4A, with a stepwise increase of the NaI concentration we detected a dose-dependent increase of the rate of ROS production in wild-type animals. It is interesting to note that 2.0 mM NaI caused a more than four-fold increase of the rate of ROS production (Figure 4A). Animals were scrawny but can still survive in 2.0 mM NaI (Table 1), suggesting that C. elegans might have a high tolerance for ROS levels.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Excess iodide promotes ROS biogenesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b43769a4\",\n \"text\": \"We next compared the rate of ROS production in the wild-type with that in bli-3 or tsp-15 mutant strains. Without iodide treatment, the rate of ROS production in the wild-type was indistinguishable from that in each mutant strain (Figure 4B). This result is consistent with a previous finding that the loss of bli-3 function did not obviously affect ROS production in C. elegans (Chavez et al. 2009). With excess iodide, we detected a multiple-fold increase of the rate of ROS production in all strains (Figure 4B). However, the increase in each bli-3 or tsp-15 mutant strain (six-fold to seven-fold) was significantly less than that in the wild-type (approximately nine-fold) (Figure 4B). The total production of ROS (normalized DCFDA fluorescence intensity of the last measurement point) (Figure 4C) also showed a significant reduction in each bli-3 or tsp-15 mutant strain compared with that in the wild-type. Therefore, bli-3 and tsp-15 mutations might partially suppress the increased ROS production caused by excess iodide.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#bib4\",\n \"text\": \"Chavez et al. 2009\",\n \"offset_start\": 380,\n \"offset_end\": 398\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Excess iodide promotes ROS biogenesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0fac1529\",\n \"text\": \"In this study, we suggest that C. elegans might be an efficient genetic system for studying the biological effects of excess iodide. We found that excess iodide caused pleiotropic defects in C. elegans that include reversible developmental arrest, defective cuticle shedding, premature accumulation of intestinal autofluorescence, and dramatically increased production of ROS. We identified the conserved BLI-3/TSP-15/DOXA-1 dual oxidase complex to be required for the toxic effects of excess iodide.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_31daf11a\",\n \"text\": \"We thank Bob Horvitz and Andy Fire for reagents and members of the Ma laboratory for suggestions. Some strains were provided by the CGC, which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440). This study was supported by an NSFC grant (31371253), a National Key Basic Research Program of China grant (2011CB510005), and a Ministry of Education grant (20130162110057) to L.M., Z.X. and L.M. designed the experiments. Z.X., J.L., and L.M. performed the experiments. Z.X. and L.M. analyzed the data. Z.X., Y.L., and L.M. wrote the manuscript. The authors declare no conflict of interests.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Supplementary Material\",\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgments\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig1\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 1\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Wild-type animals treated with 5 mM NaI exhibit pleiotropic defects. (A) Gonad development of wild-type animals treated with or without excess iodide. Dotted red lines delineate the gonads. (B) Representative pictures of unshedded old cuticles (arrows) in wild-type animals treated with excess iodide. (C) Quantification of animals with cuticle shedding defects after exposure to excess iodide. (D) Intestinal autofluorescence of animals at 48 hr after exposure to excess iodide. The autofluorescence is obvious under either a GFP or an RFP filter. Left panels show animals without iodide treatment; right panels show animals with iodide treatment. (E) Quantification of animals with intestinal autofluorescence after exposure to excess iodide. Scale bars: 50 μm. For (C) and (E), error bars: SEs of seven biological replicates (n = 90–110 per replicate).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig2\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 2\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Mutants that survive in 5 mM NaI have defective cuticle integrity. (A) Cuticle blisters (arrows) of bli mutants, tsp-15(sv15) mutants, and two mac mutants (left and middle panels). Hoechst 33258 labels numerous nuclei in mac33 and mac40 mutants (right panels). Scale bars: 20 μm. (B) Ratios of Hoechst 33258-positive animals. Statistics: different from wild-type. Bars: SEs of four biological replicates (n = 50 for each replicate). *P < 0.01 (Bonferroni test with one-way ANOVA).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig3\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 3\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Some mac mutations affect bli-3 and tsp-15. (A) The mac mutations in bli-3 affect conserved (mac41: G44S, mac38: S694F) or nonconserved (mac40: A1263T, mac37: A1330V) amino acids in different domains of BLI-3. Nucleotide changes, amino acid changes, and BLI-3 DUOX1 partial sequence alignments of different species were presented. TM: transmembrane domain. (B) mac33 affects a nonconserved amino acid residue in the fourth transmembrane domain of TSP-15. Nucleotide change, amino acid change, and TSP-15 partial sequence alignment were presented.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig4\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 4\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"General ROS biogenesis in animals treated with or without 5 mM NaI. (A) Hourly rate of ROS production (relative DCFDA fluorescence intensity unit, RFU) in wild-type animals treated with different concentrations of NaI. Statistics: different from animals without iodide treatment (control). Bars: SEs of nine biological replicates. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 (Bonferroni test with one-way ANOVA). (B) Hourly rate of ROS production in different strains. Without iodide treatment, no significant difference was observed between the wild-type and each bli-3 or tsp-15 mutant. With 5 mM NaI treatment, the increase of the rate of ROS production in each mutant strain was significantly less than that in wild-type animals. Statistics: different from wild-type with the same treatment or difference of the same strain with no NaI (control) or 5 mM NaI treatment. Bars: SEs of five biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test). (C) Total ROS production per animal 12 hr after iodide treatment. Statistics: different from wild-type with the same treatment or difference of the same strain with no NaI (control) or 5 mM NaI treatment. Bars: SEs of five biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test). (D) A graphic model describing the toxic effect of excess iodide in C. elegans (see Discussion).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n }\n ],\n \"references\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"b1\",\n \"target\": \"bib1\",\n \"title\": \"Induction of autoimmune thyroiditis in chickens by dietary iodine.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"N. Bagchi\",\n \"T. R. Brown\",\n \"E. Urdanivia\",\n \"R. S. 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Biol.\",\n \"date_year\": \"2010\",\n \"year\": 2010,\n \"volume\": \"20\",\n \"page_start\": \"R965\",\n \"page_end\": \"R969\",\n \"pmid\": \"21093785\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b14\",\n \"target\": \"bib14\",\n \"title\": \"Enhancement of respiratory mucosal antiviral defenses by the oxidation of iodide.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"A. J. Fischer\",\n \"N. J. Lennemann\",\n \"S. Krishnamurthy\",\n \"P. Pocza\",\n \"L. Durairaj\",\n \"et al.\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.\",\n \"date_year\": \"2011\",\n \"year\": 2011,\n \"volume\": \"45\",\n \"page_start\": \"874\",\n \"page_end\": \"881\",\n \"pmid\": \"21441383\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b15\",\n \"target\": \"bib15\",\n \"title\": \"Iodotyrosine deiodinase is the first mammalian member of the NADH oxidase/flavin reductase superfamily.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"J. E. Friedman\",\n \"J. A. Watson\",\n \"D. W. Lam\",\n \"S. E. Rokita\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J. Biol. 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Zhang\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"PLoS Pathog.\",\n \"date_year\": \"2013\",\n \"year\": 2013,\n \"volume\": \"9\",\n \"page_start\": \"e1003660\",\n \"pmid\": \"24146615\"\n }\n ]\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":65053,"string":"65,053"}}},{"rowIdx":92,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01c0a456-dbcf-483b-93c2-3ee206937919.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01c0a456-dbcf-483b-93c2-3ee206937919.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"paragraph\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"\",\n \"authors\": [],\n \"hash\": \"D6389381DF77E72A92E6677335475DD7\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": []\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"f_28ed76a8\",\n \"text\": \"ご L ' るt-． ． ． ． ノ i、 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 〔 TrACP )1 よ 破骨 細 胞 由 来 〔 ． )骨 マ ・ -h 一 と 考 え ら れ て い る 。本研究 に お い て は ［ lll 清TrACF ： ． 予 後 因 f と L て の 意 義 を ［ fll 清 PACP 、 ulka ］ ine phosphatase ( ALP )、 prostate specific anligcn ( PSA 〕 と 共 に 上 コ 匕 較 検 討 した ． ［ 対 象 と 方 法 ｝ 前 立 腺癌 Stage B 以 L と ［ 診 断 さ れ 、ホ ル モ ン 療 r去 施 1 ． f中 の 139fl ． 1 ： 73 ． 20tO ． 96 歳 ) を 対象 と 〔検 11 寸し t' ； そ の 内 訳 は 、臨宋病期は B ： 3gi列、 C ： 31 例 、Dl ： 16例 、 DZ ： 53例 で あ り 、病理 組 織学 的 に は 、高分化 1 29例 、 」 P分化 181 例 、低 分fヒ ：29 例 で あ 一 t た tt各血t肯マ ー カ ー の cut ' ) ff「 直 を TrACP ： 正 O IU ／ 1、 PACP ： 2、 51U 〆！、 ALP ： 3201U ／ 1、 PSA ： tOOng／ ml に 設 定 L 、Kaplan-Meier 法 に よ り 生 仔 率を e ／ IH し比 較 検討 し) t こ。［ 結 朱 一これ ら の ［ 1 旺清 マ ー カ ー は 鴛 ' 転 移を 台 ． す る 症 例 で は そ う で な い 症 1 「 亅 に 比 べ 白 ． 意 な 上 帰を・ 广し た 。 TrACP 、 PACP 、 ALP あ る い は PSA が そ れ ぞ れ cut oFf 値 以 ト ． を ！ 1こ す 症 例 、病理紐織 宀 ｝ ： 的 に rl 蛎分 fヒ型 雕 鍵 編 、また骨 転 移 の 紐 い 群が 、 そ う で な い ＃ 1に 比べ そ れ ぞ れ 有 意 に 高 い 生 存率 を示 し た の「 結 言 吾］ 以 Lの 繕 果 よ り、 「 1 ［ 悟 ∫TrACP は 、 lf ［ ［ 清 ALP 、 PACP 、 PSA と 共 に r後因 壬と L て 白 ． 用 な 1 ［ 1［ 清 マ ・ 一 な 一 で あ る 可 能 ． 1 生が 示 唆 さ れ た U 前 立 腺癌 ホ ル モ ン 療 法 TrACP 東 邦 大学 医 学部 第 一 泌 尿 器科 1． 栗出 稔 須山 太助 1 小林 秀行 ． 加藤 聡彦 1 子1 井 玄 一 ． 1 出凵 II こ 夫 1 川 ヒ 稔史 1 中島 耕 一 原 啓 1 三浦 一 陽 1 石井 ・ 延久 1 〔目 的 誚 1泣 腺 癌 骨 転 移 に 対 す る 骨 代 謝 マ ー カ ー の ROC 曲 線 を 作 成 しcut orf 値 を 求 め た 。 ド 対象 飛 例 、方法 〕 1 ) 「 ｝ ID胡泉癌 と Il 今 断 さ れ た 症 例 に っ き1 「 1 ' 転 移 群 10例 、骨転移の 無 い 群 27 例 。 2 ) 年 齢 は 25 歳以 ト ニ 75 歳 以 ド。O ホ ル モ ン 冶 療 単 独 を 選 択 し た 症 例c ま た 骨 代 謝 マ ー カ ー は 様 々 な 要因 に 影 響 を 受 け る の で 除 外 条 件 を 決 め 厳 密 に 症 例 を 選 択 した t コ冶 療 に 先 立 ち骨 代 謝 マ ー カ ー ・ 、 腫 瘍 マ ー カ ー σ )採 lill 、鬧 ・ 雌 行 い 、骨 シ ン チ グ ラ フ ・ 一 を 施 行。 骨 転 柊 グ ル ー ア と 非 転 移 グ ル ー 7 に わ け 、治療 前 、冶療 開 始 時 、 開 始 後 1 、3、 6 、9 、 12 ケ 月に 採 1「 ： Eを 施行 。 ． 骨 シ ン チ グ ． ラ フ ィ ー は 治 療 前、後 6 、12 ケ 月 に 施 行 、 ，こ れ ら の p〔 ｝ intの デ ー タ に て ROC 曲 線 を 作 成 し た。 〔結 果 〕1， 未 治 療 例 で は 、 PSA お よ ひ 各 骨 代 謝 マ ー カ ー に 有意 差 は な し 。2， 既 冶 療 例 で は 、 PICP を 除 く 3 マ ー カ ー に お い て PSA と の 間 に 有恵 差 を 認 め た ． ，各 マ ー カ ー 問 で は 有 意 差 を 認 め な か った D3 ． 前 虻腺癌 骨 転 移 に お け る cut Qi ' f 値 を 求 め た ／ t こ考 察 』 rl 、形 成 マ ー カ ー・ 骨 吸 収 マ ー カ ・ 一 共 に 朋 立 腺癌 の 骨 転移 を よ く反 映 し た D 骨 転移 単 独 の 評 価 に は PSA よ り も 骨 代謝 マ ー カ ー の 方が 優 れ て い た ． ，前 立 1 腺癌 単独 の 骨 代 謝 マ ー カ ー の cut off 「 直を ROC 曲 線 よ り算： 出 し た り 前 立 腺 癌 骨 転 移 骨 代 謝 マ ー カ ー 0 -19 PSA 2． 1 -4． Ong／ ml の 前 立 腺 生 検 適 応 に お け る PSA density( PSAD ) の 有 用 性 0 -20 前 立 腺 癌 診 断 に お け る free ／total PSA 比 の 検討 群 馬 大 学 医 学 部 泌 尿 器 科 1 ． 大 井 勝 1 伊 藤 一 人 1 山 本 巧 1 鈴 木 鞄浩 深 堀 能 山 中 英 rfP 凵 的 ： 黒 川 公 平 1 PSA2 ． ［ ・ 4． 〔 ｝ ng ／m1 で ［ 肖暢 診 あ る い は 経 直「 揚 的 超 音波 ( TRUS 〕 で 異常所 見 を 示 『 症 1 歹 llの 生 検 適 応 i 央定 に お け る PSAD の 使 lll 法 に つ い て 検 、 」 ・ 1 を 行 う 対 象 ・ カ ． 法 ： 対 象 は 1993 ｛ 「か ら20DO年 に 群 馬 大学 に お い て PSA 2 ． レ4． Ong／ \\\" m ］ で 直 腸 ＝ 参あ る い は TRUS で 異常 所 見を 示 し、 TR US ij f ト ． 卜 ． の 前 i7 ． ， 1 「 fR 6 分 割 6 ヵ 所 及 び 移 行 域 2 カ 所 生 検 を iJt ． ． ， た 5呂疽1「 列 」 PSA を 2． 1-3． Ong ／ lnl と 3． 1 -4 ． Ong、 ／ n11 に 分 け 、そ れ て ． れ ROC curve ． を も と に L た FSAD の カ ット オ フ 値 の 設 疋 、あ る い は 感 」 受 † 生か 90％ 、あ る い は 100％ 得 ら れ る カ ノ ト オ フ 値 の 設 定 を ii ． ． た 、 、！ ＋ 果 ． PSA2 ． 1 -3． Ong／ ml で は 31 例 中 4 例 ( 12． 9 ％ ) に 前 、 ！ r／ 腺癌 力 』 ． blSJi さ れ 、 ROC curve ． よ り 求 め た 最 も 診 断 効 率 の 高 い PSAD の カ ／ト オ フ 値 は 0， 07ng ／ m1 ／ cc で あ ・ ， た ／ コ そ の 際 σ ) 1 瞹 性 は 100％ で ・ 駒 、イ 泌 要 な 生 検 を 59％ 避 け る こ と が で き た 。ま た PSA3 ． 1-4． Ong mt で は 27例 ［ i18 例 ( 29． 6％ ) に 前 凱 1 泉癌 か 診匿 ll さ れ た ， ROC curve よ り 求 め た PSAD σ〕 カ y ト オ フ 値 は 0、 12ng／ ml fcc で 、そ ． の 際 の 感 受 flは 50％ で あ った 。カ ッ ト オ フ i ［ 肖を 0． 091i9 ／ ml ／ cc と L た 場 凵 の 感 受 性 は 8896 で あ り 、不必 要 な 生 検 を 32％ 避 け る こ と が で き た tt 前 立腺 癌 PSA PSAD 県 立 が ん セ ン タ ー 新 潟 病 院 泌 尿器 科 「 渡 辺 ク リ ニ ッ ク ： ， 斎藤 俊 弘 1 渡 辺 学 ⊇ 小林 和 † 専 1 」 ヒ 村 康 男 1． 小松 原 秀 一 ． ． ． 1 ． 【 目 的 】free ／ total PSA 比 〔 以 ドf／ t比 ) の 前 竜腺 癌 診 断 に お け る 有 用性 に つ い て rctrospective に 検 討 L た ， 、 【 対 象 と 方法 】 199S 年 8 月 か ら 1999年 7 月 ま で に 当 院 で sextanT biopsyま た は TUR -P で 前立 腺 の 組 織 診 断 か 得 ら れ た 3〔噂 例 を 対 象 と し た ワtotal PSA ， freePSA は Tandcm -R 法 で 油1 定 し た。 【 結 果 】 304例zP 、1｝ 「 f・ 完腺 癌 が 121例 、PIN が 13例、陰性 例 が 170例 で あ 一 ・ た ：癌 症 例 の L 卜均 f／ t比 は 0． 12〔 】 、PIN 症 例 で O ． 154 、、 陰 性 例O ． 157て あ 一 ． ／ た 。ク ． ． レ ． イ ゾ ー ン 症 例 〔 tota］ PSA PSA ， Pt ' 4 -10ng／ mD は 125「 列あ り 、癌 は Z4例 、 PIN は 7例 、「 陰 ． trE 例 は 94例 で 、 f， ／ t比 の 」 「均 は そ れ ぞ れ 〔 〕 ． t15、 0． 147、0． 152で あ った。ROC 曲 線 で 険 討 す る と グ レ イ ゾ ー ン lt ' ［ ： 例 で f／ t上 ． ヒの 診 断 椿 度 が total PSA を iL 回 ・ ． 1 た ロカ ． ノ トオ フ 他 を ROC 曲 線 の 最 突 出 部 と す る と 0． 13で あ り 、そ の 感 度 は 79． 2％ 、特 実 度 は 57． 4％ で あ ・ ・ t； ，，tota ］ PSA の 絶 対 値 と 組 み 合 わ せ 、 「 total PSA 7 ng ／ ml 以 上 も L く は f／ tO 」 3以 卜 ． 1 と い う丿 f斐 ． 章 2 を 川 い る と感 度91． 6％ 、特 異度30、 7％ と な ・ ． ・ た 。teta且PSA 10 ng ／ ml 以 Eの 症 例で は f ／t 比 に PSA 以 Lの 診 断 精 度 は な か 一 ， た 、 ，【結論 】 Df ／ t比 は 前 立腺 痴 で 1氏 く、 1 ； A 性 例 で 高 い か 、P ］ N に お い て は や や 陰 性 例 よ り 低 か っ た 。2 ) ク ' レ イ ゾ ー ン 症 例 で 癌 と 非 癌 を 鑑 別 す る 場 合 に f／ ［ 比 は 有 用 で 、効率 の よ い カ リ ト オ フ 「 直は O． 13で あ ． ・ た 、 ， free ／ total PSA 比 前 立 腺 癌 診 断 N 工 工 一 Eleotronio Library\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 33.0,\n \"width\": 117.2,\n \"height\": 501.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [],\n \"references\": []\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":9301,"string":"9,301"}}},{"rowIdx":93,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01c1e669-59b4-47d7-9523-386f9d542b9e.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01c1e669-59b4-47d7-9523-386f9d542b9e.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"sentence\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"Accelerometer-based monitoring of left ventricular assist device: tromboembolism and pump thrombosis detection in HeartWare\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"Itai Hvad\",\n \" Schalit\"\n ],\n \"hash\": \"51A30358C626FCA48115B575F52A2C10\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": []\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a9686e43\",\n \"text\": \"This thesis is submitted to the University of Oslo for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 160.29,\n \"height\": 410.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Preface\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a9686e43\",\n \"text\": \"The research presented was carried out at The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, under the supervision of professor Per Steinar Halvorsen, professor Arnt Eltvedt Fiane, professor Erik Fosse, and Doctor Andreas Espinoza.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 483.33,\n \"width\": 160.29,\n \"height\": 18.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 184.81,\n \"height\": 447.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 209.5,\n \"height\": 449.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 234.01,\n \"height\": 180.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Preface\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a9686e43\",\n \"text\": \"The research was funded by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 253.03,\n \"width\": 234.01,\n \"height\": 263.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 258.7,\n \"height\": 124.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Preface\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e8f030c6\",\n \"text\": \"I would like to express my gratitude to my four supervisors.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 335.15,\n \"height\": 278.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e8f030c6\",\n \"text\": \"First and foremost, my main supervisor, professor Per Steinar Halvorsen, whose contribution to this work cannot be overstated.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 351.1,\n \"width\": 335.15,\n \"height\": 132.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 359.83,\n \"height\": 409.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 384.35,\n \"height\": 53.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e8f030c6\",\n \"text\": \"Without his professional support and constant enthusiasm this work could not have been carried out.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 126.03,\n \"width\": 384.35,\n \"height\": 391.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 409.06,\n \"height\": 80.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e8f030c6\",\n \"text\": \"Second, doctor Andreas Espinoza whose knowledge contributed greatly to the discussions, and whose technical skills were invaluable during the experimental procedures.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 153.25,\n \"width\": 409.06,\n \"height\": 370.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 433.56,\n \"height\": 436.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0600b883\",\n \"text\": \"Third, professor Arnt Eltvedt Fiane, the head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, whose clinical knowledge in the field of mechanical circulatory support made this research possible.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 458.26,\n \"height\": 426.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 482.76,\n \"height\": 424.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 507.47,\n \"height\": 42.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0600b883\",\n \"text\": \"And finally, professor Erik Fosse, the former head of the Intervention Centre.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 115.28,\n \"width\": 507.47,\n \"height\": 361.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0600b883\",\n \"text\": \"Despite countless obligations, professor Erik Fosse found the time to participate in planning, executing, and revising the papers presented in this work.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 479.51,\n \"width\": 507.47,\n \"height\": 36.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 531.97,\n \"height\": 447.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 556.68,\n \"height\": 221.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0600b883\",\n \"text\": \"I would like also to thank him for the opportunity to work in the Intervention Centre, a unique multidisciplinary environment in the medical community, dedicated for the development and promotion of new technologies in medicine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 294.31,\n \"width\": 556.68,\n \"height\": 225.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 581.17,\n \"height\": 413.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 605.89,\n \"height\": 430.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6912a038\",\n \"text\": \"I am most grateful to doctor Fred-Johan Pettersen for his assistance and support in the technological aspects of this research.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 630.39,\n \"height\": 410.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 655.09,\n \"height\": 181.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6912a038\",\n \"text\": \"His door was always open for discussions about small and large topics, from signal analysis to the meaning of life.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 254.39,\n \"width\": 655.09,\n \"height\": 255.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 679.59,\n \"height\": 280.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ded88f48\",\n \"text\": \"I would like to thank doctor Tom Nilsen Hoel and doctor Steinar Snartland for their contribution.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 448.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4c2b29bc\",\n \"text\": \"Despite full clinical work in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery they found the time to come to meetings, contribute to the surgical procedures, and review the papers.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 431.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 377.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4c2b29bc\",\n \"text\": \"I would also like to thank doctor Helge Skulstad and doctor Einar Gude from the Department of Cardiology, for broadening my understanding in the field of cardiology, and in particular in echocardiography, heart failure, and mechanical circulatory support, and for their contribution in revising my work.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 447.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 422.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 451.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 82.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4c2b29bc\",\n \"text\": \"I would also like to thank doctor Helge Skulstad for participating in the experiments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 155.82,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 329.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 61.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_597ea15f\",\n \"text\": \"Special thanks go to Mari-Ann L. Ringdal, the head of the perfusionists section, who helped planning and executing the animal studies, to doctor Amrit P.S. Thiara that contributed with his time and knowledge to develop the in vitro model, to doctor Hilde Karlsen for contribution both in planning and executing the experiments, and last but not least, Gro Sørensen, our VAD coordinator.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 431.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 446.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 454.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 413.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 56.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_812cdf7a\",\n \"text\": \"The research presented here is the result of a collaboration between a large number of individuals, that contributed with their time and competence on a scale that is humbling.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 410.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 413.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_812cdf7a\",\n \"text\": \"I am extremely grateful for the staff of the surgical team at the Intervention Centre and the Anesthesiology Department, as well as the perfusion section of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Rikshospitalet.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 485.97,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 20.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 400.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 386.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 184.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1f2c172\",\n \"text\": \"Oslo, January 27th, 2022 Itai Schalit\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 119.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 600.45,\n \"height\": 49.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acknowledgement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e30600c\",\n \"text\": \"Heart failure is a major public health challenge in the developed countries.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 350.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e30600c\",\n \"text\": \"Its incidence increases with age.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 423.42,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 59.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 91.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e30600c\",\n \"text\": \"Heart failure may progress to end-stage heart failure, defined as pronounced heart failure symptoms at rest, or at minimal physical activity, despite maximal medical treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 164.73,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 302.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 427.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 88.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e30600c\",\n \"text\": \"The gold standard treatment for end-stage heart failure is heart transplantation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 161.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 297.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 73.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e30600c\",\n \"text\": \"Organ supply is however insufficient and 10% of the individuals enlisted die each year on the waiting list.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 146.18,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 356.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 134.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is an implantable pump which can support the failing left ventricle, either as a bridge to transplantation or as a permanent solution for patients inelligable for transplantation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 440.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 449.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 88.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD treatment reduces mortality and increase the quality of life, and its use is expected to increase in the coming years.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 161.55,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 362.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 207.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"It has, however, considerable complications, including stroke and pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 281.1,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 210.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 183.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"As for today, there is no diagnostic method that detects thromboembolism passing through the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 256.2,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 260.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 214.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"Traditional LVAD thrombosis detection rely on blood tests, imaging modalites, and change in LVAD power consumption.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 287.76,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 217.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 443.87,\n \"height\": 346.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"There is a consensus that LVAD thrombosis diagnosis is suboptimal, which is reflected in efforts to find new diagnostic methods.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 419.64,\n \"width\": 443.87,\n \"height\": 101.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 404.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 493.08,\n \"height\": 95.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis of pump sounds is a way to track changes in the LVADs vibration pattern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 168.22,\n \"width\": 493.08,\n \"height\": 353.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 517.58,\n \"height\": 116.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"Increased third harmonic amplitude (pump speed x 3) has been shown to be a marker of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 188.96,\n \"width\": 517.58,\n \"height\": 333.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 542.28,\n \"height\": 168.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_32f95add\",\n \"text\": \"Though promising, the method has some disadvantages as low signal quality and intermittent nature, which leads to low reproducibility between studies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 241.89,\n \"width\": 542.28,\n \"height\": 280.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.78,\n \"height\": 436.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_53120921\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer sensor is an alternativ method to capture pump vibrations which may not suffer the same disadvantages.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 591.5,\n \"height\": 444.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 616.0,\n \"height\": 119.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_168eefc2\",\n \"text\": \"In this thesis we tested a novel acceleroemter-based detection of thromboembolism and pump thrombosis in LVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 640.7,\n \"height\": 445.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 665.2,\n \"height\": 97.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_168eefc2\",\n \"text\": \"We hypothesized that the accelerometer would detect changes in the third harmonic amplitude under thromboembolism and pump thrombosis, and that it would perform better than pump power consumption, the only continuous monitoring method at the moment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 170.68,\n \"width\": 665.2,\n \"height\": 350.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 689.89,\n \"height\": 441.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 714.42,\n \"height\": 440.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_afd75b21\",\n \"text\": \"We also hypothesized that analyzing amplitude changes in the nonharmonic frequencies would further improve the method's diagnostic power.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 449.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 222.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_afd75b21\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD vibrations were recorded by an accelerometer attached to the HeartWare HVAD housing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 452.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_85172821\",\n \"text\": \"We tested the accelerometer in a series of experiments using in vitro and in vivo models.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 418.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_85172821\",\n \"text\": \"Signal changes under thromboembolic events (injection of thrombi into the pump) were compared with control interventions, which included pump speed change, preload and afterload manipulation, and saline bolus injections.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 492.06,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 29.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 450.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 445.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 127.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_85172821\",\n \"text\": \"As the frequency domain is more suitable for vibration analysis, the signal was converted using fast Fourier transform.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 200.9,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 317.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 236.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab8a6b8c\",\n \"text\": \"Thromboembolic events led to increased amplitude in a continuous range of frequencies including the third harmonic.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 417.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 133.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab8a6b8c\",\n \"text\": \"As the third harmonic normally has low amplitude and is minimally affected by hemodynamic changes, it proved to be a good marker for the detection of thromboembolic events (paper I and paper II), with area under the curve in ROC analysis above 90%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 206.89,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 312.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 402.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 452.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 24.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab8a6b8c\",\n \"text\": \"The accelerometer performed better than the HVAD power consumption which demonstrated area under the curve below 76%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 97.42,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 371.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 225.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab8a6b8c\",\n \"text\": \"Testing the change in the nonharmonic frequencies further improved the positive predictive value of the method by 8.3% (paper III).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 184.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 432.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7c0386c\",\n \"text\": \"A subgroup of the thromboembolic events led to persistent signal changes indicative of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 440.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 55.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7c0386c\",\n \"text\": \"Despite persistent changes in the accelerometer signal, HVAD power consumption showed minor changes (0.2 W [IQR 0.3]) and did not reach the current cutoff value for the diagnosis of pump thrombosis (paper I and paper II).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 128.43,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 390.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 427.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 248.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7c0386c\",\n \"text\": \"Persistent signal changes affected either the third harmonic, or the nonharmonic frequencies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 321.35,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 193.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 245.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7c0386c\",\n \"text\": \"Nonharmonic amplitude change was present in 8.3% (5/60) while third harmonic amplitude change was present in 21.6% (13/60) of thromboembolic interventions, on the pooled data.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 318.18,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 180.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 600.45,\n \"height\": 453.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 624.95,\n \"height\": 261.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7c0386c\",\n \"text\": \"Only one thrombus injection led to concomitant change in both third harmonic and nonharmonic amplitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 334.7,\n \"width\": 624.95,\n \"height\": 169.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 649.64,\n \"height\": 355.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f7c0386c\",\n \"text\": \"Combining the two types of signal changes led to 36% improvement in the positive predictive value of the method compared with using third harmonic amplitude change alone (paper III).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 429.27,\n \"width\": 649.64,\n \"height\": 88.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 674.15,\n \"height\": 443.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 698.87,\n \"height\": 340.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f68b97e\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer is a new modality in LVAD monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 263.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f68b97e\",\n \"text\": \"It shows promise in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 337.69,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 177.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 88.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f68b97e\",\n \"text\": \"It replicated previous findings demonstrating that the third harmonic is a sensitive and specific marker for pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 161.88,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 356.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 252.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f68b97e\",\n \"text\": \"It also demonstrated that changes in the nonharmonic region can be used in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 325.56,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 180.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 367.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f68b97e\",\n \"text\": \"The lack of dependency between third harmonic and the nonharmonic frequencies suggests that they have a different underlying etiology which may improve our understanding of different forms of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 440.7,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 54.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 443.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 454.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 101.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1a5614db\",\n \"text\": \"The accelerometer shows promising results not only in the detection of pump thrombosis, but also in the detection of thromboembolic events.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 442.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 252.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1a5614db\",\n \"text\": \"Since up until now, there has been no diagnostic method for the detection of thromboemboli passing through the pump, the number of silent thromboemboli in LVAD patients is unknown.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 327.0,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 187.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 418.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 305.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1a5614db\",\n \"text\": \"Infective endocarditis is a condition where emboli, originating from the heart, enter the systemic circulation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 379.57,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 125.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 400.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e2971192\",\n \"text\": \"Peripheral emboli cause abscesses and therefore are easy to detect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 341.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e2971192\",\n \"text\": \"Extrapolating from the distribution of thromboemboli in infective endocarditis, peripheral embolization is grossly underdiagnosed in LVAD patients.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 415.15,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 90.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 416.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 208.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e2971192\",\n \"text\": \"Detection of subclinical emboli may allow for intervention before function loss occurs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 281.74,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 220.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 197.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e2971192\",\n \"text\": \"Considering the mortality and morbidity that ensue due to stroke, this may have considerable effect on the LVAD population.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 271.08,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 250.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 362.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6d2130ab\",\n \"text\": \"We concluded that accelerometer attached to the pump will open the door for reliable, continous, real time monitoring of LVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 425.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 200.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6d2130ab\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer based monitoring will be a considerable improvement compared with pump power consumption and acoustic spectral analysis based monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 274.24,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 205.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 446.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 600.45,\n \"height\": 132.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Summary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_17e205ed\",\n \"text\": \"Hjertesvikt er et økende problem i den vestlige verden.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 258.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_17e205ed\",\n \"text\": \"Insidensen øker med alder.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 331.73,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 129.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_17e205ed\",\n \"text\": \"Terminal (endestadium) hjertesvikt er definert som symptomer på hjertesvikt i hvile eller med minimal aktivitet, på tross av optimal medisinsk behandling.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 464.06,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 41.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 432.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 240.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_17e205ed\",\n \"text\": \"Hjertetransplantasjon har vaert det eneste behandlingsalternativet til denne pasientgruppen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 313.91,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 196.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 233.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_17e205ed\",\n \"text\": \"Organtilgjengeligheten er i midlertid begrenset, og hvert år dør 10% av pasientene på ventelisten.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 305.9,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 168.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 289.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63f4edbb\",\n \"text\": \"Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) er en implanterbar hydrodynamisk pumpe som kan avlaste den sviktende venstre ventrikkelen, enten som en bro til transplantasjon eller som en mer permanent løsning for pasienter som ikke kan transplanteres.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 452.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 422.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 290.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63f4edbb\",\n \"text\": \"Behandling med LVAD reduserer dødligheten og øker livskvaliteten til hjertesviktpasienter, og bruken er forventet å øke i de kommende årene.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 362.95,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 156.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 425.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 86.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63f4edbb\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD behandling har imidlertid alvorlige komplikasjoner, deriblant hjerneslag og pumpetrombose.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 159.33,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 363.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 95.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63f4edbb\",\n \"text\": \"Frem til nå har man ikke kunnet diagnostisere tromber som passerer gjennom pumpen (tromboembolisme).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 168.25,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 323.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 181.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63f4edbb\",\n \"text\": \"Tidligere har man basert diagnosen av pumpetrombose på labratorieprøver, radiologiske undersøkelser, og endring i strømforbruket til pumpen (pump power).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 253.89,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 262.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 443.87,\n \"height\": 444.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 35.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63f4edbb\",\n \"text\": \"Det er konsensus at diagnostikk av pumptrombose er mangelfull, og dette reflekteres i bred innsats for å finne bedre diagnostiske metoder.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 108.5,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 407.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 493.08,\n \"height\": 246.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63f4edbb\",\n \"text\": \"Akustisk spektralanalyse av pumpelyder er en måte å spore endringer i vibrasjonsmønstret til pumpen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 319.74,\n \"width\": 493.08,\n \"height\": 202.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 517.58,\n \"height\": 279.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63f4edbb\",\n \"text\": \"Økt amplitude av den tredje harmoniske frekvens (pumpehastighet x 3) har vist seg å vaere en markør for pumpetrombose.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 352.58,\n \"width\": 517.58,\n \"height\": 130.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 542.28,\n \"height\": 446.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4c313439\",\n \"text\": \"Metoden har imidlertid mange ulemper, som dårlig signalkvalitet og dens intermitterende natur, og dette er en årsak til lav reproduserbarhet mellom studier hvor akustisk spektralanalyse brukes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.78,\n \"height\": 448.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 591.5,\n \"height\": 422.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 616.0,\n \"height\": 35.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4c313439\",\n \"text\": \"Bruk av akselerometer er en alternativ metode for monitorering av pumpevibrasjoner hvor man kan unngå disse problemene.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 108.08,\n \"width\": 616.0,\n \"height\": 399.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 640.7,\n \"height\": 188.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Sammendrag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c44f86e\",\n \"text\": \"The incidence and prevalence of heart failure is expected to increase, and consequently also the number of patients suffering from end-stage disease.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 438.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 268.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c44f86e\",\n \"text\": \"As left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a life-saving treatment for end-stage heart failure, its use is expected to increase despite the risk for severe complications.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 341.4,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 145.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 428.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 193.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0d86536d\",\n \"text\": \"Complications from LVAD therapy include bleeding, pump thrombosis, stroke, infection, aortic insufficiency, and right heart failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 442.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 168.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0d86536d\",\n \"text\": \"Hemostasis-related complications, including bleeding, pump thrombosis, and stroke, are a considerable source for morbidity and mortality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 241.14,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 254.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 395.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0d86536d\",\n \"text\": \"Shear stress effects and contact activation of the coagulation cascade from LVAD therapy, induces combined hypercoagulability and bleeding diathesis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 469.07,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 28.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 436.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 247.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0d86536d\",\n \"text\": \"This poses clinical challenges both in management of complications, and in decisions regarding anticoagulation regime.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 320.53,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 175.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 386.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0d86536d\",\n \"text\": \"Monitoring of hemostasis-related complications is important but lacking.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 459.52,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 62.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 273.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a19b6ae4\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD thrombosis may lead to pump malfunction and is considered a medical emergency.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 423.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a19b6ae4\",\n \"text\": \"It may lead to either hypoperfusion due to reduced pump output or to stroke secondary to thrombus embolization from the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 496.52,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 5.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 443.87,\n \"height\": 412.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 182.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a19b6ae4\",\n \"text\": \"Stroke is a major cause for morbidity and mortality, and early diagnosis is essential for optimal management.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.6,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 261.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 493.08,\n \"height\": 248.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a19b6ae4\",\n \"text\": \"As most pumps have no thromboembolic events detection, there is practically no information regarding silent emboli.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 321.49,\n \"width\": 493.08,\n \"height\": 193.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 517.58,\n \"height\": 353.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a19b6ae4\",\n \"text\": \"Adjustment of anticoagulation prior to loss of function is therefore impossible.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 426.69,\n \"width\": 517.58,\n \"height\": 65.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 542.28,\n \"height\": 295.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a19b6ae4\",\n \"text\": \"The magnitude of this problem is unknown.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 368.16,\n \"width\": 542.28,\n \"height\": 155.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.78,\n \"height\": 45.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3e15aad\",\n \"text\": \"The modern LVAD is a hydrodynamic pump that is placed, literally, in the heart of the circulatory system, a highly dynamic, quickly changing environment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 591.5,\n \"height\": 453.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 616.0,\n \"height\": 269.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3e15aad\",\n \"text\": \"Optimal monitoring should be continuous, reliable, and safe, preferably without breaching the blood barrier.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 342.28,\n \"width\": 616.0,\n \"height\": 139.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 640.7,\n \"height\": 363.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3e15aad\",\n \"text\": \"Pumps maintain a predictable, pump-type specific, vibration pattern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 436.16,\n \"width\": 640.7,\n \"height\": 85.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 665.2,\n \"height\": 233.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3e15aad\",\n \"text\": \"Under pathological conditions this vibration pattern is disrupted, presenting new characteristic features.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 305.97,\n \"width\": 665.2,\n \"height\": 203.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 689.89,\n \"height\": 279.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3e15aad\",\n \"text\": \"Vibration analysis using accelerometer fulfills the above requirement for continuous monitoring while maintaining patient safety.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 352.87,\n \"width\": 689.89,\n \"height\": 112.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 714.42,\n \"height\": 450.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 31.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3e15aad\",\n \"text\": \"Based on previous findings using acoustic spectral analysis, we expected to find characteristic, reproducible, vibration 'fingerprints' that may improve LVAD monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 104.64,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 379.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 406.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cc320b1f\",\n \"text\": \"In this work we intended to test the ability of accelerometer-based vibration analysis to detect thromboembolic complications in LVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 439.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 189.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Motivation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_57a029f0\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD is an implantable pump used in the treatment of end-stage heart failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 369.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_57a029f0\",\n \"text\": \"It is implanted into the left ventricle and pumps blood into the aorta.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 442.32,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 65.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 248.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_57a029f0\",\n \"text\": \"Understanding the need for LVAD, its utility, and its complication management requires understanding of the clinical settings in which it is used.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 321.69,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 177.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 448.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 45.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_57a029f0\",\n \"text\": \"We start with a description of heart failure, the underlying pathology necessitating LVAD use.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 118.22,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 384.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 51.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_57a029f0\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Heart failure is a syndrome characterized by typical symptoms (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 394.09,\n \"height\": 322.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_57a029f0\",\n \"text\": \"breathlessness, ankle swelling and fatigue) that may be accompanied by signs (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 429.97,\n \"width\": 394.09,\n \"height\": 74.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 418.59,\n \"height\": 318.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_57a029f0\",\n \"text\": \"elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary crackles and peripheral oedema) caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality, resulting in a reduced cardiac output and/ or elevated intracardiac pressures at rest or during stress.\\\" 1 Other definitions might vary to some degree but all point to pathophysiological intracardiac compensatory responses in an attempt to maintain adequate cardiac output.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 425.95,\n \"width\": 418.59,\n \"height\": 75.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 443.28,\n \"height\": 400.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 467.78,\n \"height\": 389.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 492.51,\n \"height\": 264.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 372.69,\n \"width\": 491.41,\n \"height\": 3.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 517.01,\n \"height\": 425.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 541.69,\n \"height\": 360.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"1\",\n \"offset_start\": 243,\n \"offset_end\": 244\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_57a029f0\",\n \"text\": \"As the disease progress one may reach end-stage heart failure (refractory heart failure, or terminal heart failure).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 433.36,\n \"width\": 541.69,\n \"height\": 70.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.21,\n \"height\": 420.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 590.92,\n \"height\": 35.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82bc43fa\",\n \"text\": \"'End-stage heart failure' is defined as a condition in which pronounced heart failure symptoms are present at rest, or at minimal physical activity, despite maximal medical treatment.' 2 It is important to acknowledge that the term 'end-stage heart failure' is misleading to a certain degree.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 615.42,\n \"height\": 391.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 640.12,\n \"height\": 406.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 664.62,\n \"height\": 50.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 155.61,\n \"width\": 663.52,\n \"height\": 3.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 689.31,\n \"height\": 440.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 713.84,\n \"height\": 36.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"2\",\n \"offset_start\": 185,\n \"offset_end\": 186\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82bc43fa\",\n \"text\": \"Heart failure may have different etiologies, hemodynamic profiles, clinical challenges, and course.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 109.26,\n \"width\": 713.84,\n \"height\": 402.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 56.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82bc43fa\",\n \"text\": \"This definition implies a chronic course where the end-stage arrives at the end of a gradual deterioration.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 128.99,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 390.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 101.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82bc43fa\",\n \"text\": \"This may be the case, for example when the underlying etiology is nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 174.27,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 337.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 157.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82bc43fa\",\n \"text\": \"Other conditions, however, may lead to decompensated heart failure after an acute course, as can be seen with severe myocarditis, or post-infarction heart failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 230.48,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 292.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 438.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 32.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82bc43fa\",\n \"text\": \"The term also suggests that after reaching the 'end-stage' there is no way back.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 105.0,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 377.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82bc43fa\",\n \"text\": \"The potential for recovery in acute course is uncertain in some cases, which make fast and decisive decision making necessary and challenging.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 485.3,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 18.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 449.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 209.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82bc43fa\",\n \"text\": \"In this thesis the term 'end-stage heart failure' is used as defined above, and denotes the point where a decision regarding heart transplantation, mechanical circulatory support, or palliative strategy has to be taken.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 282.37,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 226.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 451.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 324.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Introduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_42004e81\",\n \"text\": \"According to the European Society of Cardiology, one to two percent of the adult population in developed countries suffers from heart failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 444.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 217.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Demographics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_42004e81\",\n \"text\": \"Its incidence increases with age, affecting over 10 percent of adults over 70 years of age. 1 According to the Norwegian Health Institute, there are about 50.000-100.000\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 290.69,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 221.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 197.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 267.45,\n \"width\": 437.91,\n \"height\": 3.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 274.26,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 236.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 123.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"1\",\n \"offset_start\": 92,\n \"offset_end\": 93\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Demographics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_42004e81\",\n \"text\": \"(0.9-1,8%) individuals suffering from heart failure in Norway, and heart failure prevalence over 75 years of age is about 10%. 3 Heart failure is responsible for at least 5% of all acute hospital admissions to medical wards.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 196.23,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 304.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 280.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 350.32,\n \"width\": 487.11,\n \"height\": 3.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 357.14,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 153.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 278.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"3\",\n \"offset_start\": 127,\n \"offset_end\": 128\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Demographics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb375c0d\",\n \"text\": \"The situation in the USA is similar, with heart failure afflicting estimated 6.2 million Americans over 20 years of age.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 537.42,\n \"height\": 440.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 100.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Demographics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb375c0d\",\n \"text\": \"Based on the current data, the prevalence of heart failure is expected to increase by 46%, from 2012 to 2030, leading to over 8 million heart failure patients in the adult population. 4\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 173.46,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 339.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 586.62,\n \"height\": 445.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 611.34,\n \"height\": 52.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 122.55,\n \"width\": 610.25,\n \"height\": 3.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b2\",\n \"text\": \"4\",\n \"offset_start\": 184,\n \"offset_end\": 185\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Demographics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb375c0d\",\n \"text\": \"th improvement in prevention of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and improvement in invasive cardiology, there is a trend showing reduction in the incidence of heart failure related hospital admissions, but increase in its prevalence. 5\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 635.84,\n \"height\": 453.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 660.53,\n \"height\": 439.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 685.04,\n \"height\": 200.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 270.94,\n \"width\": 683.94,\n \"height\": 3.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b3\",\n \"text\": \"5\",\n \"offset_start\": 235,\n \"offset_end\": 236\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Demographics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb375c0d\",\n \"text\": \"The increased prevalence is, at least partly, due to improved heart failure survival.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 277.78,\n \"width\": 685.04,\n \"height\": 238.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 20.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 709.75,\n \"height\": 145.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Demographics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_384a6e46\",\n \"text\": \"Heart failure is a complex syndrome with an array of symptoms, signs, clinical features and course which not always correlate with one another.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 168.45,\n \"height\": 429.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 192.98,\n \"height\": 245.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_384a6e46\",\n \"text\": \"The condition may affect the left ventricle, right ventricle or both.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 318.62,\n \"width\": 192.98,\n \"height\": 197.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 217.67,\n \"height\": 103.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_384a6e46\",\n \"text\": \"Valvular disease may be present or absent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 176.02,\n \"width\": 217.67,\n \"height\": 205.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_384a6e46\",\n \"text\": \"Its course can be acute or chronic.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 384.74,\n \"width\": 217.67,\n \"height\": 123.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 242.17,\n \"height\": 37.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"Heart failure severity was, traditionally, described based on symptomatology which led to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 266.87,\n \"height\": 437.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 291.4,\n \"height\": 239.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"Despite its popularity, the NYHA classification correlates poorly to echocardiographic parameters and biomarkers used to evaluate heart failure and it provides no information about the etiology of the heart failure. 6\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 312.79,\n \"width\": 291.4,\n \"height\": 152.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 316.08,\n \"height\": 416.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 340.59,\n \"height\": 422.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 492.89,\n \"width\": 339.49,\n \"height\": 3.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b4\",\n \"text\": \"6\",\n \"offset_start\": 216,\n \"offset_end\": 217\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"An alternative is the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association classification (ACC-AHA) which includes in the assessment the presence of structural heart changes, without more closely defining them. 7\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 499.69,\n \"width\": 340.59,\n \"height\": 13.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 365.28,\n \"height\": 404.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 431.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 213.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 283.61,\n \"width\": 413.41,\n \"height\": 3.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"7\",\n \"offset_start\": 224,\n \"offset_end\": 225\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"more pathophysiological approach classifies heart failure based on the main pathophysiological feature, such as systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or a combination of the two.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 369.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 449.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 49.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"Systolic dysfunction is characterized by decreased contractility with dilated remodeling of the left ventricle leading to high wall tension (increased afterload). 8\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 122.37,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 351.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 378.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 448.36,\n \"width\": 511.83,\n \"height\": 3.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b6\",\n \"text\": \"8\",\n \"offset_start\": 163,\n \"offset_end\": 164\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"Diastolic dysfunction is characterized by relaxation abnormality which leads to a rapid rise in end-diastolic pressure and low end-diastolic volume.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 455.16,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 40.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 537.42,\n \"height\": 454.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 184.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"It is often present with concentric hypertrophic ventricular remodeling with low wall tension (normal to reduced afterload).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 257.89,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 217.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 586.62,\n \"height\": 348.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"[11][12][13] Ejection fraction (EF) measurements may help classify heart failure based on the predominant underlying pathophysiology. 1,7\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 422.41,\n \"width\": 610.25,\n \"height\": 6.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 635.84,\n \"height\": 444.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 660.53,\n \"height\": 132.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 202.7,\n \"width\": 659.44,\n \"height\": 9.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"[11]\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 4\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b10\",\n \"text\": \"[12]\",\n \"offset_start\": 4,\n \"offset_end\": 8\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b11\",\n \"text\": \"[13]\",\n \"offset_start\": 8,\n \"offset_end\": 12\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"1,\",\n \"offset_start\": 134,\n \"offset_end\": 136\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"7\",\n \"offset_start\": 136,\n \"offset_end\": 137\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"Systolic dysfunction usually leads to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), defined as EF below 40%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 215.13,\n \"width\": 660.53,\n \"height\": 293.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 685.04,\n \"height\": 246.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"Diastolic dysfunction usually leads to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), defined as EF above 50%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 319.8,\n \"width\": 685.04,\n \"height\": 201.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 709.75,\n \"height\": 354.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"Patients with EF between 40% and 50% is a new category in the new guidelines defined as heart hailure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 21.0,\n \"y\": 428.02,\n \"width\": 709.75,\n \"height\": 77.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 435.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 179.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa70f80f\",\n \"text\": \"This new category was defined due to gap of knowledge regarding the predominant heart failure component in this patient group.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 252.38,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 266.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 340.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_47ec4702\",\n \"text\": \"The most common etiologies for HFrEF are idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or specific cardiomyopathies with a dilated phenotype. 1,14\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 417.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 205.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 275.25,\n \"width\": 205.69,\n \"height\": 13.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"1,\",\n \"offset_start\": 130,\n \"offset_end\": 132\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"14\",\n \"offset_start\": 132,\n \"offset_end\": 134\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_47ec4702\",\n \"text\": \"Idiopatic dilated cardiomyopathy is of unknown cause in 70% of cases and hereditary in 30%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 291.58,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 220.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 216.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_47ec4702\",\n \"text\": \"Specific cardiomyopathies with a dilated phenotype are associated with post-infarct heart failure, myocarditis, valvular disease, chemotherapy, and pregnancy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 292.63,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 189.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 405.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 147.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f8e3308\",\n \"text\": \"The most common etiologies for HFpEF are hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, and restrictive cardiomyopathies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 403.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.7,\n \"height\": 246.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f8e3308\",\n \"text\": \"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is hereditary (60%) or idiopathic (40%). 14\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 319.15,\n \"width\": 329.7,\n \"height\": 200.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 123.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 193.72,\n \"width\": 353.31,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b12\",\n \"text\": \"14\",\n \"offset_start\": 69,\n \"offset_end\": 71\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f8e3308\",\n \"text\": \"The minority of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (5-10%) develop left ventricular dilation late in the course of the disease.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 204.45,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 309.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 243.09\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f8e3308\",\n \"text\": \"Restrictive cardiomyopathies may involve the myocardium or the endocardium.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 315.99,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 195.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 174.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce1a1676\",\n \"text\": \"The diagnosis of heart failure relies mainly on clinical history, physical examination, biomarkers, ECG and echocardiography. 1 In some cases, invasive pressure measurements may assist in the correct diagnosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 499.12,\n \"height\": 451.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 523.82,\n \"height\": 135.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 205.03,\n \"width\": 522.71,\n \"height\": 3.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 211.84,\n \"width\": 523.82,\n \"height\": 296.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 548.31,\n \"height\": 101.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"1\",\n \"offset_start\": 126,\n \"offset_end\": 127\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2d0383d\",\n \"text\": \"Adjuvant cardiac imaging modalities include cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), noninvasive stress investigations (echocardiography, CMRI), invasive coronary angiography and CT Angiography (CTA).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 573.01,\n \"height\": 449.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 597.53,\n \"height\": 438.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 622.23,\n \"height\": 111.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a88fa76\",\n \"text\": \"The diagnosis of HFpEF is more difficult to establish.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 22.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 646.73,\n \"height\": 250.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_45784af5\",\n \"text\": \"Medical treatment of heart failure is multimodal. 1 It focuses on prevention and improvement of heart failure predisposing factors (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 168.45,\n \"height\": 224.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 294.89,\n \"width\": 167.35,\n \"height\": 3.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 301.7,\n \"width\": 168.45,\n \"height\": 210.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 192.98,\n \"height\": 179.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"1\",\n \"offset_start\": 50,\n \"offset_end\": 51\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_45784af5\",\n \"text\": \"coronary artery disease, hypertension, etc.), reducing the workload of the failing heart (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 252.57,\n \"width\": 192.98,\n \"height\": 270.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 217.67,\n \"height\": 155.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_45784af5\",\n \"text\": \"reducing afterload), improving symptoms (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 228.16,\n \"width\": 217.67,\n \"height\": 217.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_45784af5\",\n \"text\": \"reducing volume overload and pulmonary congestion), and prevention of life-threatening complications (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 448.91,\n \"width\": 217.67,\n \"height\": 41.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 242.17,\n \"height\": 440.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 266.87,\n \"height\": 21.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_45784af5\",\n \"text\": \"arrhythmias).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 94.34,\n \"width\": 266.87,\n \"height\": 62.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_45784af5\",\n \"text\": \"Many of the medications used have more than one function in the treatment of heart failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 159.91,\n \"width\": 266.87,\n \"height\": 357.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 291.4,\n \"height\": 71.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_45784af5\",\n \"text\": \"The details of medical treatment of heart failure is beyond the scope of this thesis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 144.33,\n \"width\": 291.4,\n \"height\": 352.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 316.08,\n \"height\": 31.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1f51e113\",\n \"text\": \"Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) might be used under HFrEF (EF<35%) NYHA class 3, which do not respond to medical treatment, when the ECG QRS complex duration is longer than 130 msec.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 340.59,\n \"height\": 452.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 365.28,\n \"height\": 454.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 49.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_68a79c12\",\n \"text\": \"Patients who develop end-stage heart failure may be eligible to mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 445.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.0,\n \"height\": 113.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_52b47391\",\n \"text\": \"End-stage heart failure correlates to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 4, or the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC-AHA) stage D, and accounts for approximately 5% of the cases. 15\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 523.82,\n \"height\": 433.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 548.31,\n \"height\": 446.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 573.01,\n \"height\": 210.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 280.11,\n \"width\": 571.92,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b13\",\n \"text\": \"15\",\n \"offset_start\": 225,\n \"offset_end\": 227\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_52b47391\",\n \"text\": \"The definite treatment of end-stage heart failure is either heart transplantation or mechanical circulatory support.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 290.61,\n \"width\": 573.01,\n \"height\": 225.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 597.53,\n \"height\": 300.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b6e78dc8\",\n \"text\": \"Survival after heart transplantation has improved over the years, with one-year survival rate of 95% and 10-years survival rate of 60%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 679.98,\n \"height\": 443.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 704.7,\n \"height\": 186.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b6e78dc8\",\n \"text\": \"Median survival today is 12,5 years.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 259.71,\n \"width\": 704.7,\n \"height\": 170.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b6e78dc8\",\n \"text\": \"The most common indications for heart transplantation are non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (52%) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (32%). 16\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 23.0,\n \"y\": 432.74,\n \"width\": 704.7,\n \"height\": 88.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 416.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 154.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 224.67,\n \"width\": 131.77,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"16\",\n \"offset_start\": 135,\n \"offset_end\": 137\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b6e78dc8\",\n \"text\": \"The number of grown-ups with congenital heart disease undergoing heart transplantation is expected to increase in the future.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 235.37,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 263.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 329.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"Organ supply is however insufficient and 10% of the individuals enlisted die each year on the waiting list. 17\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 439.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 52.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 122.36,\n \"width\": 205.69,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b15\",\n \"text\": \"17\",\n \"offset_start\": 108,\n \"offset_end\": 110\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"In Norway this number is as low as 5%, which is the consequence of good resource management and good collaboration between the Scandinavian countries.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 133.06,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 350.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 396.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"In an attempt to compensate for persistent donor heart shortage, extended criteria for donor hearts are increasingly used.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 468.89,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 23.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 439.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 104.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"Such criteria include donation after circulatory death donors, heart supported with ex-vivo perfusion, and donations from hepatitis C positive donors. 16\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 177.04,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 311.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 382.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 452.44,\n \"width\": 304.1,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"16\",\n \"offset_start\": 151,\n \"offset_end\": 153\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"One accepts higher donor age in Europe in order to improve organ availability. 18\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 462.94,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 60.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 307.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 377.55,\n \"width\": 328.61,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b16\",\n \"text\": \"18\",\n \"offset_start\": 79,\n \"offset_end\": 81\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"most 50% of the patients who eventually undergo heart transplantation are supported temporarily with left ventricular assist device (LVAD). 16,19,20\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 412.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 249.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 319.78,\n \"width\": 377.8,\n \"height\": 26.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"16,\",\n \"offset_start\": 140,\n \"offset_end\": 143\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b17\",\n \"text\": \"19,\",\n \"offset_start\": 143,\n \"offset_end\": 146\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b18\",\n \"text\": \"20\",\n \"offset_start\": 146,\n \"offset_end\": 148\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD use as \\\"bridge to transplantation\\\" does not seem to adversely affect post-transplant mortality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 349.33,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 110.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 356.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"On the other hand, extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use as \\\"bridge to transplantation\\\" has been shown to increase post-transplant mortality considerably, with up to 45% one-year mortality rates. 16,19\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 429.9,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 89.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 435.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 431.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 26.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 96.86,\n \"width\": 476.22,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b14\",\n \"text\": \"16,\",\n \"offset_start\": 206,\n \"offset_end\": 209\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b17\",\n \"text\": \"19\",\n \"offset_start\": 209,\n \"offset_end\": 211\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"an attempt to reduce mortality on the heart transplant waiting list, a new allocation system was implemented, independently from each other, first in France, in 2004, and then in the United States, in 2018. 21,22\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 435.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 422.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 108.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 178.36,\n \"width\": 550.13,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b19\",\n \"text\": \"21,\",\n \"offset_start\": 207,\n \"offset_end\": 210\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b20\",\n \"text\": \"22\",\n \"offset_start\": 210,\n \"offset_end\": 212\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"These allocating systems prioritized organs to the sickest patients, many of them on ECMO.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 198.42,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 314.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 118.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"This led to increased post-transplant mortality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 190.94,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 218.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"Jasseron et al defended this allocation system pointing that there is a survival benefit for the individual patient on ECMO.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 412.61,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 66.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 600.45,\n \"height\": 447.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 624.95,\n \"height\": 50.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"According to their conclusion, transplantation should be a primary treatment option for patients on ECMO.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 123.0,\n \"width\": 624.95,\n \"height\": 389.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 649.65,\n \"height\": 106.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"After implementing the new regulations in the United States, Ventura et al leaned toward a utilitarian argument against the new allocation system. 23\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 178.99,\n \"width\": 649.65,\n \"height\": 336.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 674.15,\n \"height\": 347.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 417.42,\n \"width\": 673.05,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"23\",\n \"offset_start\": 147,\n \"offset_end\": 149\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"They argued that with the development in technology, survival rates with LVAD support approach post-transplant survival rates, at least in the short-term.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 427.92,\n \"width\": 674.15,\n \"height\": 80.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 698.87,\n \"height\": 449.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 723.37,\n \"height\": 187.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"As LVAD physiology differs from ECMO physiology and has not been shown to increase mortality it is a viable option for patient stabilization and rehabilitation before eventual heart transplantation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 24.0,\n \"y\": 260.22,\n \"width\": 723.37,\n \"height\": 263.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 415.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 241.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9355056e\",\n \"text\": \"This will allow prioritizing transplantation to patients who will gain the utmost benefit from donated hearts and increase the overall benefit of heart transplantation. 23\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 313.92,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 202.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 451.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 100.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 173.5,\n \"width\": 180.96,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"23\",\n \"offset_start\": 169,\n \"offset_end\": 171\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Heart transplantation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb7a093d\",\n \"text\": \"For many years the only definitive treatment for end-stage heart failure was heart transplantation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 295.87,\n \"height\": 382.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 320.56,\n \"height\": 73.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb7a093d\",\n \"text\": \"It is still considered to be the gold standard.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 146.19,\n \"width\": 320.56,\n \"height\": 205.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb7a093d\",\n \"text\": \"Long-term mechanical circulatory support was developed out of necessity, due to low organ availability or rapid clinical deterioration with complicating conditions and relative contraindication for transplantation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 354.64,\n \"width\": 320.56,\n \"height\": 157.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.06,\n \"height\": 398.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 369.75,\n \"height\": 422.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb7a093d\",\n \"text\": \"As mechanical circulatory support improved, it became an important tool in the arsenal clinicians use treating end-stage heart failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 495.3,\n \"width\": 369.75,\n \"height\": 12.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 394.28,\n \"height\": 439.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 418.98,\n \"height\": 168.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad96c9ab\",\n \"text\": \"It is necessary to acknowledge the short-term mechanical circulatory support devices.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 443.48,\n \"height\": 404.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad96c9ab\",\n \"text\": \"Their purpose is to support the failing heart temporarily, providing adequate cardiac output, giving the treating team time to assess the situation and choose an adequate long-term strategy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 477.64,\n \"width\": 443.48,\n \"height\": 24.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 468.17,\n \"height\": 450.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 492.7,\n \"height\": 407.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad96c9ab\",\n \"text\": \"Shortterm mechanical circulatory support devices include extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), Impella, and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 480.45,\n \"width\": 492.7,\n \"height\": 29.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 517.39,\n \"height\": 434.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 541.9,\n \"height\": 261.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad96c9ab\",\n \"text\": \"These devices have little bearing on this work and will be mentioned only briefly in the relevant sections.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 334.85,\n \"width\": 541.9,\n \"height\": 190.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 25.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.59,\n \"height\": 298.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad96c9ab\",\n \"text\": \"The first heart transplantation was performed at 1967.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 254.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad96c9ab\",\n \"text\": \"Due to positive initial result the new technique was enthusiastically adopted.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 327.27,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 167.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 188.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad96c9ab\",\n \"text\": \"Organ scarcity led to the first attempt of using a TAH as 'bridge to transplantation' in 1969.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 261.47,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 262.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 160.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad96c9ab\",\n \"text\": \"The patient survived 64 hours until an organ was available.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 233.56,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 278.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ce882d6\",\n \"text\": \"The patient died 32 hours after transplantation due to overwhelming sepsis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 356.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7ff34529\",\n \"text\": \"The enthusiasm around heart transplantation was short lived.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 289.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7ff34529\",\n \"text\": \"Immunosuppression was a new field and transplanted patients died due to infections or organ rejection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 362.2,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 150.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 336.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7ff34529\",\n \"text\": \"Transplantation was therefore abandoned for a decade, and efforts were averted to LVAD development.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 408.96,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 95.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 393.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_64e6c3ef\",\n \"text\": \"The first generation commercially available LVAD was a pulsatile implantable pump, the Heartmate XVE.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 414.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 77.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_64e6c3ef\",\n \"text\": \"Ten thousand pumps were implanted between 1991 and 2012.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 150.38,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 296.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_64e6c3ef\",\n \"text\": \"These were complex positive displacement pumps and their durability was limited to two years.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 449.72,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 55.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 390.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e3df7a1\",\n \"text\": \"The second generation of pumps were continuous flow LVADs (CF-LVADs).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 359.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e3df7a1\",\n \"text\": \"They were built for reliability and durability.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 432.73,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 87.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 111.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e3df7a1\",\n \"text\": \"The first pump was Hemopump, with a design that later inspired the percutaneously inserted temporary circulatory support, the Impella®.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 184.06,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 320.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 600.45,\n \"height\": 324.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e3df7a1\",\n \"text\": \"The second pump was the Jarvik Heart, a pump with blood-washed bearings.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 397.4,\n \"width\": 600.45,\n \"height\": 125.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 624.95,\n \"height\": 237.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e3df7a1\",\n \"text\": \"This opened the door to a new generation of pumps including the popular Heartmate II LVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 310.28,\n \"width\": 624.95,\n \"height\": 210.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 649.64,\n \"height\": 229.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e3df7a1\",\n \"text\": \"These axial pumps utilized the ancient idea of the Archimedes screw.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 302.66,\n \"width\": 649.64,\n \"height\": 216.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 674.15,\n \"height\": 108.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8e3df7a1\",\n \"text\": \"They were simple in design and durable, which made long-term circulatory support possible.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 181.12,\n \"width\": 674.15,\n \"height\": 300.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 26.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 698.87,\n \"height\": 132.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_33585c49\",\n \"text\": \"The next advancement was the development of the centrifugal pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 327.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_33585c49\",\n \"text\": \"This opened the door for a combined hydrodynamic and magnetically levitated impeller that did not require bearings at all.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 400.33,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 116.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 439.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 13.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_33585c49\",\n \"text\": \"The first commercial pump using this principle was the HeartWare HVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 86.54,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 347.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_33585c49\",\n \"text\": \"This pump gained popularity and became the second most implanted pump after Heartmate II.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 436.87,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 85.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 357.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_33585c49\",\n \"text\": \"The HeartWare HVAD was withdrawn from the market in June 2021 due to patient safety issues.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 430.84,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 73.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 380.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_33585c49\",\n \"text\": \"This decision was taken due to high incidence of neurological adverse events compared with Heartmate 3, and reports of pump failure to start leading to multiple death cases.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 453.77,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 62.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 437.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 316.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e459c3b\",\n \"text\": \"The Heartmate 3 is a fully levitated new centrifugal pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 272.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e459c3b\",\n \"text\": \"It was compared with the Heartmate II axial pump in the Momentum 3 investigation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 345.43,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 171.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 220.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e459c3b\",\n \"text\": \"The Heartmate 3 demonstrated superiority concerning hemostasis-related complications. 24,25\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 293.78,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 200.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 216.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 286.52,\n \"width\": 328.61,\n \"height\": 17.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b22\",\n \"text\": \"24,\",\n \"offset_start\": 86,\n \"offset_end\": 89\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"25\",\n \"offset_start\": 89,\n \"offset_end\": 91\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1e459c3b\",\n \"text\": \"is illustrates the enormous fast progress that is continuously made in the field of mechanical circulatory support.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 445.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 90.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Mechanical circulatory support in the treatment of end-stage heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"It is difficult to overstate the effect that the development in LVAD technology has had on the treatment of end-stage heart failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 432.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 169.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"It offers a solution to a patient group which, up to recently, had no treatment alternatives.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 242.96,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 274.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 141.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"Starting from the humble 'bridge to transplantation', LVAD use expanded to new patient groups with an array of new indications.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 214.53,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 294.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 537.42,\n \"height\": 307.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"The role of LVAD as 'destination therapy' is now well established, and the great majority of patients are treated under this indication. 26\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 380.41,\n \"width\": 537.42,\n \"height\": 96.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 453.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 586.62,\n \"height\": 67.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 137.91,\n \"width\": 585.53,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"26\",\n \"offset_start\": 137,\n \"offset_end\": 139\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"Other indications include 'bridge to decision', 'bridge to candidacy', and 'bridge to recovery'.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 148.41,\n \"width\": 586.62,\n \"height\": 370.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 611.34,\n \"height\": 58.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"With the new indication 'bridge to decision' comes an acknowledgement of the element of uncertainty with regard to patient's outcome.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 131.3,\n \"width\": 611.34,\n \"height\": 369.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 635.84,\n \"height\": 263.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"This is especially important under an acute course of disease where medical treatment cannot be established and the chance for recovery is unclear.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 335.91,\n \"width\": 635.84,\n \"height\": 173.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 660.53,\n \"height\": 431.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 685.03,\n \"height\": 92.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"With the new indication 'bridge to recovery' there is an acknowledgement of the potential benefit LVAD has compared with ECMO. 23\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 165.72,\n \"width\": 685.03,\n \"height\": 357.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 70.02,\n \"width\": 709.75,\n \"height\": 255.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 27.0,\n \"y\": 325.22,\n \"width\": 708.66,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b21\",\n \"text\": \"23\",\n \"offset_start\": 127,\n \"offset_end\": 129\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"[25] The limited organ availability combined with improvement in LVAD technology led to change in organ allocation, as previously mentioned, and heart transplantation is reserved, in some countries, to cases where mechanical circulatory support is failing. 27\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 500.99,\n \"width\": 156.47,\n \"height\": 6.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 446.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 419.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 313.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 383.39,\n \"width\": 230.19,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"[25]\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 4\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b25\",\n \"text\": \"27\",\n \"offset_start\": 257,\n \"offset_end\": 259\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f712fc7\",\n \"text\": \"nsidering the magnitude of heart failure in the population and the trajectory of MCS until now, LVAD use is expected to increase in the coming years.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 452.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 259.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Clinical impact\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6c4c47ba\",\n \"text\": \"The modern third generation LVAD is a hydrodynamic pump, small enough to be implanted in the thoracic cavity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 365.28,\n \"height\": 441.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 88.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6c4c47ba\",\n \"text\": \"Its inflow cannula is implanted through the left ventricular wall into the left ventricle.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 161.61,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 345.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 42.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6c4c47ba\",\n \"text\": \"A graft connects the outflow cannula to the aorta (figure 1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 115.84,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 278.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6c4c47ba\",\n \"text\": \"Blood is pumped through the LVAD and into the aorta bypassing the aortic valve.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 396.94,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 119.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 261.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65238bad\",\n \"text\": \"The pump is connected to a controller by a percutaneous driveline.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 315.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65238bad\",\n \"text\": \"The controller is responsible for powering the pump and in HeartWare HVAD must always be connected to two power sources.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 388.88,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 133.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 418.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 40.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65238bad\",\n \"text\": \"The controller also collects and log information from the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 113.5,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 295.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_65238bad\",\n \"text\": \"The controller interfaces with the monitor through a data port.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 411.79,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 65.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 537.42,\n \"height\": 220.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ddbc50a\",\n \"text\": \"The pump monitor provides an interface by which one controls selected parameters as pump speed or hematocrit, and view real time data or logged information (figure 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 438.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 586.62,\n \"height\": 362.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ddbc50a\",\n \"text\": \"The HVAD interface provides the current pumps speed, the pumps power consumption and the estimated pump flow.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 435.69,\n \"width\": 586.62,\n \"height\": 51.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 611.34,\n \"height\": 445.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 635.84,\n \"height\": 51.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ddbc50a\",\n \"text\": \"Blood flow through the pump depends on the pumps head pressure which is defined as the pressure gradient between the inflow cannula and the outflow graft.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 124.95,\n \"width\": 635.84,\n \"height\": 397.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 660.53,\n \"height\": 350.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ddbc50a\",\n \"text\": \"The HeartWare HVAD measures the pump power consumption.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 423.12,\n \"width\": 660.53,\n \"height\": 73.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 685.04,\n \"height\": 225.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ddbc50a\",\n \"text\": \"It then uses a pump head curves to estimate flow.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 298.74,\n \"width\": 685.04,\n \"height\": 210.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 709.75,\n \"height\": 22.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ddbc50a\",\n \"text\": \"The pump head curves are predetermined relationship between the head pressure and expected flow and work under the assumption the the HVAD is undamaged.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 28.0,\n \"y\": 94.93,\n \"width\": 709.75,\n \"height\": 410.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 359.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ddbc50a\",\n \"text\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis may lead to increased friction between the impeller and the pump housing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 432.15,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 51.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 407.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ddbc50a\",\n \"text\": \"HVAD power consumption increase in turn to maintain the pump speed which leads to overestimation of flow.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 480.35,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 29.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 446.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 33.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The modern LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD patients continue to suffer from an array of severe complications, despite considerable improvement in technology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 474.4,\n \"height\": 439.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 498.92,\n \"height\": 130.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"Most complications are frequent in the early phase (90 days) and decline significantly thereafter. 28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 203.82,\n \"width\": 498.92,\n \"height\": 307.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 523.61,\n \"height\": 143.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 213.97,\n \"width\": 522.52,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 99,\n \"offset_end\": 101\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"Early mortality (within one year) can be reliably predicted by the preoperative evaluation of the patients, while late mortality becomes more dependent on the burden of complications and is much more difficult to predict. 29\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 224.67,\n \"width\": 523.61,\n \"height\": 282.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 548.11,\n \"height\": 452.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 572.81,\n \"height\": 286.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 357.33,\n \"width\": 571.71,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"29\",\n \"offset_start\": 222,\n \"offset_end\": 224\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"mplications can be grossly grouped based on their relation to the coagulation system.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 597.34,\n \"height\": 417.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"In some publications, complications due to altered coagulation are referred to as 'hemocompatibility related complications'.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 490.41,\n \"width\": 597.34,\n \"height\": 8.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 622.03,\n \"height\": 366.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 646.53,\n \"height\": 196.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"This term creates a strong etiological link to hemocompatibility issues and may cause confusion, as intracardiac thrombus and thromboembolism is not limited to the LVAD population.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 269.52,\n \"width\": 646.53,\n \"height\": 205.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 671.23,\n \"height\": 387.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 695.76,\n \"height\": 263.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"The term '(non-) hemostasis-related complications' is used in this thesis, as it avoids this problem.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 336.47,\n \"width\": 695.76,\n \"height\": 170.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 720.45,\n \"height\": 289.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"The main non-hemostasis-related complications include major infections, aortic insufficiency, and right heart failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 30.0,\n \"y\": 362.66,\n \"width\": 720.45,\n \"height\": 159.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 382.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_99c44153\",\n \"text\": \"The main hemostasis-related complications include pump thrombosis, thromboembolism (stroke, non-CNS thromboembolism), and bleeding.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 455.88,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 44.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 434.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 184.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f08e25c7\",\n \"text\": \"Non-hemostasis-related complications are not the focus of this work and will be discussed only briefly.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 240.03,\n \"height\": 447.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 264.53,\n \"height\": 31.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Non-hemostasis-related complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e340378a\",\n \"text\": \"Infection tops the complication statistics, together with bleeding, with early phase infections rate of 1.349 events per patient-year (EPPY), and late phase infection rate of 0.440 EPPY. 28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 344.86,\n \"height\": 451.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 369.36,\n \"height\": 406.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 476.36,\n \"width\": 368.27,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 187,\n \"offset_end\": 189\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e340378a\",\n \"text\": \"eedom from infection is only at 58.9% after 12 months.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 394.09,\n \"height\": 269.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e340378a\",\n \"text\": \"Severe infection is the major cause of death in 5.7% of LVAD patients.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 342.0,\n \"width\": 394.09,\n \"height\": 178.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 418.59,\n \"height\": 151.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e340378a\",\n \"text\": \"Infections can be further divided into three groups: LVADspecific, LVAD-related, and non-LVAD infections. 30\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 224.68,\n \"width\": 418.59,\n \"height\": 272.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 443.28,\n \"height\": 233.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 303.25,\n \"width\": 442.19,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b28\",\n \"text\": \"30\",\n \"offset_start\": 106,\n \"offset_end\": 108\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e340378a\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD-specific infections can occur only in LVAD patients, including pump, graft infections, or driveline focus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 313.75,\n \"width\": 443.28,\n \"height\": 198.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 467.78,\n \"height\": 311.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e340378a\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD-related infections may occur in other patients but require further clarification in LVAD patients, including infectious endocarditis, blood born infections, mediastinitis, sternal wound infections, and mycotic aneurism.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 384.77,\n \"width\": 467.78,\n \"height\": 135.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 492.51,\n \"height\": 428.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 517.01,\n \"height\": 410.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 541.69,\n \"height\": 47.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e340378a\",\n \"text\": \"Non-LVAD infections are infections that are unlikely to be related to the LVAD, for example cholecystitis, urinary tract infection, etc.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 120.01,\n \"width\": 541.69,\n \"height\": 385.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.21,\n \"height\": 229.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dc1c461b\",\n \"text\": \"The presentation of LVAD-specific or LVAD-related infections is usually non-specific and demands careful evaluation of the source of infection, which may be challenging.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 590.92,\n \"height\": 418.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 615.42,\n \"height\": 381.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dc1c461b\",\n \"text\": \"Investigations should include careful history, physical examination, LVAD function evaluation, surgical wound and percutaneous driveline exit site examination, laboratory studies, microbiological cultures (including blood, airway secretion, urine, and cutaneous infection site if present), and imaging tests (chest X-ray and echocardiographic examination).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 454.87,\n \"width\": 615.42,\n \"height\": 65.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 640.12,\n \"height\": 446.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 664.62,\n \"height\": 435.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 689.31,\n \"height\": 441.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 31.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 713.84,\n \"height\": 261.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aaae5cbd\",\n \"text\": \"Empiric treatment should start as soon as microbiological cultures have been secured.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 408.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5003c007\",\n \"text\": \"Treatment should be adjusted based on the culture result.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 273.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5003c007\",\n \"text\": \"Severe sepsis cases may require pump exchange, in which case the pump and graft should also be sent to microbiological examination.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 346.28,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 157.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 419.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 60.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Infection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2b35705a\",\n \"text\": \"Lack of aortic valve opening is considered to be a key factor in the development of aortic valve insufficiency, aortic valve commissure fusion, and aortic root thrombosis. 31,32\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 262.4,\n \"height\": 445.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 286.93,\n \"height\": 342.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 413.14,\n \"width\": 285.8,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"31,\",\n \"offset_start\": 172,\n \"offset_end\": 175\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b30\",\n \"text\": \"32\",\n \"offset_start\": 175,\n \"offset_end\": 177\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Aortic insufficiency\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2b35705a\",\n \"text\": \"These complications may be detrimental to ventricular recovery, reduce exercise tolerance, and may increase shear stress damage to the blood due to recirculation. 33\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 433.19,\n \"width\": 286.93,\n \"height\": 29.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 311.62,\n \"height\": 442.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 336.11,\n \"height\": 298.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 368.61,\n \"width\": 335.02,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b31\",\n \"text\": \"33\",\n \"offset_start\": 163,\n \"offset_end\": 165\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Aortic insufficiency\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2b35705a\",\n \"text\": \"Despite difficulties in demonstrating improved survival, strategies to maintain aortic valve opening are still recommended.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 379.31,\n \"width\": 336.11,\n \"height\": 97.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 360.82,\n \"height\": 396.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 385.32,\n \"height\": 71.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aortic insufficiency\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0cdd673\",\n \"text\": \"Right heart failure is a feared complication.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 465.65,\n \"height\": 202.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0cdd673\",\n \"text\": \"Its presence increase mortality significantly and it is registered as the primary cause of death in 11% of patients. 26,34\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 275.87,\n \"width\": 465.65,\n \"height\": 243.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 490.17,\n \"height\": 282.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 352.66,\n \"width\": 489.05,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"26,\",\n \"offset_start\": 117,\n \"offset_end\": 120\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b32\",\n \"text\": \"34\",\n \"offset_start\": 120,\n \"offset_end\": 122\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0cdd673\",\n \"text\": \"The degree of preoperative right heart failure varies. 35\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 372.7,\n \"width\": 490.17,\n \"height\": 128.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 514.86,\n \"height\": 114.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 184.78,\n \"width\": 513.77,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b33\",\n \"text\": \"35\",\n \"offset_start\": 55,\n \"offset_end\": 57\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0cdd673\",\n \"text\": \"Preoperative evaluation of postoperative right heart failure risk is challenging, and new scoring systems and methods are continuously evaluated. 34\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 195.48,\n \"width\": 514.86,\n \"height\": 304.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 539.36,\n \"height\": 377.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 448.36,\n \"width\": 538.27,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b32\",\n \"text\": \"34\",\n \"offset_start\": 146,\n \"offset_end\": 148\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0cdd673\",\n \"text\": \"The development or progression of post-implantation right heart failure is multifactorial.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 458.86,\n \"width\": 539.36,\n \"height\": 18.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 564.06,\n \"height\": 388.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0cdd673\",\n \"text\": \"The right ventricle has to accommodate for changes in preload, afterload, left ventricular morphology, and interventricular septum restriction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 461.91,\n \"width\": 564.06,\n \"height\": 42.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 588.57,\n \"height\": 453.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 613.28,\n \"height\": 160.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0cdd673\",\n \"text\": \"Temporary factors that aggravate acute onset right heart failure include increase pulmonary resistance after bypass, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and blood transfusion.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 233.39,\n \"width\": 613.28,\n \"height\": 267.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 637.78,\n \"height\": 434.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 662.48,\n \"height\": 158.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0cdd673\",\n \"text\": \"Most right ventricular dysfunctions have early onset though late onset is also reported and represents progression of intrinsic ventricular dysfunction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 234.2,\n \"width\": 662.48,\n \"height\": 278.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 686.98,\n \"height\": 419.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f5b5c9f3\",\n \"text\": \"Treatment of right heart failure requires manipulation of contractility, preload and afterload to unload the right ventricle while maintaining adequate circulation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 32.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 711.7,\n \"height\": 436.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 303.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f5b5c9f3\",\n \"text\": \"As the modern LVAD is preload dependent, this may be challenging.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 376.35,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 111.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 209.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f5b5c9f3\",\n \"text\": \"Severe right heart failure may require the use of ECMO or right ventricular assist device (RVAD).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 283.0,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 226.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 227.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Right heart failure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_481eeb50\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD patient anticoagulation regime has to balance between the risk of thrombosis and bleeding.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 240.03,\n \"height\": 415.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 264.53,\n \"height\": 43.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemostasis-related complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_481eeb50\",\n \"text\": \"This patient group suffers simultaneous increased bleeding and thrombosis risk, due to underlying pathophysiological derangement of different parts of the coagulation system.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 116.45,\n \"width\": 264.53,\n \"height\": 398.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 289.25,\n \"height\": 425.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemostasis-related complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e07be327\",\n \"text\": \"Hypercoagulability is secondary to surface activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade. 36\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 313.75,\n \"height\": 445.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 515.67,\n \"width\": 312.66,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b34\",\n \"text\": \"36\",\n \"offset_start\": 96,\n \"offset_end\": 98\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemostasis-related complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e07be327\",\n \"text\": \"the other hand, LVAD shear stress leads to the development of acquired von Willebrand syndrome. 37,38\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 338.45,\n \"height\": 433.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 362.95,\n \"height\": 49.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 120.03,\n \"width\": 361.86,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"37,\",\n \"offset_start\": 96,\n \"offset_end\": 99\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b36\",\n \"text\": \"38\",\n \"offset_start\": 99,\n \"offset_end\": 101\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemostasis-related complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e07be327\",\n \"text\": \"This creates an especially challenging situation where anticoagulation has to be administered to a patient with underlying bleeding diathesis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 140.06,\n \"width\": 362.95,\n \"height\": 377.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 387.67,\n \"height\": 282.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemostasis-related complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a5e457bb\",\n \"text\": \"The hemostasis-related complications, especially pump thrombosis and thromboembolism, are at the center of this work and will be discussed in detail.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 412.17,\n \"height\": 447.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 436.87,\n \"height\": 263.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemostasis-related complications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_46219bfc\",\n \"text\": \"Epidemiology Bleeding is the leading complication in the LVAD population, together with infection. 28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 518.95,\n \"height\": 64.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 543.64,\n \"height\": 395.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 465.66,\n \"width\": 542.55,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 99,\n \"offset_end\": 101\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_46219bfc\",\n \"text\": \"The rate of major bleeding in the early phase (< 90 days after device implantation) is 1.433 EPPY, and it falls to 0.347 EPPY at the late phase (> 90 days after device implantation).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 476.36,\n \"width\": 543.64,\n \"height\": 39.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 568.15,\n \"height\": 449.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 592.87,\n \"height\": 352.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_09615afd\",\n \"text\": \"Major bleedings can be further divided into gastrointestinal bleedings and non-gastrointestinal bleedings.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 617.37,\n \"height\": 442.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 642.06,\n \"height\": 48.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_09615afd\",\n \"text\": \"Both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal bleedings are common during the early phase with rates of 0.699 EPPY and 0.243 EPPY respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 121.73,\n \"width\": 642.06,\n \"height\": 401.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 666.56,\n \"height\": 295.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_09615afd\",\n \"text\": \"Bleeding early in the postoperative period is predominantly surgical bleeding.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 368.59,\n \"width\": 666.56,\n \"height\": 96.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 691.26,\n \"height\": 263.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_09615afd\",\n \"text\": \"Non-gastrointestinal bleeding rate fall dramatically in the late phase (0.01 EPPY), while gastrointestinal bleeding rate show only moderate fall (0.249 EPPY).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 337.04,\n \"width\": 691.26,\n \"height\": 176.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 33.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 715.78,\n \"height\": 421.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 133.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_09615afd\",\n \"text\": \"Epidemiological studies have shown that gastrointestinal bleeding occurs in up to 60% of patients. 39,40\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 206.25,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 310.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 149.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 219.42,\n \"width\": 131.77,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b37\",\n \"text\": \"39,\",\n \"offset_start\": 99,\n \"offset_end\": 102\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b38\",\n \"text\": \"40\",\n \"offset_start\": 102,\n \"offset_end\": 104\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_09615afd\",\n \"text\": \"tients developing gastrointestinal bleeding are at risk for recurrent bleedings with increased hospital readmissions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 443.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 105.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_09615afd\",\n \"text\": \"They also have higher non-device-related infection rate compared with the rest of the LVAD population. 41\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 178.83,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 333.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 151.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 221.75,\n \"width\": 205.69,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b39\",\n \"text\": \"41\",\n \"offset_start\": 103,\n \"offset_end\": 105\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_09615afd\",\n \"text\": \"sed on the Momentum study, gastrointestinal bleeding burden in the Heartmate 3 supported patients is lower than the control, but still considerable (0.31 EPPY vs. 0.49 EPPY respectively). 25\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 447.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 387.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 62.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 133.05,\n \"width\": 279.39,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"25\",\n \"offset_start\": 188,\n \"offset_end\": 190\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Bleeding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c5da94fe\",\n \"text\": \"The pathophysiology of bleeding in LVAD patients is multifactorial.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 313.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c5da94fe\",\n \"text\": \"Early bleeding is usually surgical.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 386.11,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 114.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 380.84,\n \"height\": 39.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c5da94fe\",\n \"text\": \"Contributing factors beyond the surgical procedure include initiation of anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 112.76,\n \"width\": 380.84,\n \"height\": 405.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 278.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c5da94fe\",\n \"text\": \"Treatment on ECMO before deviceimplantation may contribute to coagulopathies and thrombocytopenia in a subgroup of patients.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 351.83,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 169.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 430.06,\n \"height\": 449.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a3a057c9\",\n \"text\": \"Factors that may contribute for the high late-phase bleeding rate include acquired von Willebrand syndrome, arteriovenous malformations/angiodysplasia, renal failure and platelets dysfunction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 454.76,\n \"height\": 404.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 479.26,\n \"height\": 440.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 503.98,\n \"height\": 57.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80624d25\",\n \"text\": \"The von Willebrand factor is a multimeric glycoprotein which interact with different elements in the coagulation system.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 579.61,\n \"height\": 443.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 604.34,\n \"height\": 112.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80624d25\",\n \"text\": \"It has binding sites for factor VIII, platelet surfaces, and collagen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 185.46,\n \"width\": 604.34,\n \"height\": 306.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80624d25\",\n \"text\": \"Its activity is highly dependent on the size of the multimers.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 494.44,\n \"width\": 604.34,\n \"height\": 11.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 628.84,\n \"height\": 264.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80624d25\",\n \"text\": \"When activated the multimers are broken by the proteolytic enzyme ADAMTS13 into smaller segment with procoagulant activity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 337.65,\n \"width\": 628.84,\n \"height\": 159.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 443.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80624d25\",\n \"text\": \"It has also been shown that the von Willebrand factor has antiangiogenic properties.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 516.5,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 5.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 678.03,\n \"height\": 388.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_80624d25\",\n \"text\": \"The von Willebrand factor also acts as a carrier protein for factor VIII and protects it from degradation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 461.34,\n \"width\": 678.03,\n \"height\": 38.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 34.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 702.75,\n \"height\": 438.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2c2fb358\",\n \"text\": \"Normally the von Willebrand factor is circulating in a coiled form.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 303.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2c2fb358\",\n \"text\": \"This protect its multimers from enzymatic cleavage by the proteolytic enzyme ADAMTS13 and maintain the procoagulant potential of the molecule until it is activated. 37,38,42\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 376.59,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 143.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 424.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 206.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 276.41,\n \"width\": 156.47,\n \"height\": 26.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b35\",\n \"text\": \"37,\",\n \"offset_start\": 165,\n \"offset_end\": 168\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b36\",\n \"text\": \"38,\",\n \"offset_start\": 168,\n \"offset_end\": 171\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b40\",\n \"text\": \"42\",\n \"offset_start\": 171,\n \"offset_end\": 173\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2c2fb358\",\n \"text\": \"has been shown that sheer stress leads to the von Willebrand factor uncoiling, exposing it to the proteolytic activity of the ADAMTS13.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 444.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 194.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2c2fb358\",\n \"text\": \"The degradation of the von Willebrand multimers increases the risk of bleeding through several mechanisms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 267.47,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 230.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 281.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2c2fb358\",\n \"text\": \"Primarily it has reduced activity in platelets binding and activation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 354.37,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 158.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 149.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2c2fb358\",\n \"text\": \"Its down regulation also may lead to factor VIII deficiency.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 222.26,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 272.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2c2fb358\",\n \"text\": \"The reduced antiangiogenic activity leads to increased arteriovenous malformations especially in the gastrointestinal tract which are often a bleeding site in LVAD patients.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 497.87,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 18.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 453.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 328.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f6a8096b\",\n \"text\": \"[45]\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 513.45,\n \"width\": 377.8,\n \"height\": 6.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b43\",\n \"text\": \"[45]\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 4\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and angiodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f1a7e6fc\",\n \"text\": \"Evaluating the cause of bleeding in LVAD patients is demanding.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 454.76,\n \"height\": 306.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f1a7e6fc\",\n \"text\": \"Interpretation is difficult due to thrombocyte dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, low VWF:ristocetin cofactor activity, and the use of antiplatelet therapy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 379.8,\n \"width\": 454.76,\n \"height\": 142.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 479.26,\n \"height\": 451.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 503.98,\n \"height\": 93.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_66d7d1d8\",\n \"text\": \"Testing the von Willebrand factor (VWF) should include VWF:antigen test, VWF:ristocetin cofactor (RCo) activity, VWF:collagen binding activity, VWF:RCo/VWF:antigen ratio, and FVIII:C.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 528.48,\n \"height\": 421.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 417.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 577.67,\n \"height\": 36.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_66d7d1d8\",\n \"text\": \"VWF multimers should be quantified using agarose gel electrophoresis and densitometry.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 109.11,\n \"width\": 577.67,\n \"height\": 355.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 602.39,\n \"height\": 64.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_842b2f77\",\n \"text\": \"Thromboelastography and thromboelastometry may be useful.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 626.89,\n \"height\": 294.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7dd15423\",\n \"text\": \"It is important to emphasize that despite the fact that most LVAD patients develop acquired von Willebrand disease, not all patients suffer bleeding episodes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 651.59,\n \"height\": 450.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 676.09,\n \"height\": 287.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7dd15423\",\n \"text\": \"This led to the development of the 'two hit model', which assumes that additional factors are needed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 359.92,\n \"width\": 676.09,\n \"height\": 161.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 700.81,\n \"height\": 311.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7dd15423\",\n \"text\": \"Additional factors may include infection (sepsis), gut hypoxia, or high levels of angiopoietin-2. 46\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 384.75,\n \"width\": 700.81,\n \"height\": 105.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 725.31,\n \"height\": 332.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 35.0,\n \"y\": 402.06,\n \"width\": 724.22,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b44\",\n \"text\": \"46\",\n \"offset_start\": 98,\n \"offset_end\": 100\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_703c120d\",\n \"text\": \"Early surgical bleeding should be treated accordingly by the surgeon.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 159.51,\n \"height\": 326.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a378c381\",\n \"text\": \"Late gastrointestinal bleeding should be evaluated with upper and lower endoscopy to identify the source of bleeding.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 184.03,\n \"height\": 442.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 208.73,\n \"height\": 108.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a378c381\",\n \"text\": \"Active bleeding from a vascular malformation should be treated with clips or argon plasma coagulation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 181.12,\n \"width\": 208.73,\n \"height\": 320.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 233.23,\n \"height\": 162.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a378c381\",\n \"text\": \"Often the source of bleeding cannot be identified.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 235.35,\n \"width\": 233.23,\n \"height\": 233.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf061166\",\n \"text\": \"When severe bleeding occurs an adjustment of anticoagulation should be considered.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 257.92,\n \"height\": 405.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf061166\",\n \"text\": \"Vitamin K antagonist can be reversed using prothrombin complex, and heparin effect may be reversed using protamine sulphate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 478.51,\n \"width\": 257.92,\n \"height\": 45.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 282.42,\n \"height\": 434.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 307.14,\n \"height\": 122.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf061166\",\n \"text\": \"It is important to remember that LVAD patients with active gastrointestinal bleeding are also at high risk of pump thrombosis and stroke. 47\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 195.66,\n \"width\": 307.14,\n \"height\": 272.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 331.64,\n \"height\": 363.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 433.97,\n \"width\": 330.56,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b45\",\n \"text\": \"47\",\n \"offset_start\": 138,\n \"offset_end\": 140\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf061166\",\n \"text\": \"owledge of the best medical treatment strategy is lacking, as no randomized controlled trial has been performed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 442.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 380.84,\n \"height\": 98.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf061166\",\n \"text\": \"Desmopressin, which is used to treat bleeding episodes in patients with hereditary von Willebrand disease, has been used only sporadically in LVAD patients.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 408.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 430.06,\n \"height\": 334.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf061166\",\n \"text\": \"Its limited use may be due to the fact that desmopressin is contraindicated in patients suffering from heart disease, and its limited effect due to high degradation of the VWF multimers.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 407.24,\n \"width\": 430.06,\n \"height\": 103.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 454.76,\n \"height\": 434.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 479.26,\n \"height\": 318.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf061166\",\n \"text\": \"Some suggests the use of plasma-derived VWF or FVIII/VWF concentrate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 503.98,\n \"height\": 353.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf061166\",\n \"text\": \"Though this strategy has been published in one case report, it is important to remember that the infused VWF will be exposed to the same pathophysiological conditions, and thus will be degraded at the same rate as the patients endogenous VWF, which increases the cost and reduces the utility of this strategy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 426.21,\n \"width\": 503.98,\n \"height\": 97.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 528.48,\n \"height\": 449.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 449.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 577.67,\n \"height\": 419.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 602.39,\n \"height\": 41.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ea036196\",\n \"text\": \"shown in a retrospective study that the use of 4 g/d omega-3 therapy led to one-year GI bleeding free rate of 97% compared with 73% in the control group. 48\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 651.59,\n \"height\": 413.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 676.09,\n \"height\": 313.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 384.17,\n \"width\": 675.0,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b46\",\n \"text\": \"48\",\n \"offset_start\": 154,\n \"offset_end\": 156\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties. Imamura et al has\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ea036196\",\n \"text\": \"This important finding should be confirmed in a controlled, randomized trial.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 394.67,\n \"width\": 676.09,\n \"height\": 102.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 36.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 700.81,\n \"height\": 250.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties. Imamura et al has\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_909c6811\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD thrombosis is a special case of pump malfunction in which a thrombus mass is located in any of the different parts of the pump and can potentially lead to circulatory failure. 49\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 141.82,\n \"height\": 450.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 166.5,\n \"height\": 388.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 459.05,\n \"width\": 165.41,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b47\",\n \"text\": \"49\",\n \"offset_start\": 181,\n \"offset_end\": 183\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_909c6811\",\n \"text\": \"Despite the fact that pump thrombosis is not the most common complication, its severe consequences, from life threatening circulatory collapse to the need for pump exchange, earn it special attention.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 469.36,\n \"width\": 166.5,\n \"height\": 54.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 191.03,\n \"height\": 452.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 215.73,\n \"height\": 433.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_909c6811\",\n \"text\": \"[55][56] The pump thrombosis rates fell since but never returned to the levels before 2011.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 513.05,\n \"width\": 315.0,\n \"height\": 6.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 340.59,\n \"height\": 388.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b53\",\n \"text\": \"[55]\",\n \"offset_start\": 0,\n \"offset_end\": 4\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b54\",\n \"text\": \"[56]\",\n \"offset_start\": 4,\n \"offset_end\": 8\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_909c6811\",\n \"text\": \"The rate of pump thrombosis varies somewhat over time even when based largely on the same database. 26,28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 461.35,\n \"width\": 340.59,\n \"height\": 51.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 365.28,\n \"height\": 395.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 47.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 117.11,\n \"width\": 388.72,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"26,\",\n \"offset_start\": 100,\n \"offset_end\": 103\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 103,\n \"offset_end\": 105\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_909c6811\",\n \"text\": \"The current rates reported put early pump thrombosis rates at 0.183 EPPY (< 90 days after implantation) and late pump thrombosis rate at 0.087 EPPY (> 90 days after implantation). 28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 137.15,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 380.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.51,\n \"height\": 409.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 64.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 134.41,\n \"width\": 437.91,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 180,\n \"offset_end\": 182\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_909c6811\",\n \"text\": \"Axial pumps have higher pump thrombosis rates than centrifugal pumps.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 144.93,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 343.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f6656a71\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD promotes blood clot formation via several mechanisms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 516.82,\n \"height\": 291.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f6656a71\",\n \"text\": \"First and foremost, the contact with the foreign material of the pump and the shear stress on blood elements activate the coagulation cascade leading to a hypercoagulability.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 364.77,\n \"width\": 516.82,\n \"height\": 144.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 541.32,\n \"height\": 420.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.0,\n \"height\": 247.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f6656a71\",\n \"text\": \"Other factors that promote thrombus formation include areas of low flow, areas of turbulence, and heat spots (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 320.05,\n \"width\": 566.0,\n \"height\": 172.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 590.53,\n \"height\": 362.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f6656a71\",\n \"text\": \"produced by mechanical bearings).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 435.27,\n \"width\": 590.53,\n \"height\": 58.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 615.23,\n \"height\": 104.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fa5d8a99\",\n \"text\": \"Three forms of pump thrombosis can be distinguished: pre-pump thrombosis (26%), intra-pump thrombosis (70%), and post-pump thrombosis (4%). 57\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 639.73,\n \"height\": 450.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 664.42,\n \"height\": 245.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 315.11,\n \"width\": 663.33,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"57\",\n \"offset_start\": 140,\n \"offset_end\": 142\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fa5d8a99\",\n \"text\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis is usually the consequence of thrombus mass, originating from the heart chambers, blocking the inflow cannula.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 325.61,\n \"width\": 664.42,\n \"height\": 166.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 688.92,\n \"height\": 419.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 713.64,\n \"height\": 40.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fa5d8a99\",\n \"text\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis refers to thrombus inside the pump which interferes with the impeller movement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 37.0,\n \"y\": 113.61,\n \"width\": 713.64,\n \"height\": 392.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 93.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fa5d8a99\",\n \"text\": \"It often does not lead to total flow obstruction until late in the process. 58\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 166.22,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 327.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 494.05,\n \"width\": 107.27,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58\",\n \"offset_start\": 76,\n \"offset_end\": 78\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fa5d8a99\",\n \"text\": \"st-pump thrombosis refers to thrombus mass at the outflow graft.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 319.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fa5d8a99\",\n \"text\": \"Its main pathophysiological feature is flow obstruction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 392.15,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 128.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 124.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d2f8a1cc\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombus material in areas of high flow leads to high shear stress and hemolysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 386.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d2f8a1cc\",\n \"text\": \"Some patients may appear with hemoglobinuria as the presenting symptom which mandate immediate investigation to exclude pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 459.41,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 27.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 453.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 198.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d2f8a1cc\",\n \"text\": \"On the other hand, massive thrombosis with flow occlusion may lead to minimal hemolysis due to limited flow through the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 271.84,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 230.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 371.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c83f7e6b\",\n \"text\": \"The diagnosis of pump thrombosis relies on several modalities including clinical assessment for heart failure signs, evidence of intravascular hemolysis, alteration in pump parameters, imaging modalities, and acoustic analysis of pump sounds.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 331.64,\n \"height\": 451.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 450.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 380.84,\n \"height\": 238.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c83f7e6b\",\n \"text\": \"Systematic diagnostic algorithms have been published to optimize the accuracy and efficiency of the diagnostic process. 57\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 311.05,\n \"width\": 380.84,\n \"height\": 208.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 356.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 426.95,\n \"width\": 404.47,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"57\",\n \"offset_start\": 120,\n \"offset_end\": 122\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0aa8d7e8\",\n \"text\": \"Increase in hemolysis parameters is a sign of erythrocyte damage, and in the LVAD patient it should indicate intra-pump thrombosis with erythrocyte damage due to shear stress.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 481.2,\n \"height\": 438.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 505.93,\n \"height\": 397.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0aa8d7e8\",\n \"text\": \"Hemolytic parameters include high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), high free hemoglobin, low haptoglobin or increased reticulocytes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 530.43,\n \"height\": 396.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 555.11,\n \"height\": 262.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0aa8d7e8\",\n \"text\": \"When free hemoglobin is high the presenting symptom can be hemoglobinuria which is considered an emergency. 54,59\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 335.72,\n \"width\": 555.11,\n \"height\": 159.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 579.61,\n \"height\": 377.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 447.77,\n \"width\": 578.52,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b52\",\n \"text\": \"54,\",\n \"offset_start\": 108,\n \"offset_end\": 111\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b57\",\n \"text\": \"59\",\n \"offset_start\": 111,\n \"offset_end\": 113\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0aa8d7e8\",\n \"text\": \"H values 2.5 times the high normal values are considered pathologic.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 604.34,\n \"height\": 340.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0aa8d7e8\",\n \"text\": \"Five-fold increase in LDH considered diagnostic for pump thrombosis with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (92.5%). 60\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 413.87,\n \"width\": 604.34,\n \"height\": 95.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 628.84,\n \"height\": 430.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 40.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 110.47,\n \"width\": 652.44,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b58\",\n \"text\": \"60\",\n \"offset_start\": 122,\n \"offset_end\": 124\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0aa8d7e8\",\n \"text\": \"There is no clear consensus regarding threshold values for other hemolysis parameters, though LVAD patients with increased hemolysis parameters suffer over eight-fold increase in adverse events.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 355.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 678.04,\n \"height\": 443.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 38.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 702.75,\n \"height\": 130.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4dfc889\",\n \"text\": \"Centrifugal pumps cause less hemolysis than axial pumps. 61\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 277.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 347.78,\n \"width\": 107.27,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b59\",\n \"text\": \"61\",\n \"offset_start\": 57,\n \"offset_end\": 59\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4dfc889\",\n \"text\": \"It is rare to see chronically elevated LDH in HeartWare HVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 358.5,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 124.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 166.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4dfc889\",\n \"text\": \"It appears late in the course, and usually pump power is already affected. 62\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 239.51,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 264.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 79.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 149.19,\n \"width\": 156.47,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b60\",\n \"text\": \"62\",\n \"offset_start\": 75,\n \"offset_end\": 77\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Hemolysis parameters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b3f20d74\",\n \"text\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis leads to acute obstruction of the inflow cannula.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 233.23,\n \"height\": 330.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b3f20d74\",\n \"text\": \"This will lead to low flow phenomenon which is presented by low power consumption and low flow estimation. 57\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 403.59,\n \"width\": 233.23,\n \"height\": 113.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 257.92,\n \"height\": 399.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 469.75,\n \"width\": 256.83,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"57\",\n \"offset_start\": 107,\n \"offset_end\": 109\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b3f20d74\",\n \"text\": \"This process is usually acute with abrupt drop in flow.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 480.44,\n \"width\": 257.92,\n \"height\": 20.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 282.42,\n \"height\": 229.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a367504\",\n \"text\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis, as usually presented in the literature, refers to thrombus mass that either attaches to the impeller or block the spaces between the impeller and the pump house. 49\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 307.14,\n \"height\": 426.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 331.64,\n \"height\": 440.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 510.8,\n \"width\": 330.56,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b47\",\n \"text\": \"49\",\n \"offset_start\": 185,\n \"offset_end\": 187\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a367504\",\n \"text\": \"is may cause an increased power consumption and overestimation of flow. 54\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 365.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 435.33,\n \"width\": 355.24,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b52\",\n \"text\": \"54\",\n \"offset_start\": 72,\n \"offset_end\": 74\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a367504\",\n \"text\": \"Heartmate II demonstrates high power transitions relatively frequently that are not pump thrombosis induced. 61\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 445.83,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 58.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 380.84,\n \"height\": 408.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 40.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 110.47,\n \"width\": 404.47,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b59\",\n \"text\": \"61\",\n \"offset_start\": 109,\n \"offset_end\": 111\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a367504\",\n \"text\": \"An isolated elevation in pump power and flow should be interpreted with caution.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 380.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_435206e5\",\n \"text\": \"HeartWare HVAD parameters are considered to be reliable. 63\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 430.06,\n \"height\": 282.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 352.46,\n \"width\": 428.97,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b61\",\n \"text\": \"63\",\n \"offset_start\": 57,\n \"offset_end\": 59\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_435206e5\",\n \"text\": \"st-pump thrombosis may lead to gradual reduction in flow which may help distinguishing it from the abrupt fall in flow due to pre-pump thrombosis. 54,57\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 454.76,\n \"height\": 436.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 479.26,\n \"height\": 262.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 332.41,\n \"width\": 478.16,\n \"height\": 16.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b52\",\n \"text\": \"54,\",\n \"offset_start\": 147,\n \"offset_end\": 150\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"57\",\n \"offset_start\": 150,\n \"offset_end\": 152\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_435206e5\",\n \"text\": \"is important to notice that these two potential complications, flow obstruction on one hand and intra-pump thrombosis on the other, affect pump parameters in opposite directions. 58\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 503.98,\n \"height\": 452.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 528.48,\n \"height\": 392.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 461.97,\n \"width\": 527.38,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58\",\n \"offset_start\": 179,\n \"offset_end\": 181\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_435206e5\",\n \"text\": \"ncomitant flow obstruction and intra-pump thrombosis may be present with normal pump parameters.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 431.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 577.67,\n \"height\": 57.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump power and flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3904b47\",\n \"text\": \"'Ramp test' is a specialized ultrasound-based investigation which may assist in the diagnosis of flow obstruction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 450.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 678.04,\n \"height\": 77.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Imaging modalities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3904b47\",\n \"text\": \"Ramp test is a systematic investigation of the relationship between pump speed and end-diastolic diameter. 60\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 150.28,\n \"width\": 678.04,\n \"height\": 344.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 702.75,\n \"height\": 160.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 233.6,\n \"width\": 701.67,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b58\",\n \"text\": \"60\",\n \"offset_start\": 107,\n \"offset_end\": 109\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Imaging modalities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3904b47\",\n \"text\": \"Increasing pump speed will normally lead to unloading of the left ventricle.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 39.0,\n \"y\": 244.31,\n \"width\": 702.75,\n \"height\": 268.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 77.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Imaging modalities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3904b47\",\n \"text\": \"Failure to unload the left ventricle is indicative of flow obstruction due to pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 150.92,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 367.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 55.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Imaging modalities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3904b47\",\n \"text\": \"Aortic insufficiency may lead to abnormally high left ventricular preload and ramp test under these conditions should be interpreted with caution. 64\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 128.43,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 381.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 293.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 366.85,\n \"width\": 156.47,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b62\",\n \"text\": \"64\",\n \"offset_start\": 147,\n \"offset_end\": 149\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Imaging modalities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d3904b47\",\n \"text\": \"her relevant imaging modalities concentrate on visualization of position and patency of the inflow and outflow cannulas, and include angiography, CT/CT angiography, and echocardiography.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 436.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 376.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 88.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Imaging modalities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea1c646\",\n \"text\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis is a method which can capture changes in the pump's vibration pattern under pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 307.14,\n \"height\": 423.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 331.64,\n \"height\": 151.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea1c646\",\n \"text\": \"Auscultation is an integral part of the cardiological physical examination, and physicians noticed early that pump sounds change under pathological LVAD conditions, such as flow obstruction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 224.69,\n \"width\": 331.64,\n \"height\": 277.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 445.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 380.84,\n \"height\": 171.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea1c646\",\n \"text\": \"Subjective analysis was quickly replaced with pump sound recording and systematic acoustic signal analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 244.25,\n \"width\": 380.84,\n \"height\": 276.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 236.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea1c646\",\n \"text\": \"Already in 2006, Makino et al demonstrated in total artificial heart early detection of impending failure using artificial neuronal-network-based analysis of acoustic signals. 65\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 309.77,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 206.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 430.06,\n \"height\": 453.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 454.76,\n \"height\": 132.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 202.11,\n \"width\": 453.66,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b63\",\n \"text\": \"65\",\n \"offset_start\": 176,\n \"offset_end\": 178\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea1c646\",\n \"text\": \"Shortly after Slaughter et al. developed and demonstrated a diagnostic method for the detection of pump damage before failure ensued in Heartmate XVE, a first generation pulsatile LVAD, using a systematic analysis of the acoustic signal (in the time domain) by a blinded interpreter. 66\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 212.81,\n \"width\": 454.76,\n \"height\": 282.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 479.26,\n \"height\": 453.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 503.98,\n \"height\": 437.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 528.48,\n \"height\": 154.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 224.09,\n \"width\": 527.38,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b64\",\n \"text\": \"66\",\n \"offset_start\": 284,\n \"offset_end\": 286\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea1c646\",\n \"text\": \"8][69][70] Bartoli et al, in a review article from 2014, referred to harshening of pump sound, on auscultation, in response to flow occlusion, and suggested following changes in pump sound as a mean to test treatment efficacy. 59\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 339.15,\n \"width\": 576.58,\n \"height\": 6.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 349.15,\n \"width\": 577.67,\n \"height\": 166.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 602.39,\n \"height\": 453.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 626.89,\n \"height\": 385.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 455.94,\n \"width\": 625.8,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b67\",\n \"text\": \"[69]\",\n \"offset_start\": 2,\n \"offset_end\": 6\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b68\",\n \"text\": \"[70]\",\n \"offset_start\": 6,\n \"offset_end\": 10\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b57\",\n \"text\": \"59\",\n \"offset_start\": 227,\n \"offset_end\": 229\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ea1c646\",\n \"text\": \"Acoustic signal analysis in the time domain was supplemented by signal analysis in the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 466.44,\n \"width\": 626.89,\n \"height\": 40.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 651.59,\n \"height\": 418.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 676.09,\n \"height\": 208.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6130ba13\",\n \"text\": \"Kaufmann et al, in 2014, suggested that the third harmonic amplitude (the amplitude of the frequency corresponding to pump speed x 3) is a sensitive and specific marker of pump thrombosis in HeartWare HVAD. 58\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 700.81,\n \"height\": 427.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 40.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 725.31,\n \"height\": 413.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 154.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 224.09,\n \"width\": 107.27,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58\",\n \"offset_start\": 207,\n \"offset_end\": 209\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6130ba13\",\n \"text\": \"This criterion was later included in the pump thrombosis diagnostic algorithm in the Berlin Heart Center. 57\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 234.58,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 263.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 221.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 291.97,\n \"width\": 131.77,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"57\",\n \"offset_start\": 106,\n \"offset_end\": 108\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6130ba13\",\n \"text\": \"2][73] Feldman et al suggested an alternative method to diagnose pump thrombosis based on the number of peaks in the spectrogram. 72\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 298.71,\n \"width\": 156.47,\n \"height\": 6.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 308.7,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 184.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 420.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 491.33,\n \"width\": 180.96,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"[73]\",\n \"offset_start\": 2,\n \"offset_end\": 6\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b70\",\n \"text\": \"72\",\n \"offset_start\": 130,\n \"offset_end\": 132\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6130ba13\",\n \"text\": \"spite disagreement about the optimal signal analysis method, several studies demonstrated that pump thrombosis detection using acoustic spectral analysis was superior to the traditional pump power based method. 58,72,73\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 446.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 444.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 132.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 202.7,\n \"width\": 254.89,\n \"height\": 26.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58,\",\n \"offset_start\": 211,\n \"offset_end\": 214\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b70\",\n \"text\": \"72,\",\n \"offset_start\": 214,\n \"offset_end\": 217\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"73\",\n \"offset_start\": 217,\n \"offset_end\": 219\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6130ba13\",\n \"text\": \"5][76][77][78] The studies differed in design and signal analysis method.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 250.58,\n \"width\": 304.1,\n \"height\": 7.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 260.65,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 232.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 38.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b74\",\n \"text\": \"[76]\",\n \"offset_start\": 2,\n \"offset_end\": 6\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b75\",\n \"text\": \"[77]\",\n \"offset_start\": 6,\n \"offset_end\": 10\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b76\",\n \"text\": \"[78]\",\n \"offset_start\": 10,\n \"offset_end\": 14\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6130ba13\",\n \"text\": \"Different authors concluded that acoustic spectral analysis may assist in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis, but concrete diagnostic criteria seemed elusive. 77\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 111.71,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 406.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 325.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 395.44,\n \"width\": 353.31,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b75\",\n \"text\": \"77\",\n \"offset_start\": 157,\n \"offset_end\": 159\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6130ba13\",\n \"text\": \"tempts to expand the use of acoustic spectral analysis in the monitoring of LVAD is reflected in a study by Sunbom et al which evaluate iOS devices as a potential candidate for acoustic signal recording of pump sounds at home, comparing it with dedicated equipment. 77\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 445.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 433.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 428.11,\n \"height\": 387.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 457.88,\n \"width\": 427.02,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b75\",\n \"text\": \"77\",\n \"offset_start\": 266,\n \"offset_end\": 268\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6130ba13\",\n \"text\": \"The iOS recordings were inferior to the acoustic signal captured by the dedicated equipment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 468.19,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 39.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 396.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ed6fd074\",\n \"text\": \"In conclusion, there is a general agreement that acoustic spectral analysis is feasible and has the potential to improve the diagnosis of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 441.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 276.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6cfb5506\",\n \"text\": \"New approaches for the diagnosis of pump thrombosis are being continuously developed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 577.67,\n \"height\": 424.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New methods in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6cfb5506\",\n \"text\": \"This constant effort is an indication of the need for better diagnosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 496.97,\n \"width\": 577.67,\n \"height\": 20.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 602.39,\n \"height\": 294.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New methods in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6cfb5506\",\n \"text\": \"One of the promising new approaches is monitoring circadian rhythm alterations in pump power.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 367.78,\n \"width\": 602.39,\n \"height\": 122.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 626.89,\n \"height\": 329.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New methods in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6cfb5506\",\n \"text\": \"Another approach is utilizing machine learning to combine multiple currently used parameters to create a more efficacious algorithm. 73\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 402.52,\n \"width\": 626.89,\n \"height\": 95.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 651.59,\n \"height\": 423.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 676.09,\n \"height\": 100.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 170.58,\n \"width\": 675.0,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"73\",\n \"offset_start\": 133,\n \"offset_end\": 135\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"New methods in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6cfb5506\",\n \"text\": \"th of these methods produce promising results, but their overall utility is still to be determined.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 41.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 700.81,\n \"height\": 454.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New methods in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis used to be an indication for emergency pump exchange.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 159.51,\n \"height\": 371.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"Now a backwash maneuver is an acceptable first choice alternative, attempting to resolve this pathology without surgical intervention. 57\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 444.71,\n \"width\": 159.51,\n \"height\": 30.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 184.03,\n \"height\": 409.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 208.73,\n \"height\": 184.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 254.42,\n \"width\": 207.63,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"57\",\n \"offset_start\": 135,\n \"offset_end\": 137\n }\n ],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"A carotid protection is placed, and the pump is stopped for 10 seconds.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 264.92,\n \"width\": 208.73,\n \"height\": 219.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 233.23,\n \"height\": 114.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"The thrombus washes back to the ventricle and exit through the aorta into the systemic circulation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 187.15,\n \"width\": 233.23,\n \"height\": 327.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 257.92,\n \"height\": 133.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"This procedure should be done in a hybrid operating theater for the eventuality of maneuver failure or carotid protection failure.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 206.62,\n \"width\": 257.92,\n \"height\": 317.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 282.42,\n \"height\": 278.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"In case the backwash maneuver fails, and the pump is still occluded, one proceeds to pump exchange.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 351.39,\n \"width\": 282.42,\n \"height\": 153.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 307.14,\n \"height\": 329.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"In case the carotid protection device fails, one proceeds with thrombectomy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 402.76,\n \"width\": 307.14,\n \"height\": 87.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 331.64,\n \"height\": 269.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"One should always do angiography to exclude peripheral arterial embolus in a critical site.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 342.0,\n \"width\": 331.64,\n \"height\": 179.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 242.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_282be228\",\n \"text\": \"It is of significance to this work that one not always finds the thrombus after backwash maneuver, as it suggests that silent thromboembolism is a plausible event under LVAD treatment. 57\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 315.5,\n \"width\": 356.34,\n \"height\": 204.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 380.83,\n \"height\": 369.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 405.56,\n \"height\": 291.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 361.61,\n \"width\": 404.47,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"57\",\n \"offset_start\": 185,\n \"offset_end\": 187\n }\n ],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Pump thrombosis treatment\",\n \"head_section\": \"Pre-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_264de3ad\",\n \"text\": \"The treatment for pump thrombosis is either pump exchange or thrombolysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 481.2,\n \"height\": 364.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_264de3ad\",\n \"text\": \"Pump exchange is a major high-risk surgery, which is further complicated by an unstable patient.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 437.79,\n \"width\": 481.2,\n \"height\": 77.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 505.93,\n \"height\": 377.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_264de3ad\",\n \"text\": \"The prognosis of patients surviving pump exchange is worse than the prognosis after first time implantation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 449.9,\n \"width\": 505.93,\n \"height\": 67.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 530.43,\n \"height\": 438.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb3519e4\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombolysis also puts the patient at risk of severe complications, such as intracranial bleeding. 79\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 555.11,\n \"height\": 406.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 579.61,\n \"height\": 43.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 113.58,\n \"width\": 578.52,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b77\",\n \"text\": \"79\",\n \"offset_start\": 99,\n \"offset_end\": 101\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb3519e4\",\n \"text\": \"There are different treatment strategies, including intensifying anticoagulant therapy with heparin and GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors or the use of thrombolytics.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 124.11,\n \"width\": 579.61,\n \"height\": 395.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 604.34,\n \"height\": 302.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb3519e4\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombolytics in turn can be administered systemically or intra-cardially.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 375.77,\n \"width\": 604.34,\n \"height\": 134.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 628.84,\n \"height\": 204.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb3519e4\",\n \"text\": \"The use of tissue plasminogen activators (rTPA) increases the chance of resolving the thrombus to 50-70% in HVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 276.9,\n \"width\": 628.84,\n \"height\": 228.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 323.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb3519e4\",\n \"text\": \"There is however a considerable chance of recurrence, reducing success rate to 21%. 62,79,80\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 396.04,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 90.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 678.04,\n \"height\": 313.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 42.0,\n \"y\": 383.58,\n \"width\": 676.94,\n \"height\": 26.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b60\",\n \"text\": \"62,\",\n \"offset_start\": 84,\n \"offset_end\": 87\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b77\",\n \"text\": \"79,\",\n \"offset_start\": 87,\n \"offset_end\": 90\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b78\",\n \"text\": \"80\",\n \"offset_start\": 90,\n \"offset_end\": 92\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb3519e4\",\n \"text\": \"ost-pump thrombosis Occlusion of the outflow graft is a relatively rare but severe complication.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 106.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 343.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fb3519e4\",\n \"text\": \"Underlying causes can be thrombotic occlusion of the graft, kinking of the graft, or stenosis of the aortic anastomosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 416.05,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 108.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 442.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cf9dcce\",\n \"text\": \"Stenting is the treatment of choice.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 164.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2cf9dcce\",\n \"text\": \"When the underlying problem is thrombotic occlusion, stenting should be done after a carotid protection device has been placed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 237.71,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 253.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 350.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a0fbc1d\",\n \"text\": \"2][83][84][85][86] This has been shown to be greater than in the general advanced heart failure population. 86,87\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 171.49,\n \"width\": 345.91,\n \"height\": 6.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 181.48,\n \"width\": 347.0,\n \"height\": 332.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 371.7,\n \"height\": 84.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 154.64,\n \"width\": 370.61,\n \"height\": 16.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b81\",\n \"text\": \"[83]\",\n \"offset_start\": 2,\n \"offset_end\": 6\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b82\",\n \"text\": \"[84]\",\n \"offset_start\": 6,\n \"offset_end\": 10\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b83\",\n \"text\": \"[85]\",\n \"offset_start\": 10,\n \"offset_end\": 14\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b84\",\n \"text\": \"[86]\",\n \"offset_start\": 14,\n \"offset_end\": 18\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b84\",\n \"text\": \"86,\",\n \"offset_start\": 108,\n \"offset_end\": 111\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b85\",\n \"text\": \"87\",\n \"offset_start\": 111,\n \"offset_end\": 113\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a0fbc1d\",\n \"text\": \"It is slightly higher in the 'destination therapy' group compared with the 'bridge to transplantation' group, probably due to 'destination therapy' patients being sicker.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 177.58,\n \"width\": 371.7,\n \"height\": 332.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 396.23,\n \"height\": 431.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67f49b5e\",\n \"text\": \"Females are at two-fold increased risk for stroke than men. 88\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 420.92,\n \"height\": 279.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 348.94,\n \"width\": 419.83,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b86\",\n \"text\": \"88\",\n \"offset_start\": 60,\n \"offset_end\": 62\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67f49b5e\",\n \"text\": \"The last data from the INTERMACS rapport asses stroke rates to be 0.294 EPPY in the early phase (< 90 days after implantation), with a subsequent fall to 0.094 EPPY in the late phase (> 90 days after implantation). 28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 359.66,\n \"width\": 420.92,\n \"height\": 103.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 445.42,\n \"height\": 442.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 470.12,\n \"height\": 402.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 494.64,\n \"height\": 64.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 134.41,\n \"width\": 493.56,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 215,\n \"offset_end\": 217\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67f49b5e\",\n \"text\": \"roke may be ischemic or hemorrhagic.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 519.33,\n \"height\": 191.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67f49b5e\",\n \"text\": \"Some studies demonstrated similar incidence between the two groups, while other demonstrated overweight to one of the forms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 264.32,\n \"width\": 519.33,\n \"height\": 258.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 543.84,\n \"height\": 346.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67f49b5e\",\n \"text\": \"This is most probably a consequence of the different cohorts.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 419.2,\n \"width\": 543.84,\n \"height\": 101.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 568.53,\n \"height\": 185.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"Stroke is more common in centrifugal pumps than axial pumps during the first three months but show similar rates afterwards. 26\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 593.06,\n \"height\": 449.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 617.76,\n \"height\": 141.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 211.64,\n \"width\": 616.66,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"26\",\n \"offset_start\": 125,\n \"offset_end\": 127\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"Mortality, however, is not reflecting this difference in stroke rates.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 222.15,\n \"width\": 617.76,\n \"height\": 277.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 642.26,\n \"height\": 26.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"These data do not include the new Heartmate 3 pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 99.74,\n \"width\": 642.26,\n \"height\": 258.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"The Momentum 3 study, comparing the new centrifugal Heartmate 3 pump with the axial Heartmate II pump, showed reduced rates of disabling stroke in Heartmate 3 (3.9%)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 360.73,\n \"width\": 642.26,\n \"height\": 115.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 666.95,\n \"height\": 433.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 691.45,\n \"height\": 262.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"compared with Heartmate II (5.9%). 25\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 335.23,\n \"width\": 691.45,\n \"height\": 168.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 503.97,\n \"width\": 690.36,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"25\",\n \"offset_start\": 35,\n \"offset_end\": 37\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"A study by Chiang et al demonstrated one-year stroke-free survival of 76.8% for HeartWare HVAD and 84.3% for Heartmate 3. 89 Stroke in Heartmate 3 tended to be more debilitating than in HeartWare HVAD (83% vs. 54% respectively). 89,90\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 514.69,\n \"width\": 691.45,\n \"height\": 7.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 43.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 716.37,\n \"height\": 454.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 131.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 201.52,\n \"width\": 107.27,\n \"height\": 7.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 212.23,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 282.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 219.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 289.44,\n \"width\": 131.77,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b87\",\n \"text\": \"89\",\n \"offset_start\": 122,\n \"offset_end\": 124\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b87\",\n \"text\": \"89,\",\n \"offset_start\": 229,\n \"offset_end\": 232\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b88\",\n \"text\": \"90\",\n \"offset_start\": 232,\n \"offset_end\": 234\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"patients supported with LVAD, stroke leads to 2-fold increase in mortality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 359.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"Survival rates two years after stroke is 53.9% compared with 74.7% in stroke-free patients.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 432.1,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 84.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 341.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"A new study by Hariri et al demonstrated that each new stroke episode increases mortality by 42% in those alive at one year and by 24% in those alive at three years support. 29\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 414.21,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 100.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 438.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 276.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 346.61,\n \"width\": 230.19,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"29\",\n \"offset_start\": 174,\n \"offset_end\": 176\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"Not surprisingly, mortality rate is especially increased after hemorrhagic stroke.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 357.33,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 151.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 218.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c0c17726\",\n \"text\": \"Patients who survive stroke need long rehabilitation and report decreased quality of life.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 291.04,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 179.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 230.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc2db371\",\n \"text\": \"Arterial non-CNS thromboembolism are diagnosed in much lower rates than stroke. 28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 394.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 464.3,\n \"width\": 304.1,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 80,\n \"offset_end\": 82\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc2db371\",\n \"text\": \"Early phase rates are at 0.024 EPPY (<90 days after implantation), and falls to 0.003 EPPY in the late phase (> 90 days after implantation).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 475.0,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 24.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 454.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 174.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism (stroke and non-CNS thromboembolism) Epidemiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fd5944ce\",\n \"text\": \"LVAD patients demonstrate higher propensity to right-sided stroke. 84,86\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 434.53,\n \"height\": 315.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 385.92,\n \"width\": 433.44,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b82\",\n \"text\": \"84,\",\n \"offset_start\": 67,\n \"offset_end\": 70\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b84\",\n \"text\": \"86\",\n \"offset_start\": 70,\n \"offset_end\": 72\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fd5944ce\",\n \"text\": \"This suggests that the thromboemboli originates from the pump outflow canula.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 405.95,\n \"width\": 434.53,\n \"height\": 104.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 459.23,\n \"height\": 266.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fd5944ce\",\n \"text\": \"Interestingly, this tendency to right sided stroke is associated with concomitant infection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 339.5,\n \"width\": 459.23,\n \"height\": 162.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 483.73,\n \"height\": 250.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f22f430\",\n \"text\": \"Other predisposing factors for stroke include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, aortic cross clamping during implantation, previous stroke history and diabetes mellitus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 508.44,\n \"height\": 412.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 532.94,\n \"height\": 355.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pathophysiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00031d0a\",\n \"text\": \"As for today, thromboembolic events leading to stroke are diagnosed based on their clinical consequences, e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 613.28,\n \"height\": 431.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 637.78,\n \"height\": 93.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00031d0a\",\n \"text\": \"cerebral ischemia.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 165.91,\n \"width\": 637.78,\n \"height\": 86.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00031d0a\",\n \"text\": \"In a review article, Rich et al mention that the HeartWare HVAD pump may register thrombus ingestion with acute increase in power consumption. 80,91\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 255.57,\n \"width\": 637.78,\n \"height\": 268.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 662.48,\n \"height\": 418.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 489.38,\n \"width\": 661.39,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b78\",\n \"text\": \"80,\",\n \"offset_start\": 143,\n \"offset_end\": 146\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b89\",\n \"text\": \"91\",\n \"offset_start\": 146,\n \"offset_end\": 148\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00031d0a\",\n \"text\": \"ere is no data provided regarding the relation between change in power consumption and the size of thrombus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 44.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 686.98,\n \"height\": 452.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 81.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00031d0a\",\n \"text\": \"Nor is it integrated to any diagnostic guidelines.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 154.62,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 223.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00031d0a\",\n \"text\": \"To the best of our knowledge, there is no current method systematically attempting to identify silent thromboemboli.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 381.59,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 140.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 400.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad65fd1f\",\n \"text\": \"Treatment today is either preventive or reactive after the damage has been done.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 213.2,\n \"height\": 384.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad65fd1f\",\n \"text\": \"Anticoagulation regimen suggestions were published in guidelines for mechanical circulatory support, by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) in 2013. 92\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 237.7,\n \"height\": 436.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 262.4,\n \"height\": 421.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 491.13,\n \"width\": 261.3,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b90\",\n \"text\": \"92\",\n \"offset_start\": 182,\n \"offset_end\": 184\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad65fd1f\",\n \"text\": \"ese guidelines were criticized in a clinical expert consensus document published in 2019 for being based on manufacturers recommendations and expert opinion, and not subjected to clinical trials. 93\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 286.93,\n \"height\": 445.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 311.62,\n \"height\": 425.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 336.11,\n \"height\": 60.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 130.72,\n \"width\": 335.02,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b91\",\n \"text\": \"93\",\n \"offset_start\": 196,\n \"offset_end\": 198\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad65fd1f\",\n \"text\": \"This document, however, do not offer an alternative regime.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 141.42,\n \"width\": 336.11,\n \"height\": 282.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad65fd1f\",\n \"text\": \"As a rule, different centers have their own protocol for anticoagulation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 426.46,\n \"width\": 336.11,\n \"height\": 86.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 360.82,\n \"height\": 241.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad65fd1f\",\n \"text\": \"Left atrial appendage closure has been shown to reduce the incidence of thromboembolic events. 94\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 315.08,\n \"width\": 360.82,\n \"height\": 185.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 385.32,\n \"height\": 273.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 343.11,\n \"width\": 384.22,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b92\",\n \"text\": \"94\",\n \"offset_start\": 95,\n \"offset_end\": 97\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad65fd1f\",\n \"text\": \"Some centers supply anticoagulation with dipyridamol or clopidogrel in the case of previous TIA/stroke or pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 353.66,\n \"width\": 385.32,\n \"height\": 99.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 410.03,\n \"height\": 422.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 434.53,\n \"height\": 55.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Treatment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_35d6f467\",\n \"text\": \"An accelerometer sensor may be used as an alternative method to capture pump vibrations and can be utilized in a similar manner to acoustic signal in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 521.48,\n \"height\": 453.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 546.17,\n \"height\": 423.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_35d6f467\",\n \"text\": \"It has, however, some potential benefits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 496.58,\n \"width\": 546.17,\n \"height\": 5.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 570.67,\n \"height\": 182.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_35d6f467\",\n \"text\": \"The next section provides an overview over accelerometer technology and its current uses in medicine and other relevant fields.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 255.38,\n \"width\": 570.67,\n \"height\": 205.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 595.39,\n \"height\": 395.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96280945\",\n \"text\": \"An accelerometer is a sensor that measures proper acceleration.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 679.98,\n \"height\": 306.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Principle of action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96280945\",\n \"text\": \"'Proper acceleration' is zero at free fall and is affected by gravity in all other conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 379.88,\n \"width\": 679.98,\n \"height\": 143.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 704.7,\n \"height\": 262.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Principle of action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96280945\",\n \"text\": \"This is different from 'coordinate acceleration' which shows acceleration in relation to a certain coordinate system.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 45.0,\n \"y\": 335.59,\n \"width\": 704.7,\n \"height\": 152.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 382.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Principle of action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96280945\",\n \"text\": \"Commercial devices often utilize piezoelectric plates or capacitive components to translate force into acceleration measurement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 455.27,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 57.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 414.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 129.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Principle of action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96280945\",\n \"text\": \"Piezoelectric plates produce electrical current when deformed by external force.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 202.05,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 306.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 67.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Principle of action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96280945\",\n \"text\": \"This electrical current is proportional to the deforming force and after calibrated can estimate the ensuing acceleration.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 140.81,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 373.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 182.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Principle of action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a324d37\",\n \"text\": \"By combining accelerometer sensors (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 199.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Principle of action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a324d37\",\n \"text\": \"piezoelectric plates) positioned in perpendicular planes, one can build three-axis accelerometer which provides acceleration components in a cartesian coordinate system.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 272.77,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 225.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 437.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 136.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Principle of action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3978dcb7\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometers are found in a variety of devices, from highly advanced navigation and flight stabilizing systems to mundane smart phones.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 365.28,\n \"height\": 433.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 219.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in the industry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3978dcb7\",\n \"text\": \"They may serve a critical role, where reliability is crucial, and malfunction may lead to severe consequences, or they may serve for entertainment purposes only.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 292.13,\n \"width\": 389.81,\n \"height\": 229.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 452.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 69.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in the industry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3978dcb7\",\n \"text\": \"An example of accelerometer use, where reliability and durability are critical, is in the monitoring of rotating machinery in oil drilling using vibration analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 142.57,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 382.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 346.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in the industry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f58d26fd\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometers has been used extensively in medicine to measure physical activity in both adults and children. 95,96\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 548.31,\n \"height\": 429.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 573.01,\n \"height\": 93.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 162.8,\n \"width\": 571.92,\n \"height\": 17.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b93\",\n \"text\": \"95,\",\n \"offset_start\": 111,\n \"offset_end\": 114\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b94\",\n \"text\": \"96\",\n \"offset_start\": 114,\n \"offset_end\": 116\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f58d26fd\",\n \"text\": \"As the technology developed, other uses for accelerometers emerged, for example, automatic evaluation of compression depth during heart lung resuscitation and evaluation of residual neuromuscular blockade under anesthesia.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 183.03,\n \"width\": 573.01,\n \"height\": 333.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 597.53,\n \"height\": 432.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 622.23,\n \"height\": 308.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d0b0e079\",\n \"text\": \"Since 2005, our group has been investigating the use of accelerometers in cardiology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 646.73,\n \"height\": 406.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d0b0e079\",\n \"text\": \"8][99] Krogh and other members of our group developed and validated algorithms for gravity compensation using the combination of accelerometer and gyro-sensor.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 365.43,\n \"width\": 694.86,\n \"height\": 6.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 375.42,\n \"width\": 695.95,\n \"height\": 136.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 46.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 720.64,\n \"height\": 443.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 162.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b97\",\n \"text\": \"[99]\",\n \"offset_start\": 2,\n \"offset_end\": 6\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d0b0e079\",\n \"text\": \"Gravity compensation transform proper acceleration to coordinate acceleration. 100,101\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 235.89,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 257.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 113.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 183.61,\n \"width\": 131.77,\n \"height\": 24.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"100,\",\n \"offset_start\": 79,\n \"offset_end\": 83\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"101\",\n \"offset_start\": 83,\n \"offset_end\": 86\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d0b0e079\",\n \"text\": \"itially, professor Ole Jacob Elle, from our group, used a fast Fourier transform based approach to diagnose myocardial ischemia. 102\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 454.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 158.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 228.36,\n \"width\": 180.96,\n \"height\": 11.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"102\",\n \"offset_start\": 129,\n \"offset_end\": 132\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d0b0e079\",\n \"text\": \"Most detection algorithms, at a later stage, were based on signals in the time domain (the raw acceleration, the integrated velocity, and the integrated displacement signals).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 242.75,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 274.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 428.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 105.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d0b0e079\",\n \"text\": \"Analyzing the signal in the time domain allows for analysis of the different phases of the cardiac cycle for specific signal changes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 178.88,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 304.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 301.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d0b0e079\",\n \"text\": \"This is a more intuitive and hypothesis generating approach for a clinician as it is easily comparable to parameters obtained with echocardiography.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 375.12,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 127.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 453.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 109.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d0b0e079\",\n \"text\": \"Our group has been developing algorithms to monitor aortic valve opening and preload estimations based on accelerometer signals in healthy hearts. 103,104\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 183.01,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 309.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.7,\n \"height\": 392.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 463.13,\n \"width\": 328.61,\n \"height\": 24.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometers in medicine and cardiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f2742e5\",\n \"text\": \"Vibration is a mechanical back and forth movement oscillating around a baseline.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 383.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis and accelerometers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f2742e5\",\n \"text\": \"Although vibrations can have a random pattern, we normally use this term to describe a repetitive, regular phenomenon.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 456.67,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 42.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 453.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 65.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis and accelerometers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f2742e5\",\n \"text\": \"When regular, vibrations can be accurately described based on their periodicity, magnitude, and phase (alignment in time).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 138.43,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 377.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 199.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis and accelerometers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f2742e5\",\n \"text\": \"Using 'fast Fourier transform' a signal in the time domain can be represented in the frequency domain which is more suitable to characterize its vibration pattern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 272.72,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 229.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 441.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 537.42,\n \"height\": 79.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis and accelerometers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7f2742e5\",\n \"text\": \"'Vibration analysis' is a well-established method for describing a system based on its vibrating components.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 152.69,\n \"width\": 537.42,\n \"height\": 370.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 133.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis and accelerometers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0b7a70be\",\n \"text\": \"'Fourier series', named after the French mathematician Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), is a mathematical theorem stating that an arbitrary continuous mathematical function can be described as a sum of trigonometric functions of different frequencies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 649.06,\n \"height\": 438.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 673.56,\n \"height\": 453.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 698.28,\n \"height\": 345.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0b7a70be\",\n \"text\": \"This means that a mathematical function in the time domain has an alternative representation in the frequency domain.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 417.99,\n \"width\": 698.28,\n \"height\": 85.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 47.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 722.78,\n \"height\": 432.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 38.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0b7a70be\",\n \"text\": \"A digital signal is a discrete mathematical function in the time domain.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 111.05,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 329.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0b7a70be\",\n \"text\": \"It matches points in time to corresponding values.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 443.32,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 81.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 150.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0b7a70be\",\n \"text\": \"The 'discrete Fourier transform' is an algorithm to calculate a signals alternative representation in the frequency domain.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 223.87,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 287.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 277.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0b7a70be\",\n \"text\": \"The 'fast Fourier transform' is a considerably more effective algorithm to calculate the 'discrete Fourier transform'.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 350.32,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 147.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 385.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2228bbb4\",\n \"text\": \"The significance, importance and strength of signal representation in the frequency domain is its simplicity and elegance in describing repeated phenomena.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 454.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 281.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2228bbb4\",\n \"text\": \"Each repeated phenomenon in a system is represented by its frequency, amplitude, and phase (alignment in time).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 354.4,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 154.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 384.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2228bbb4\",\n \"text\": \"A sine wave is the simplest example of repeated phenomenon.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 457.86,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 57.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 236.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2228bbb4\",\n \"text\": \"Sound waves are maybe the best known example of complex wave interaction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 309.89,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 192.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 178.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2228bbb4\",\n \"text\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis using FFT is a standard method used in the analysis and modulation of sound.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 251.55,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 237.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 255.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Fast Fourier transform (FFT)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"Mechanical devices with moving parts often have a characteristic vibration pattern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 390.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"This vibration pattern often changes under malfunction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 462.92,\n \"width\": 414.5,\n \"height\": 20.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 237.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"Vibrations can be easily recorded using an accelerometer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 310.75,\n \"width\": 439.01,\n \"height\": 201.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 70.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"Transforming intervals of a signal from the time domain to the frequency domain, using FFT, and comparing them is a common method to detect and analyze changes in vibration pattern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 143.72,\n \"width\": 463.7,\n \"height\": 340.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 488.22,\n \"height\": 454.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 79.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"Changes in the vibration pattern is often characteristic to the underlying problem. 105\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 152.6,\n \"width\": 512.92,\n \"height\": 337.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 537.42,\n \"height\": 41.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 111.63,\n \"width\": 536.32,\n \"height\": 11.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"105\",\n \"offset_start\": 84,\n \"offset_end\": 87\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"celerometer-based vibration analysis is not limited to fault detection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 333.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"There are both patents and articles regarding accelerometer-based flowmeters in both water industry and oil industry. 106,107\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 406.67,\n \"width\": 562.11,\n \"height\": 108.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 586.62,\n \"height\": 400.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 611.34,\n \"height\": 40.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 110.47,\n \"width\": 610.25,\n \"height\": 24.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"106,\",\n \"offset_start\": 118,\n \"offset_end\": 122\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"107\",\n \"offset_start\": 122,\n \"offset_end\": 125\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"e central advantage of vibration analysis in general and accelerometer-based vibration analysis in particular is that the signal recording is non-invasive.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 635.84,\n \"height\": 422.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 660.53,\n \"height\": 301.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_deb9643e\",\n \"text\": \"It can be done from the surface of the apparatus, while monitoring moving part that are not available for direct inspection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 374.49,\n \"width\": 660.53,\n \"height\": 148.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 48.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 685.04,\n \"height\": 420.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Vibration analysis in LVAD\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5d2ebda2\",\n \"text\": \"Despite continuous efforts and improvements in LVAD technology, its complication rates are still considerable.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 454.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 63.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5d2ebda2\",\n \"text\": \"The focus of this thesis is the diagnosis of pump thrombosis and thromboembolism.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 136.73,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 303.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 88.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0a0afe61\",\n \"text\": \"It is difficult to balance the combined hypercoagulability and bleeding diathesis, and despite improvement in pump design, these complications are unlikely to disappear in the near future.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 431.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 443.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7cac9ebf\",\n \"text\": \"As for today, the majority of LVAD implantations are done under 'destination therapy' indication.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 452.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7cac9ebf\",\n \"text\": \"This means that pump longevity is of utmost importance.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 267.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7cac9ebf\",\n \"text\": \"For that reason, third generation LVADs are built for durability and reliability.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 340.6,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 152.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 204.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7cac9ebf\",\n \"text\": \"As a consequence, monitoring is extremely limited.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 276.96,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 240.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ff0bbc2\",\n \"text\": \"In order to decrease the hemostasis-related complications, any monitoring method for LVAD patients should preferably avoid breaching the blood barrier.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 435.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 284.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ff0bbc2\",\n \"text\": \"Pump sound analysis is a relatively new method for pump monitoring that fulfills this requirement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 357.79,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 166.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 289.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ff0bbc2\",\n \"text\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, the method has some disadvantages.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 362.58,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 157.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 256.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_297b2504\",\n \"text\": \"Acoustic signal recorded at the skin is muffled by surrounding tissues which reduce its quality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 443.87,\n \"height\": 443.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_297b2504\",\n \"text\": \"Some authors chose to average the signal to overcome this challenge.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 333.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_297b2504\",\n \"text\": \"This reduces stochastic noise but prevents detection of acute intermittent signal changes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 406.32,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 111.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 493.08,\n \"height\": 307.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aim of thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fce16524\",\n \"text\": \"investigation has been an issue.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 542.28,\n \"height\": 152.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fce16524\",\n \"text\": \"Signal acquisition depends on replicating the examination accurately, e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 225.19,\n \"width\": 542.28,\n \"height\": 272.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.78,\n \"height\": 72.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fce16524\",\n \"text\": \"measuring at the exact same position on the chest wall.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 145.6,\n \"width\": 566.78,\n \"height\": 262.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fce16524\",\n \"text\": \"And even if succeeding in doing so, the underlying tissue acoustic characteristics may have changed from one investigation to the next (due to e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 411.36,\n \"width\": 566.78,\n \"height\": 110.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 591.5,\n \"height\": 407.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 616.0,\n \"height\": 169.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fce16524\",\n \"text\": \"pleural effusion, lung consolidation, upper displacement of the diaphragm), which may affect the recordings.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 242.54,\n \"width\": 616.0,\n \"height\": 275.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 640.7,\n \"height\": 231.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_285ec199\",\n \"text\": \"The last disadvantage of acoustic spectral analysis is its intermittent nature, limiting its diagnostic benefits.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 665.2,\n \"height\": 407.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 49.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 689.89,\n \"height\": 91.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_285ec199\",\n \"text\": \"acquisition by accelerometer attached to the pump house can produce a continuous, real-time, high-quality, standardized signal which is minimally affected by surrounding tissues.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 447.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 395.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2df0907f\",\n \"text\": \"The main aim of the study was to investigate the ability of a three-axis accelerometer, attached to HeartWare HVAD, to detect thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis using previously described vibration patterns, namely, third harmonic amplitude elevation. 58\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 447.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 442.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 343.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 413.71,\n \"width\": 254.89,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58\",\n \"offset_start\": 259,\n \"offset_end\": 261\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2df0907f\",\n \"text\": \"Second, we aimed at finding new relevant vibration patterns to improve the diagnosis of thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 424.41,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 99.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 445.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 85.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2df0907f\",\n \"text\": \"Third, we aimed at using a semi-automatic method to demonstrate the feasibility of full automation in the future.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 158.21,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 331.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 50.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.7,\n \"height\": 190.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Despite promising results in each individual study, challenges in reproducibility between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ce03fabd\",\n \"text\": \"We hypothesized that:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 51.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 106.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hypotheses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e1b5efa3\",\n \"text\": \"1. Accelerometer can detect thromboembolic events through acute changes in the third harmonic.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 51.0,\n \"y\": 90.44,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 417.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 51.0,\n \"y\": 107.94,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 47.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hypotheses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7ad84932\",\n \"text\": \"2. Acute changes in the third harmonic amplitude is more sensitive and specific than changes in pump power.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 51.0,\n \"y\": 90.44,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 403.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 51.0,\n \"y\": 107.94,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 116.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Hypotheses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54d7689\",\n \"text\": \"We tested our hypotheses in two sets of experiments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 253.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54d7689\",\n \"text\": \"The first set used an in vitro model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 326.79,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 166.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54d7689\",\n \"text\": \"Three pilot experiments were used for model building, protocol testing, and signal analysis development.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 496.39,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 27.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 395.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 64.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54d7689\",\n \"text\": \"The pilot experiments were followed by three experiments for data collection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 137.28,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 363.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54d7689\",\n \"text\": \"The second set of experiments used an in vivo model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 503.59,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 18.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 234.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54d7689\",\n \"text\": \"Seven Noroc pigs were used for model building and protocol testing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 307.33,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 184.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 136.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54d7689\",\n \"text\": \"They were followed by seven experiments using Noroc pigs (90 ± 9 kg).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 209.28,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 309.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 26.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54d7689\",\n \"text\": \"Signal analysis was based on the methods developed from the in vitro model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 99.75,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 365.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_caa71316\",\n \"text\": \"We investigated thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis detection using the accelerometer third harmonic amplitude in vitro (Paper I) and in vivo (Paper II).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 387.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 371.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_caa71316\",\n \"text\": \"The data collected in the in vivo and the in vitro experiments were used to investigate the additive value of changes in the accelerometer nonharmonic frequencies in the detection of thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis (Paper III).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 444.23,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 42.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 443.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 441.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 190.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Material and methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_56135c77\",\n \"text\": \"The pump of choice in our models was HeartWare HVAD from the following three reasons.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 481.59,\n \"height\": 428.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4f9a5c5f\",\n \"text\": \"First, it was one of the two most implanted pumps on the market.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 506.11,\n \"height\": 305.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4f9a5c5f\",\n \"text\": \"Second, when we started our experiments, it was the only pump in which acoustic spectral analysis was taken into clinical use.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 378.83,\n \"width\": 506.11,\n \"height\": 138.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 530.81,\n \"height\": 434.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 555.31,\n \"height\": 20.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4f9a5c5f\",\n \"text\": \"And third, HeartWare HVAD was the pump of choice in our center, and we had experience and expertise with this pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 93.32,\n \"width\": 555.31,\n \"height\": 427.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 580.01,\n \"height\": 138.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81654f1\",\n \"text\": \"A mock circulatory loop was built using an explanted HeartWare HVAD (HeartWare®, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) (figure 3).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 697.9,\n \"height\": 404.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 722.59,\n \"height\": 245.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81654f1\",\n \"text\": \"We used a simple circular configuration connecting the pump and reservoir using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes in series.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 52.0,\n \"y\": 318.51,\n \"width\": 722.59,\n \"height\": 186.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 384.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81654f1\",\n \"text\": \"The HVAD was suspended in an elastic chamber to mimic changing hemodynamic conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 457.35,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 51.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 391.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81654f1\",\n \"text\": \"The afferent limb was supplemented with a side port which was used for the injection of thrombus material into the circuit, mimicking thromboembolic events.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 463.75,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 57.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 440.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 236.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81654f1\",\n \"text\": \"There were no contractile elements in the model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 309.08,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 196.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 32.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d81654f1\",\n \"text\": \"Clamps on the afferent and efferent limbs of the model were used to manipulate preload and afterload respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 105.22,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 415.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 124.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4cc699f7\",\n \"text\": \"A three-axis accelerometer (KXM52-1040, Kionix, Inc., NY, USA) was attached to the HVAD casing in order to record vibrations continually on a dedicated computer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 435.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 341.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4cc699f7\",\n \"text\": \"The pressures in the afferent (preload) and efferent (afterload) limbs were monitored using a patient monitor (Siemens AG 7000C, Munich, Germany).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 413.98,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 97.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 409.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 195.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4cc699f7\",\n \"text\": \"Flow was measured using M3 ultrasonic flowmeter (Spectrum Medical, Cheltenham, England) on the efferent limb.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 268.09,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 239.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 298.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"In vitro experiments\",\n \"head_section\": \"In vitro model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bac86101\",\n \"text\": \"In describing the experimental protocols and results we use two terms, 'interventions' and 'events'.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 166.12,\n \"height\": 430.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 190.84,\n \"height\": 42.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b6e0b5b\",\n \"text\": \"The term 'intervention' refers to a part of the experiment, composed of a series of manipulations of a concrete parameter.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 215.92,\n \"height\": 383.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 240.81,\n \"height\": 185.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b6e0b5b\",\n \"text\": \"The parameters could be one of the following: pump speed, afterload, preload, saline bolus injection, or thromboembolism.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 293.25,\n \"width\": 240.81,\n \"height\": 217.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 265.31,\n \"height\": 358.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8b6e0b5b\",\n \"text\": \"Each individual change of the parameter of interest was referred to as an 'event', which means that each intervention was composed of a number of events.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 466.72,\n \"width\": 265.31,\n \"height\": 24.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 290.04,\n \"height\": 419.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 314.54,\n \"height\": 285.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9cbccb1f\",\n \"text\": \"The term 'event' refers to a concrete manipulation (change) of the parameter of interest.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 339.81,\n \"height\": 415.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8eff624\",\n \"text\": \"For each event we documented its effect on the accelerometer signal, HVAD power consumption, pump speed, preload, and afterload.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 364.5,\n \"height\": 394.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 389.03,\n \"height\": 238.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8eff624\",\n \"text\": \"The pump speed change intervention included pump speeds between 2400 and 3200 rpm (with 200 rpm intervals) in randomized order.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 561.34,\n \"height\": 450.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 585.83,\n \"height\": 186.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8eff624\",\n \"text\": \"Both preload decrease and afterload increase targeted flow reduction of 20% to 80% from baseline (with 20% intervals) in randomized order.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 259.48,\n \"width\": 585.83,\n \"height\": 258.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 610.56,\n \"height\": 403.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a8eff624\",\n \"text\": \"The aim of the saline bolus injection was to test whether it led to signal changes, as saline bolus injection was part of the procedure for thrombus introduction into the mock circulatory loop.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 475.94,\n \"width\": 610.56,\n \"height\": 38.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 635.06,\n \"height\": 454.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 659.75,\n \"height\": 386.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf0f58c9\",\n \"text\": \"Thromboembolic interventions included two series of five thrombus injections into the mock circulatory loop.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 684.25,\n \"height\": 430.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 708.97,\n \"height\": 74.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf0f58c9\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombus size varied between 0.2 ml and 1 ml (with 0.2 ml intervals).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 147.86,\n \"width\": 708.97,\n \"height\": 328.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bf0f58c9\",\n \"text\": \"The\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 54.0,\n \"y\": 479.47,\n \"width\": 708.97,\n \"height\": 18.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73b9c78b\",\n \"text\": \"Institutional approval was obtained (13/5,551), and the experiments were carried out in accordance with Norwegian National Legislation on animal experimentation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 141.82,\n \"height\": 409.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 166.5,\n \"height\": 358.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo experiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_934c85ea\",\n \"text\": \"A HeartWare HVAD (HeartWare®, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) was implanted in seven Noroc pigs (90±9 kg) under cardiopulmonary bypass (figure 5).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 248.98,\n \"height\": 445.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 273.48,\n \"height\": 328.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_934c85ea\",\n \"text\": \"A three-axis accelerometer (KXM52-1040; Kionix, Inc, Ithaca, NY) was attached to the HVAD's outer casing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 401.65,\n \"width\": 273.48,\n \"height\": 57.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 298.19,\n \"height\": 451.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"The pump graft was supplemented with 5 cm long polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube with side port.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 322.69,\n \"height\": 444.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"This was used for post-pump pressure measurements and graft flow measurements.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 347.39,\n \"height\": 399.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"Flow was measured using M3 ultrasonic flowmeter (Spectrum Medical, Cheltenham, England).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 472.1,\n \"width\": 347.39,\n \"height\": 44.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 371.9,\n \"height\": 399.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"The pump graft was supplemented with clamping system distal to the pressure measurement point.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 472.1,\n \"width\": 371.9,\n \"height\": 48.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 396.61,\n \"height\": 418.01\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"The left atrium was cannulated to allow thrombus injection into the left heart.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 490.91,\n \"width\": 396.61,\n \"height\": 18.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 421.11,\n \"height\": 338.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"Heart failure was established by ligation of the diagonal branches of the left anterior descending artery, aiming at a minimum HVAD to cardiac output ratio of 0.5.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 411.57,\n \"width\": 421.11,\n \"height\": 80.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 445.81,\n \"height\": 448.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 56.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 470.31,\n \"height\": 223.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"samples/s = 4096/500 s ≈ 8.192 s) and 75% overlap between windows.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 291.78,\n \"height\": 337.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"This was done in order to reduce cardiac cycle related variation in the signal.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 410.34,\n \"width\": 291.78,\n \"height\": 108.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 316.28,\n \"height\": 251.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_805a2dbd\",\n \"text\": \"The amplitude was calculated using the 'abs' function and the phase was calculated using the 'angle' function.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 324.29,\n \"width\": 316.28,\n \"height\": 187.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 340.97,\n \"height\": 329.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"In vivo model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4cfd8385\",\n \"text\": \"The non-pathological LVAD spectrogram can be divided into the harmonic frequencies, including the fundamental frequency corresponding to pump speed and its harmonics, and the nonharmonic region including all the other frequencies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 425.59,\n \"height\": 411.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 450.28,\n \"height\": 444.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 474.79,\n \"height\": 259.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The components of the normal LVAD spectrogram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4cfd8385\",\n \"text\": \"A harmonic frequency is the fundamental harmonic multiplied by an integer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 332.89,\n \"width\": 474.79,\n \"height\": 132.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 499.51,\n \"height\": 221.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The components of the normal LVAD spectrogram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_776d0006\",\n \"text\": \"The nonharmonic region generally demonstrated homogenous areas of low amplitude with two exceptions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 524.0,\n \"height\": 446.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 548.71,\n \"height\": 54.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The components of the normal LVAD spectrogram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4ca448d\",\n \"text\": \"1. High amplitude in the low frequencies in the in vivo experiment due to effect of heart motion.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 573.21,\n \"height\": 446.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The components of the normal LVAD spectrogram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4ca448d\",\n \"text\": \"This was confirmed by visual comparison of spectrograms from the in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrating high amplitude in low frequencies only in the in vivo model (figure 7).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 597.92,\n \"height\": 405.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 622.42,\n \"height\": 407.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 60.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 647.12,\n \"height\": 45.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The components of the normal LVAD spectrogram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_91815e1b\",\n \"text\": \"The amplitude of the harmonic frequencies, including the third harmonic, were read directly from the spectrogram based on pump speed for each sliding window entry.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 61.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 519.92,\n \"height\": 453.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 61.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 544.61,\n \"height\": 329.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The harmonic frequencies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_91815e1b\",\n \"text\": \"This produced a signal in the time domain with sampling rate of approximately 30 samples/min (window size 4096 with 75% overlapping) for each harmonic frequency.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 61.0,\n \"y\": 402.05,\n \"width\": 544.61,\n \"height\": 118.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 61.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 569.12,\n \"height\": 437.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 61.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 593.84,\n \"height\": 224.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The harmonic frequencies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_30a669ed\",\n \"text\": \"In order to evaluate the high amplitude areas in the nonharmonic region related to thromboembolic events we needed to mask the harmonic frequencies, heart motion related The amplitude of the low frequencies is highly affected by heart motion (figure 7) and all frequencies below 28 Hz (~1700 rpm) were directly masked.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 61.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 678.42,\n \"height\": 386.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 61.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 703.14,\n \"height\": 430.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 414.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 284.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The nonharmonic frequencies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4ca9ac4b\",\n \"text\": \"Both the harmonic frequencies and high amplitude frequencies from other origin demonstrate a stable phase over time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 448.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 110.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The nonharmonic frequencies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4ca9ac4b\",\n \"text\": \"We took advantage of that phenomenon and built a phase filter to mask these changes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 183.51,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 338.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 72.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The nonharmonic frequencies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc8a90be\",\n \"text\": \"Organized phase -A repeated phenomenon in the time domain is well described by its frequency, amplitude, and phase (figure 8A).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 367.96,\n \"height\": 415.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 394.86,\n \"height\": 211.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc8a90be\",\n \"text\": \"This means that for a repeated phenomenon of frequency f, two FFT based periodograms, at time t1 and t2, will demonstrate a predictable shift in phase depending on the time interval between t1 and t2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 318.94,\n \"width\": 394.86,\n \"height\": 145.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 419.37,\n \"height\": 379.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 444.06,\n \"height\": 412.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 468.56,\n \"height\": 11.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bc8a90be\",\n \"text\": \"In the case of a sliding window FFT the phase difference between two adjacent windows will be constant (figure 8B).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 119.81,\n \"width\": 468.56,\n \"height\": 373.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 493.28,\n \"height\": 173.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c79c3eaa\",\n \"text\": \"Disorganized phase -When there is no repeated phenomenon in a certain frequency, the phase assigned to it will be random.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 518.36,\n \"height\": 412.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 543.06,\n \"height\": 187.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c79c3eaa\",\n \"text\": \"In the case of sliding window FFT the phase difference between adjacent window is unpredictable.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 295.86,\n \"width\": 543.06,\n \"height\": 208.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 567.75,\n \"height\": 253.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"Phase shift -When a repeated phenomenon is disrupted (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 592.86,\n \"height\": 298.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"thromboembolism passing through an LVAD) the vibration pattern is disrupted.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 406.37,\n \"width\": 592.86,\n \"height\": 85.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 617.56,\n \"height\": 283.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"After the disturbance ceases (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 391.66,\n \"width\": 617.56,\n \"height\": 98.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 642.25,\n \"height\": 58.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"thromboembolism evacuated the pump), vibrations resume their previous pattern.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 166.18,\n \"width\": 642.25,\n \"height\": 346.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 666.75,\n \"height\": 36.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"The alignment in time, however, may be different than the previous alignment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 144.28,\n \"width\": 666.75,\n \"height\": 368.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"In this case the signal demonstrates a 'phase shift' (figure 8C).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 515.58,\n \"width\": 666.75,\n \"height\": 8.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 62.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 691.45,\n \"height\": 283.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"Based on data from the pilot in vitro experiments, we suspected that the impeller rotation led to organized phase in the fundamental frequency corresponding to pump speed and its second and fourth harmonic.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 64.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 162.03,\n \"height\": 447.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 64.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 186.56,\n \"height\": 436.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 64.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 211.25,\n \"height\": 98.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"The third harmonic also demonstrated an organized phase when its amplitude was above the background values (figure 9).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 64.0,\n \"y\": 171.14,\n \"width\": 211.25,\n \"height\": 319.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 64.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 235.76,\n \"height\": 260.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"The nonharmonic amplitude normally does not demonstrate organized phase.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 367.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"An exception is frequencies in the nonharmonic range which represents regular vibration of external (non-pump related) uncertain origin (figure 10).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 440.53,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 72.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 450.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 167.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"A filter, taking advantage of this phenomenon, was used to mask all areas with organized phase.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 239.98,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 277.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 175.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_21969bd7\",\n \"text\": \"Practically, we chose to mask all areas which demonstrated locally low standard deviation of phase (Std(phase)< 0.5) (figure 10).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 248.89,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 214.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 392.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2099ef76\",\n \"text\": \"This led to over-filtering, but the remaining signal was sufficient for our purpose.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 376.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0e7418e9\",\n \"text\": \"A detailed description of the algorithm with MATLAB code is presented in appendix 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 707.03,\n \"height\": 403.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Phase filter\",\n \"head_section\": \"Phase Terminology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5d92c7d8\",\n \"text\": \"In order to quantify these signal changes, we used the previously described phase filter.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 139.67,\n \"height\": 414.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Nonharmonic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5d92c7d8\",\n \"text\": \"As we were interested in the high amplitude areas of the nonharmonic region, we then masked all the spectrogram areas below the spectrogram average amplitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 487.35,\n \"width\": 139.67,\n \"height\": 29.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 164.18,\n \"height\": 447.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 188.89,\n \"height\": 294.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Nonharmonic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4656b9b6\",\n \"text\": \"We calculated the average amplitude of the non-masked regions of the spectrogram for each sliding window entry.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 213.39,\n \"height\": 439.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 238.09,\n \"height\": 98.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Nonharmonic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4656b9b6\",\n \"text\": \"This produced a signal in the time domain with sampling rate of approximately 30 samples/min for the high amplitude nonharmonic regions of the spectrogram (figure 11).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 171.64,\n \"width\": 238.09,\n \"height\": 298.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 262.59,\n \"height\": 445.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 287.3,\n \"height\": 51.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Nonharmonic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fa22e083\",\n \"text\": \"For each event, we noted the baseline third harmonic amplitude 20 seconds prior to the event.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 141.82,\n \"height\": 445.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Event measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_95a19fc6\",\n \"text\": \"Each event was followed by 120 seconds hands-off period.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 166.5,\n \"height\": 278.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Event measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_173561fb\",\n \"text\": \"For paper I and paper II, we registered the maximum absolute deflection of the third harmonic amplitude within these 120 seconds and its exact timing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 191.03,\n \"height\": 442.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 215.73,\n \"height\": 266.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Event measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_173561fb\",\n \"text\": \"The third harmonic amplitude at the end of this two minutes hands-off period was considered to be a steady state value.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 339.69,\n \"width\": 215.73,\n \"height\": 168.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 240.23,\n \"height\": 395.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Event measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a11e9f72\",\n \"text\": \"For paper III we registered the maximum absolute deflection of the nonharmonic amplitude within these 120 seconds and its exact timing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 264.92,\n \"height\": 428.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 289.44,\n \"height\": 217.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Event measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a11e9f72\",\n \"text\": \"The last 60 seconds of the 120 seconds hands off period were considered to be steady state.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 290.64,\n \"width\": 289.44,\n \"height\": 221.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 314.14,\n \"height\": 216.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Event measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a11e9f72\",\n \"text\": \"The nonharmonic steady state value was presented as median and inter-quartile range (figure 12).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 289.42,\n \"width\": 314.14,\n \"height\": 194.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 338.64,\n \"height\": 268.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Event measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bfeeac64\",\n \"text\": \"For each event, we calculated the amplitude and the amplitude change from baseline at the maximal deflection point and at steady state.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 363.33,\n \"height\": 432.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 67.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 387.86,\n \"height\": 211.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Event measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5cd0e926\",\n \"text\": \"Animals that did not survive to thrombus injections were excluded from the statistical analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 68.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 619.51,\n \"height\": 443.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9c8a674b\",\n \"text\": \"Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v.21 (IBM, Armonk, NY).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 68.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 644.01,\n \"height\": 340.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9c8a674b\",\n \"text\": \"The values of the third harmonic, changes in third harmonic, change in the nonharmonic amplitude, pump power, and change in pump power parameters were reported as median and interquartile range (IQR).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 68.0,\n \"y\": 413.38,\n \"width\": 644.01,\n \"height\": 105.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 68.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 668.7,\n \"height\": 444.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 68.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 693.22,\n \"height\": 428.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9c8a674b\",\n \"text\": \"We used Mann-Whitney U test to compare the difference between the thromboembolic interventions Corrections of p-values for multiple testing were not made.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 68.0,\n \"y\": 501.3,\n \"width\": 693.22,\n \"height\": 16.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 68.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 717.92,\n \"height\": 454.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 276.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f9fd16a\",\n \"text\": \"Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the third harmonic amplitude, changes in third harmonic amplitude, change in the nonharmonic amplitude, pump power consumption, and change in pump power consumption parameters (paper I-III).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 427.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 444.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 438.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 112.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f9fd16a\",\n \"text\": \"Threshold values assuring specificity of one were calculated, based on the acute response to thromboembolic events, for both third harmonic change and nonharmonic amplitude change (paper III).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 185.73,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 334.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 452.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 136.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2f9fd16a\",\n \"text\": \"Based on these threshold values the acute effect and steady state effect of thromboembolic events were divided into 4 groups:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 209.5,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 313.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 282.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74f9c587\",\n \"text\": \"1. Isolated nonharmonic amplitude change.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 87.53,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 218.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d651bed5\",\n \"text\": \"2. Isolated third harmonic amplitude change.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 87.53,\n \"width\": 356.72,\n \"height\": 225.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_82089ea6\",\n \"text\": \"3. Concomitant nonharmonic amplitude and third harmonic amplitude change.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 87.53,\n \"width\": 383.57,\n \"height\": 390.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e91e9356\",\n \"text\": \"4. Nonharmonic amplitude or third harmonic amplitude change did not reach threshold levels.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 87.53,\n \"width\": 410.42,\n \"height\": 412.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 435.12,\n \"height\": 30.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b8d8a2ce\",\n \"text\": \"The positive predictive values in the acute phase and steady state were calculated for third harmonic change, nonharmonic signal change, and the combined method using both third harmonic and/or nonharmonic amplitude change in order to illustrate the additive value of the nonharmonic signal (paper III).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 474.2,\n \"height\": 428.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 498.92,\n \"height\": 424.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 523.43,\n \"height\": 439.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 69.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 548.11,\n \"height\": 144.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b8d8a2ce\",\n \"text\": \"This proof-of-concept paper investigated the feasibility of thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis detection in vitro, using the third harmonic amplitude and change in third harmonic amplitude as parameters.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 284.78,\n \"height\": 432.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 309.29,\n \"height\": 443.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 333.97,\n \"height\": 120.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Statistical methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_495c5fb8\",\n \"text\": \"The third harmonic frequency maintained low amplitude during all control interventions and was significantly higher in the thromboembolic intervention group (p <0.01) (hypothesis 1) (figure 13A).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 358.47,\n \"height\": 450.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 383.18,\n \"height\": 434.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 407.7,\n \"height\": 25.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_495c5fb8\",\n \"text\": \"During the thromboembolic intervention, 92% (23 of 25) of the thromboembolic events led to acute change in the amplitude of the third harmonic (hypothesis 1) whereas 64% (16 of 25) led to prolonged change in this parameter (hypothesis 3).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 98.61,\n \"width\": 407.7,\n \"height\": 423.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 432.39,\n \"height\": 441.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 456.89,\n \"height\": 270.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_495c5fb8\",\n \"text\": \"Qualitatively all accelerometer axes demonstrated similar signal changes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 481.59,\n \"height\": 347.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_495c5fb8\",\n \"text\": \"Sensitivity and specificity for detecting thromboembolic events were calculated in all axes for both third harmonic amplitude and the change in third harmonic amplitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 420.58,\n \"width\": 481.59,\n \"height\": 69.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 506.11,\n \"height\": 412.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 530.81,\n \"height\": 304.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_495c5fb8\",\n \"text\": \"The sensitivity and specificity of the change in third harmonic amplitude was superior to the third harmonic amplitude in Gx and Gz, while it was the opposite for Gy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 377.21,\n \"width\": 530.81,\n \"height\": 138.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 555.31,\n \"height\": 437.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 580.01,\n \"height\": 191.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_495c5fb8\",\n \"text\": \"The best performing axis was the Z axis (parallel with the impeller plane), with the change in third harmonic amplitude parameter demonstrating area under the curve of 0.966 on the ROC analysis and sensitivity and specificity of 0.92 and 0.94 respectively (hypothesis 1) (figure 13C).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 264.34,\n \"width\": 580.01,\n \"height\": 251.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 604.53,\n \"height\": 447.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 629.23,\n \"height\": 437.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 653.73,\n \"height\": 189.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_591a6892\",\n \"text\": \"Both the HVAD power and the change in HVAD power performed poorly compared to the accelerometer (hypothesis 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 678.42,\n \"height\": 421.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 702.95,\n \"height\": 141.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_591a6892\",\n \"text\": \"The ROC analysis showed area under the curve of 0.66 for the HVAD power and 0.304 for the change in HVAD power (figure 13C).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 70.0,\n \"y\": 213.95,\n \"width\": 702.95,\n \"height\": 297.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 322.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_591a6892\",\n \"text\": \"The optimal sensitivity and specificity pair for HVAD power parameter was 0.72 and 0.58 respectively.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 395.34,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 125.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 351.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0e673b7e\",\n \"text\": \"The median change in pump power per thromboembolic event was 0.2 W (IQR 0.3), which is below the current diagnostic criteria for pump thrombosis (figure 13B), while the average change in third harmonic exceeded the calculated diagnostic threshold in 64% of the events, indicative of pump thrombosis (hypothesis 4).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 438.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 417.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 436.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 214.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0e673b7e\",\n \"text\": \"This paper demonstrated the feasibility of accelerometer-based detection of thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis and its potential benefit in the diagnosis of these conditions compared with currently used methods.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 436.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 419.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 186.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0e673b7e\",\n \"text\": \"This paper is directly related to paper I, and aimed at confirming in vitro findings in a relevant in vivo (porcine) model, namely the detection of thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis using the third harmonic amplitude change as parameter.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 242.56,\n \"height\": 448.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 267.06,\n \"height\": 432.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 291.78,\n \"height\": 270.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_111e1c0d\",\n \"text\": \"The target of 50% HVAD flow was achieved in all experiments with average HVAD flow to cardiac output ratio of 0.66.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 316.28,\n \"height\": 423.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 340.97,\n \"height\": 129.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_111e1c0d\",\n \"text\": \"Since thromboembolism could pass either through the HVAD or through the aortic valve, we expected 21-25 of 35 thromboemboli to pass through the HVAD (35 thromboembolic events; 0.66 HVAD flow ratio; 10% error margin).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 202.45,\n \"width\": 340.97,\n \"height\": 300.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 365.47,\n \"height\": 453.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 390.2,\n \"height\": 310.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_111e1c0d\",\n \"text\": \"Out of 35 thromboembolic events, 26 led to acute increase in third harmonic amplitude (74%).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 383.86,\n \"width\": 390.2,\n \"height\": 123.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 414.7,\n \"height\": 316.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_111e1c0d\",\n \"text\": \"Thromboembolic events typically led to temporary changes in a continuous range of frequencies including the third harmonic, followed by either return to baseline or prolonged signal changes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 389.62,\n \"width\": 414.7,\n \"height\": 114.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 439.39,\n \"height\": 423.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 463.89,\n \"height\": 359.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_20bb0659\",\n \"text\": \"The change in third harmonic amplitude was higher in the thromboembolic intervention group compared to the control intervention group (p < 0.01), as seen in figure 14B, left panel (hypothesis 1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 488.61,\n \"height\": 438.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 513.11,\n \"height\": 405.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 537.8,\n \"height\": 70.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_20bb0659\",\n \"text\": \"Though statistically significant, the difference in the pump power consumption between the two groups was much smaller (p < 0.01), as can be seen in figure 14B middle panel (hypothesis 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 143.19,\n \"width\": 537.8,\n \"height\": 366.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 562.32,\n \"height\": 427.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 587.0,\n \"height\": 99.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_20bb0659\",\n \"text\": \"The change in pump power consumption between the two groups was not statistically significant, as can be seen in figure 14B right panel.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 172.31,\n \"width\": 587.0,\n \"height\": 349.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 611.53,\n \"height\": 299.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cad231d2\",\n \"text\": \"All the accelerometer axes demonstrated similar qualitative information.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 636.23,\n \"height\": 338.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cad231d2\",\n \"text\": \"We included all thromboembolic events in our statistical analysis even when presumed to pass through the aortic valve (n=35).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 411.01,\n \"width\": 636.23,\n \"height\": 72.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 660.73,\n \"height\": 428.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 685.42,\n \"height\": 91.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cad231d2\",\n \"text\": \"The superior axis in the ROC analysis was the Z axis, with area under the curve of 0.954 and sensitivity and specificity of 0.74 and 1 respectively, for threshold value of 21.56 (figure 14A).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 164.23,\n \"width\": 685.42,\n \"height\": 348.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 72.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 709.95,\n \"height\": 438.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 88.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cad231d2\",\n \"text\": \"The ROC analysis of the pump power showed area under the curve of 0.759 with sensitivity of 0.4 and specificity of 1 using cutoff value of 3.15 (hypothesis 2) (figure 14A).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 161.6,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 361.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 443.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_63652fbf\",\n \"text\": \"Of the thromboembolic events that lead to acute signal changes, 53% (14 of 26) lead to persistent third harmonic amplitude increase (hypothesis 3).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 413.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 283.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d63f0faf\",\n \"text\": \"The median pump power under the thromboembolic interventions was 3.0 W (IQR: 2.9-3.3), and the median change in pump power was 0.1 W (IQR: 0-0.2), which are below the diagnostic threshold used in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis (hypothesis 4).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 436.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 451.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 317.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d63f0faf\",\n \"text\": \"This paper replicated the findings made in paper 1 in a relevant in vivo model, confirming the feasibility of accelerometer-based detection of thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis, and demonstrating its potential benefit compared with conventional pump power monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 437.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 440.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 434.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d63f0faf\",\n \"text\": \"In this study we tested whether changes in the nonharmonic frequencies can improve the detection of thromboembolism and pump thrombosis (hypothesis 5).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 269.01,\n \"height\": 441.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 337.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d63f0faf\",\n \"text\": \"We used data collected in the previously described in vitro and in vivo experiments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 410.98,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 68.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 318.22,\n \"height\": 341.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d91eda9e\",\n \"text\": \"We performed ROC analysis of the change in the nonharmonic amplitude in the acute phase.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 342.93,\n \"height\": 423.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 367.42,\n \"height\": 33.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d91eda9e\",\n \"text\": \"The ROC analysis area under the curve was 0.843 in vitro and 0.854 in vivo (figure 15B).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 106.69,\n \"width\": 367.42,\n \"height\": 411.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 392.14,\n \"height\": 26.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"Thromboembolic events led to acute signal changes in the nonharmonic frequencies which was statistically significant compared with the control intervention both in vitro and in vivo (p<0.01)\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 416.64,\n \"height\": 449.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 441.34,\n \"height\": 442.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 465.84,\n \"height\": 41.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"(figure 15A).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 115.13,\n \"width\": 465.84,\n \"height\": 61.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"During the acute phase, 50% (30/60) of the thrombi demonstrated combined third harmonic and nonharmonic amplitude change, while only 6.6% (4/60) demonstrated isolated nonharmonic amplitude change and 24% (14/60) demonstrated isolated third harmonic amplitude change, on the pooled data (figure 15 Acute signal changes).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 180.27,\n \"width\": 465.84,\n \"height\": 326.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 490.56,\n \"height\": 420.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 515.07,\n \"height\": 425.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 539.75,\n \"height\": 419.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 564.26,\n \"height\": 49.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"Combining the two types of signal changes led to 8.3% improvement in the positive predictive value of the method compared with using third harmonic amplitude change alone.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 122.35,\n \"width\": 564.26,\n \"height\": 392.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 74.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 588.96,\n \"height\": 433.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"13. Discussion 13.1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 109.89,\n \"height\": 113.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 151.53,\n \"height\": 34.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"Novelty This is the first work describing the use of accelerometers in left ventricular assist device monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 109.07,\n \"width\": 151.53,\n \"height\": 51.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 199.98,\n \"height\": 417.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 224.48,\n \"height\": 53.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"The experimental results were promising.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 126.1,\n \"width\": 224.48,\n \"height\": 195.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"The accelerometer detected thromboembolic events with higher sensitivity and specificity than pump power in both in vitro and in vivo models (hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 324.24,\n \"width\": 224.48,\n \"height\": 133.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 249.17,\n \"height\": 439.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 273.67,\n \"height\": 245.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"More than 50% of the acute signal changes in response to thromboembolic events progressed to prolonged third harmonic amplitude increase indicative of pump thrombosis (hypothesis 3).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 318.58,\n \"width\": 273.67,\n \"height\": 205.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 298.39,\n \"height\": 419.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 322.89,\n \"height\": 258.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"Prolonged changes in third harmonic were significant even when the change in pump power consumption remained low, which demonstrated the superiority of the accelerometer compared with traditional pump power elevation (hypothesis 4).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 331.01,\n \"width\": 322.89,\n \"height\": 174.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 347.59,\n \"height\": 421.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 372.08,\n \"height\": 419.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 396.81,\n \"height\": 116.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_40d9461e\",\n \"text\": \"This thesis also demonstrates the utility of a novel signal analysis for diagnosis of both thromboembolism and pump thrombosis by the quantification of changes in the nonharmonic regions of the spectrogram (hypothesis 5).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 189.06,\n \"width\": 396.81,\n \"height\": 324.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 421.31,\n \"height\": 438.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 446.01,\n \"height\": 283.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Paper I\",\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_50cb34a1\",\n \"text\": \"The merit of accelerometer-based LVAD monitoring of thromboembolism and pump thrombosis depends on evidence that (1) it performs better than the traditional diagnostic criteria, (2) it performs better than acoustic spectral analysis, and (3) it may be integrated with new monitoring paradigms and combined with new diagnostic methods.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 571.84,\n \"height\": 450.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 596.36,\n \"height\": 426.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 621.06,\n \"height\": 454.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 77.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 645.56,\n \"height\": 262.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD monitoring with accelerometer in the clinical setting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_385008ba\",\n \"text\": \"3. It does not breach the blood barrier.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 87.53,\n \"width\": 177.39,\n \"height\": 186.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD monitoring with accelerometer in the clinical setting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_667d279d\",\n \"text\": \"In order to appreciate the resulting clinical advantages, it is important to discuss the current gaps in LVAD monitoring and evaluate whether accelerometer-based monitoring can improve the current situation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 209.31,\n \"height\": 430.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 234.01,\n \"height\": 441.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 258.51,\n \"height\": 96.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD monitoring with accelerometer in the clinical setting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_775d66f7\",\n \"text\": \"An overview of accelerometer-based HVAD monitoring of thromboembolism and pump thrombosis is presented in figure 17.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 296.84,\n \"height\": 409.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 321.34,\n \"height\": 172.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"LVAD monitoring with accelerometer in the clinical setting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74c1567e\",\n \"text\": \"This thesis demonstrates that acute thromboembolism leads to temporary disruption in the pumps vibration pattern which can be captured by an accelerometer attached to the pump housing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 406.73,\n \"height\": 426.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 431.42,\n \"height\": 424.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 455.92,\n \"height\": 40.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74c1567e\",\n \"text\": \"The increase in the amplitude of a continuous range of frequencies on the spectrogram, as demonstrated in figure 18A, usually include a marked elevated third harmonic amplitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 113.53,\n \"width\": 455.92,\n \"height\": 348.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 480.62,\n \"height\": 445.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 505.14,\n \"height\": 49.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74c1567e\",\n \"text\": \"The changes in the spectrogram can be quantified either by measuring the third harmonic amplitude (paper I and paper II) (figure 18B) or by calculating the nonharmonic signal (paper III) (figure 18C).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 122.33,\n \"width\": 505.14,\n \"height\": 376.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 529.83,\n \"height\": 449.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 554.34,\n \"height\": 108.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9a039f5\",\n \"text\": \"As thromboembolism is a single phenomenon, change in the third harmonic amplitude and the nonharmonic signal normally happens simultaneously and reflect one another.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 592.67,\n \"height\": 444.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 617.17,\n \"height\": 369.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9a039f5\",\n \"text\": \"Anecdotal cases where nonharmonic changes spare the high frequencies (including the third harmonic) or cause isolated persistent third harmonic amplitude may also occur.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 442.4,\n \"width\": 617.17,\n \"height\": 78.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 641.87,\n \"height\": 451.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 666.37,\n \"height\": 284.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9a039f5\",\n \"text\": \"This leads to a moderate increase in positive predictive value when both parameters are used, as demonstrated in paper III.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 356.97,\n \"width\": 666.37,\n \"height\": 161.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 78.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 691.06,\n \"height\": 420.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c9a039f5\",\n \"text\": \"Between TE4 and TE5, changes in the nonharmonic regions subsided and its amplitude returned to its baseline.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 80.0,\n \"y\": 86.75,\n \"width\": 708.43,\n \"height\": 433.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_572e1ad4\",\n \"text\": \"Detection of acute elevations in third harmonic or nonharmonic signal can alarm the treating team of suspected thrombus ingestion and initiate a diagnostic investigation of the thrombus origin using imaging modalities.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 433.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 434.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 149.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_572e1ad4\",\n \"text\": \"Anticoagulation regime can then be adjusted after consideration regarding bleeding risk.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 222.14,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 302.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 111.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_572e1ad4\",\n \"text\": \"After treatment initiation, the accelerometer can be further used to monitor treatment efficacy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 184.16,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 311.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 126.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c12dbde5\",\n \"text\": \"Stroke is a devastating complication responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in the LVAD population.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 321.14,\n \"height\": 446.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.84,\n \"height\": 83.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c12dbde5\",\n \"text\": \"Even the Heartmate 3 pump, despite technological improvement, demonstrate high stroke rates (0.07 EPPY). 24,25,111,112\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 156.34,\n \"width\": 345.84,\n \"height\": 307.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 370.33,\n \"height\": 206.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 277.0,\n \"width\": 369.24,\n \"height\": 43.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b22\",\n \"text\": \"24,\",\n \"offset_start\": 105,\n \"offset_end\": 108\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b23\",\n \"text\": \"25,\",\n \"offset_start\": 108,\n \"offset_end\": 111\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"111,\",\n \"offset_start\": 111,\n \"offset_end\": 115\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"112\",\n \"offset_start\": 115,\n \"offset_end\": 118\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c12dbde5\",\n \"text\": \"As for today, there is no reliable method to diagnose thrombus ingestion by the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 323.67,\n \"width\": 370.33,\n \"height\": 200.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 395.06,\n \"height\": 201.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a903b656\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombus ingestion by the pump is an acute event and therefore capturing it depends on continuous monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 433.17,\n \"height\": 420.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 457.87,\n \"height\": 107.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a903b656\",\n \"text\": \"Currently, the only continuous LVAD monitoring modality is pump power.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 180.65,\n \"width\": 457.87,\n \"height\": 343.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a903b656\",\n \"text\": \"This thesis demonstrates the superiority of the accelerometer compared with pump power in this respect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 482.37,\n \"height\": 454.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 507.08,\n \"height\": 38.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a903b656\",\n \"text\": \"An accelerometer attached to the pump can easily provide continuous pump vibration recording with no impact on the patient.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 111.01,\n \"width\": 507.08,\n \"height\": 403.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 531.59,\n \"height\": 186.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"It is unknown how often silent thromboembolism occurs in the LVAD population.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 569.89,\n \"height\": 377.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"Peripheral thromboembolism may also occur, but its reported rate is considerably lower than stroke rates.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 450.64,\n \"width\": 569.89,\n \"height\": 48.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 594.42,\n \"height\": 446.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"Stroke rates are 10 folds higher in the early phase (< 90 days after implantation) and 30 folds higher in the late phase (> 90 days after implantation) than peripheral thromboembolism. 28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 619.12,\n \"height\": 439.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 643.62,\n \"height\": 418.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 488.41,\n \"width\": 642.52,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 185,\n \"offset_end\": 187\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"nsidering that the blood supply to the brain accounts for 20% of blood flow the difference in incidence is striking.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 668.31,\n \"height\": 442.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 692.83,\n \"height\": 95.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"One can try and compare emboli distribution in LVAD patients with emboli distribution in infective endocarditis, as peripheral septic embolism from endocarditis is much easier to diagnose due to the ensuing infection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 168.66,\n \"width\": 692.83,\n \"height\": 348.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 81.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 717.53,\n \"height\": 438.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 223.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"Peripheral embolism in infective endocarditis accounts for 35-52% of all endocarditis related embolizations. 113,114\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 296.89,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 211.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 291.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 361.61,\n \"width\": 131.77,\n \"height\": 24.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"113,\",\n \"offset_start\": 109,\n \"offset_end\": 113\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"114\",\n \"offset_start\": 113,\n \"offset_end\": 116\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"This suggests that peripheral thromboembolism is grossly underdiagnosed in LVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 389.22,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 86.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 307.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"Another evidence supporting the occurrence of silent emboli in LVAD patients is the backwash maneuver used to expel thrombus mass occluding the inflow canula of the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 380.6,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 136.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 423.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 266.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"It is common practice to search and locate the embolized thrombus after the maneuver using imaging modalities as conventional or CT angiography.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 339.05,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 169.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 448.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 79.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"In a study of four cases of backwash maneuver, only three thrombi were detected by angiography. 57\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 152.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 341.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 120.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 190.22,\n \"width\": 279.39,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b55\",\n \"text\": \"57\",\n \"offset_start\": 96,\n \"offset_end\": 98\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4494ce12\",\n \"text\": \"This supports the notion that a silent thromboembolism under LVAD treatment is more common than the current statistical evidence suggests and that it may pass undetected under today's monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 200.75,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 321.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 442.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.7,\n \"height\": 176.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4e9286d2\",\n \"text\": \"Alarming the treating team of suspected thromboembolism by accelerometer may open the door for early intervention and help tailoring patient specific anticoagulation protocol before function loss occurs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 368.01,\n \"height\": 453.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 392.53,\n \"height\": 444.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 417.23,\n \"height\": 56.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4e9286d2\",\n \"text\": \"This can lead to considerable advantages for both the individual patient, reducing mortality and maintaining quality of life, and for the health system, reducing treatment and rehabilitation costs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 129.44,\n \"width\": 417.23,\n \"height\": 383.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 441.73,\n \"height\": 423.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 466.42,\n \"height\": 91.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefit of accelerometer-based detection of silent thromboembolism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6e58a636\",\n \"text\": \"This thesis supports other investigations, demonstrating that pump thrombosis is associated with persistent change in vibration pattern seen as prolonged accelerometer signal changes (figure 17A).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 551.82,\n \"height\": 434.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 576.32,\n \"height\": 433.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 601.03,\n \"height\": 58.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6e58a636\",\n \"text\": \"Persistent changes in the accelerometer signal may appear either as elevation in the third harmonic amplitude or in the nonharmonic frequencies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 131.84,\n \"width\": 601.03,\n \"height\": 382.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 625.53,\n \"height\": 302.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6e58a636\",\n \"text\": \"The accelerometer signal changes can be quantified by directly reading the third harmonic amplitude (figure 17B) or by quantifying the changes in the nonharmonic frequencies (figure 17C).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 375.4,\n \"width\": 625.53,\n \"height\": 120.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 650.23,\n \"height\": 438.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 82.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 674.73,\n \"height\": 327.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c041f295\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 18 shows the potential use of accelerometer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 245.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c041f295\",\n \"text\": \"As third harmonic and nonharmonic amplitude appears independently from one another, both should be sought after.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 318.42,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 169.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 380.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c041f295\",\n \"text\": \"When alarm is raised, a thorough investigation for the cause of pump thrombosis can be initiated and treatment strategy chosen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 453.13,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 68.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 454.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 78.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c041f295\",\n \"text\": \"The accelerometer can help monitoring treatment efficacy through the resolution of signal changes, together with the normalization of pump parameters and blood tests.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 151.37,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 329.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 432.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 25.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Pump thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"Traditional criteria for the diagnosis of pump thrombosis (signs of heart failure, hemolysis, pump parameters change, and imaging) offers relatively late diagnosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.83,\n \"height\": 451.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 370.33,\n \"height\": 305.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"This may explain the low success rate using thrombolysis. 80\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 378.86,\n \"width\": 370.33,\n \"height\": 117.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 395.06,\n \"height\": 154.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 224.67,\n \"width\": 393.97,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b78\",\n \"text\": \"80\",\n \"offset_start\": 58,\n \"offset_end\": 60\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"is was recently further elucidated by Semiz et al. that integrated acoustic spectral analysis with traditional diagnostic parameters in a machine learning based algorithm. 73\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 433.17,\n \"height\": 436.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 457.87,\n \"height\": 363.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 433.58,\n \"width\": 456.77,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"73\",\n \"offset_start\": 172,\n \"offset_end\": 174\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"In their study patients diagnosed with pump thrombosis using traditional approach such as pump power elevation above the manufacturer recommendation, hemolysis, heart failure symptoms, or positive ramp test were administered thrombolysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 444.08,\n \"width\": 457.87,\n \"height\": 61.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 482.37,\n \"height\": 423.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 507.08,\n \"height\": 424.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 531.59,\n \"height\": 240.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"Resolution of symptoms were monitored using traditional parameters and acoustic spectral analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 313.11,\n \"width\": 531.59,\n \"height\": 191.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 556.28,\n \"height\": 279.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"The algorithm then found and graded the relevant features for pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 352.77,\n \"width\": 556.28,\n \"height\": 139.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 580.79,\n \"height\": 237.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"This allowed for comparison between different diagnostic methods.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 310.16,\n \"width\": 580.79,\n \"height\": 176.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 605.5,\n \"height\": 136.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"The study concluded that traditional methods were inferior to acoustic spectral analysis and that pump power on its own performed inferiorly to harmonic analysis alone.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 209.69,\n \"width\": 605.5,\n \"height\": 286.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 630.0,\n \"height\": 429.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 654.7,\n \"height\": 70.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_84f263a4\",\n \"text\": \"This is in agreement with findings from our studies that showed that traditional pump power analysis is inferior to accelerometer-based vibration analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 143.8,\n \"width\": 654.7,\n \"height\": 368.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 83.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 679.2,\n \"height\": 350.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_800702d4\",\n \"text\": \"Another interesting finding in the study by Semiz et al, was that despite the normalization of both pump parameters and biochemical parameters after thrombolysis administration, the algorithm integrating acoustic signal analysis detected residual pump thrombosis in four pumps. 73\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 431.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 422.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 413.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 35.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 105.22,\n \"width\": 180.96,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"73\",\n \"offset_start\": 278,\n \"offset_end\": 280\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_800702d4\",\n \"text\": \"Indeed, three of the four pumps later developed residual pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 115.73,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 353.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_800702d4\",\n \"text\": \"The authors speculated that this is due to late diagnosis which precluded total thrombus lysis or structural damage to the pump at the time of diagnosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 471.93,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 18.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 429.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 261.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_800702d4\",\n \"text\": \"This strongly supports that traditional diagnosis of pump thrombosis do not offer timely diagnosis with regard to medical intervention.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 333.95,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 174.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 446.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_249d7e77\",\n \"text\": \"It has been shown that early thrombolysis may reduce the need for pump exchange. 80\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 294.11,\n \"height\": 397.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 467.8,\n \"width\": 293.02,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b78\",\n \"text\": \"80\",\n \"offset_start\": 81,\n \"offset_end\": 83\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_249d7e77\",\n \"text\": \"This thesis showed that accelerometer can detect pump thrombosis before pump power increases.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 478.5,\n \"width\": 294.11,\n \"height\": 20.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 443.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_249d7e77\",\n \"text\": \"This may lead to early medical intervention with thrombolysis which may increase its efficacy and thereby reducing the need for pump exchange.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 343.32,\n \"height\": 437.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 368.01,\n \"height\": 242.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"The benefits of accelerometer-based monitoring compared with traditional LVAD monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96d965fe\",\n \"text\": \"Acoustic spectral analysis has been investigated for a decade now without reaching a diagnostic consensus due to somewhat conflicting results.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 482.37,\n \"height\": 403.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 507.08,\n \"height\": 274.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96d965fe\",\n \"text\": \"Kaufmann et al found the presence of third harmonic to be diagnostic for pump thrombosis, while more recent studies by both Feldmann et al and Boilson et al. found third harmonic to be present without pump thrombosis. 58,71\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 347.4,\n \"width\": 507.08,\n \"height\": 166.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 531.59,\n \"height\": 423.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 556.28,\n \"height\": 388.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 580.79,\n \"height\": 55.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 125.47,\n \"width\": 579.7,\n \"height\": 16.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58,\",\n \"offset_start\": 218,\n \"offset_end\": 221\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b69\",\n \"text\": \"71\",\n \"offset_start\": 221,\n \"offset_end\": 223\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96d965fe\",\n \"text\": \"Kaufmann et al also reported that the fourth harmonic had the highest amplitude, while Semiz et al. reported in a later study that the fourth harmonic was seldom the highest harmonic amplitude in their data set. 73\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 145.5,\n \"width\": 580.79,\n \"height\": 328.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 605.5,\n \"height\": 444.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 630.0,\n \"height\": 209.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 279.91,\n \"width\": 628.91,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"73\",\n \"offset_start\": 212,\n \"offset_end\": 214\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_96d965fe\",\n \"text\": \"These contradictory results may be secondary to differences in the experimental model, measuring equipment, auscultation points, or signal analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 290.61,\n \"width\": 630.01,\n \"height\": 230.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 654.7,\n \"height\": 427.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 84.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 679.2,\n \"height\": 41.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_79f53ab7\",\n \"text\": \"The study by Feldmann et al. was an in vitro experiment while the other three studies using HVAD were clinical studies of patients.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 430.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 183.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_79f53ab7\",\n \"text\": \"Simulating the acoustic properties of the body is difficult. 72\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 256.18,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 227.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 36.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 106.19,\n \"width\": 156.47,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b70\",\n \"text\": \"72\",\n \"offset_start\": 61,\n \"offset_end\": 63\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_79f53ab7\",\n \"text\": \"investigated Heartmate II, comparing iOS recording device with dedicated recording equipment, and concluded that iOS performed inferiorly, eliminating important parts of the signal. 77\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 343.32,\n \"height\": 452.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 368.01,\n \"height\": 401.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 471.3,\n \"width\": 366.92,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b75\",\n \"text\": \"77\",\n \"offset_start\": 182,\n \"offset_end\": 184\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_79f53ab7\",\n \"text\": \"This, though not surprising, supports the notion that recording equipment plays an important role in signal quality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 482.0,\n \"width\": 368.01,\n \"height\": 23.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 392.53,\n \"height\": 440.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 417.23,\n \"height\": 64.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_79f53ab7\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer attached to the pump will provide optimal signal quality and can assure a standardized signal acquiring method which will help reaching consensus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 137.8,\n \"width\": 417.23,\n \"height\": 371.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 441.73,\n \"height\": 393.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b74a7f9\",\n \"text\": \"The auscultation points also differed between different spectral analysis studies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 480.03,\n \"height\": 377.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b74a7f9\",\n \"text\": \"Semiz et al used the mitral place, Kaufmann et al and Feldmann et al did not report the exact auscultation point. 58,73\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 450.73,\n \"width\": 480.03,\n \"height\": 52.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 504.55,\n \"height\": 443.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 529.26,\n \"height\": 26.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 96.28,\n \"width\": 528.17,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58,\",\n \"offset_start\": 114,\n \"offset_end\": 117\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"73\",\n \"offset_start\": 117,\n \"offset_end\": 119\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b74a7f9\",\n \"text\": \"Boilson et al tested multiple auscultation points; the second right intercostal space (aortic area), second left intercostal space (pulmonary area), fourth left intercostal space at the sternal border (tricuspid area), and fifth intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line (mitral area). 71\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 116.31,\n \"width\": 529.26,\n \"height\": 386.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 553.76,\n \"height\": 446.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 578.45,\n \"height\": 439.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 509.43,\n \"width\": 577.35,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b69\",\n \"text\": \"71\",\n \"offset_start\": 288,\n \"offset_end\": 290\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b74a7f9\",\n \"text\": \"concluded that the tricuspid area provided best quality and most consistent signal.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 602.98,\n \"height\": 403.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b74a7f9\",\n \"text\": \"This observation suggests differences in signal quality depending on auscultation point and can explain some of the differences between studies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 476.79,\n \"width\": 602.98,\n \"height\": 20.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 627.67,\n \"height\": 427.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 652.17,\n \"height\": 231.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b74a7f9\",\n \"text\": \"In contrast, accelerometer will provide a standardized point with minimal influence of surrounding tissues, overcoming this limitation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 304.11,\n \"width\": 652.17,\n \"height\": 188.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 676.87,\n \"height\": 431.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b74a7f9\",\n \"text\": \"This is reflected by the low inter-pump and inter-subject variation in our signal.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 504.25,\n \"width\": 676.87,\n \"height\": 20.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 85.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 701.39,\n \"height\": 346.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c998ebb1\",\n \"text\": \"Another difference between the above-mentioned studies is signal analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 357.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c998ebb1\",\n \"text\": \"Kaufmann et al. and Feldman et al. used signal averaging while Boilson did not. 58,71\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 430.43,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 75.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 298.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 369.19,\n \"width\": 131.77,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58,\",\n \"offset_start\": 80,\n \"offset_end\": 83\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b69\",\n \"text\": \"71\",\n \"offset_start\": 83,\n \"offset_end\": 85\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c998ebb1\",\n \"text\": \"Signal averaging is usually used to decrease stochastic noise and improve signal quality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 389.22,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 126.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 290.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c998ebb1\",\n \"text\": \"The tradeoff is loss of temporal information.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 363.5,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 146.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 56.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c998ebb1\",\n \"text\": \"Our accelerometer signal was not averaged, enabling detection of short-lasting events such as thromboembolism.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 128.96,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 372.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 162.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_754f5840\",\n \"text\": \"Even more, Kaufmann et al normalized the harmonic amplitudes to the fourth harmonic amplitude, while Boilson et al normalized the harmonic amplitudes to the fundamental frequency (the first harmonic). 58,71\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 244.89,\n \"height\": 411.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 269.59,\n \"height\": 454.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 294.11,\n \"height\": 92.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 162.22,\n \"width\": 293.02,\n \"height\": 16.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58,\",\n \"offset_start\": 201,\n \"offset_end\": 204\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b69\",\n \"text\": \"71\",\n \"offset_start\": 204,\n \"offset_end\": 206\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_754f5840\",\n \"text\": \"The accelerometer data showed little variability between measurements and therefore normalization was unnecessary, which is another advantage compared with acoustic spectral analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 182.25,\n \"width\": 294.11,\n \"height\": 339.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 318.81,\n \"height\": 424.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 343.32,\n \"height\": 124.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5cd2ea47\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer-based analysis offers a solution for the utility of the third harmonic amplitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 381.62,\n \"height\": 435.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5cd2ea47\",\n \"text\": \"It seems that the description of the third harmonic as absent by Kaufmann et al. was circumstantial to the equipment used and somewhat imprecise.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 508.25,\n \"width\": 381.62,\n \"height\": 5.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 406.14,\n \"height\": 388.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 430.84,\n \"height\": 298.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5cd2ea47\",\n \"text\": \"The accelerometer data demonstrated low level third harmonic in all pumps as referred in paper I.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 371.14,\n \"width\": 430.84,\n \"height\": 112.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 455.34,\n \"height\": 345.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5cd2ea47\",\n \"text\": \"The third harmonic became apparent when background signal level decreased, due to increased afterload or decreased preload, as shown in figure 17.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 418.35,\n \"width\": 455.34,\n \"height\": 89.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 480.04,\n \"height\": 421.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 504.56,\n \"height\": 198.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5cd2ea47\",\n \"text\": \"Even when third harmonic amplitude increased above background signal level, it remained low under the large hemodynamic flow alterations during the control interventions both in vitro and in vivo and only increased significantly under pump thrombosis (figure 19).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 271.47,\n \"width\": 504.56,\n \"height\": 222.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 529.26,\n \"height\": 440.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 553.76,\n \"height\": 439.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 578.45,\n \"height\": 136.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5cd2ea47\",\n \"text\": \"This shows that diagnosing pump thrombosis using the presence/absence of third harmonic (above background signal level) may be problematic, while using a third harmonic amplitude cutoff value is feasible and avoids this problem.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 209.78,\n \"width\": 578.45,\n \"height\": 260.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 602.98,\n \"height\": 450.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 627.67,\n \"height\": 381.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d6a59045\",\n \"text\": \"To summarize, an accelerometer-based LVAD monitoring can eliminate many of the methodological challenges of acoustic signal analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 665.78,\n \"height\": 397.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 690.48,\n \"height\": 255.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d6a59045\",\n \"text\": \"An accelerometer integrated into the pump by the manufacturer will provide a standardized equipment, eliminate differences in standardized signal of high quality will help reaching a consensus regarding the best signal analysis method.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 328.59,\n \"width\": 690.48,\n \"height\": 172.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 86.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 715.01,\n \"height\": 421.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 87.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 429.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 87.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 80.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Measurement reliability and reproducibility of accelerometer signal compared with acoustic signal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_93804ffd\",\n \"text\": \"The ability to classify an event as acute or gradual depends on continuous monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 184.61,\n \"height\": 406.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based distinction between thrombosis in situ and thromboembolism induced thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_93804ffd\",\n \"text\": \"It is documented that pump thrombosis increases stroke risk. 59\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 479.34,\n \"width\": 184.61,\n \"height\": 16.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 209.12,\n \"height\": 268.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 338.25,\n \"width\": 208.02,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b57\",\n \"text\": \"59\",\n \"offset_start\": 61,\n \"offset_end\": 63\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based distinction between thrombosis in situ and thromboembolism induced thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_93804ffd\",\n \"text\": \"In contrast, the causative connection between thromboembolism passing through the pump and the development of pump thrombosis is not clear and seldom discussed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 348.95,\n \"width\": 209.12,\n \"height\": 173.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 233.81,\n \"height\": 454.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 258.31,\n \"height\": 163.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based distinction between thrombosis in situ and thromboembolism induced thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_93804ffd\",\n \"text\": \"A study by Jorde et al. showed that thrombolysis efficacy was higher in cases where pump power increase was gradual and not acute. 80\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 236.32,\n \"width\": 258.31,\n \"height\": 268.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 283.01,\n \"height\": 362.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 432.99,\n \"width\": 281.91,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b78\",\n \"text\": \"80\",\n \"offset_start\": 131,\n \"offset_end\": 133\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based distinction between thrombosis in situ and thromboembolism induced thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_93804ffd\",\n \"text\": \"As vibration analysis with accelerometer is more sensitive and specific than pump power, continuous monitoring with accelerometer can improve classifying signal changes as acute or gradual.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 443.5,\n \"width\": 283.01,\n \"height\": 55.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 307.53,\n \"height\": 416.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 332.22,\n \"height\": 427.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based distinction between thrombosis in situ and thromboembolism induced thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_93804ffd\",\n \"text\": \"This will help in choosing the right treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 500.78,\n \"width\": 332.22,\n \"height\": 20.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 356.72,\n \"height\": 187.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based distinction between thrombosis in situ and thromboembolism induced thrombosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ac14f2f\",\n \"text\": \"Paper III was the first paper using the nonharmonic region of the accelerometer-based spectrogram in the diagnosis of thromboembolism and pump thrombosis in LVAD.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 471.29,\n \"height\": 407.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 495.81,\n \"height\": 387.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ac14f2f\",\n \"text\": \"It showed that thromboembolism can lead to persistent change in the nonharmonic amplitude indicative of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 460.32,\n \"width\": 495.81,\n \"height\": 45.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 520.51,\n \"height\": 451.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 545.01,\n \"height\": 85.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ac14f2f\",\n \"text\": \"As changes in the nonharmonic region had no association with third harmonic change, a method utilizing both parameters improved the positive predictive value compared with a method that relied on only the third harmonic amplitude change.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 158.09,\n \"width\": 545.01,\n \"height\": 320.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 569.7,\n \"height\": 433.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 594.23,\n \"height\": 383.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8ac14f2f\",\n \"text\": \"Beyond the increase in positive predictive value, the lack of association between the two parameters suggests that they represent different forms of intra-pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 456.28,\n \"width\": 594.23,\n \"height\": 54.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 618.92,\n \"height\": 417.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 643.42,\n \"height\": 330.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b9aae684\",\n \"text\": \"In the literature intra-pump thrombosis is often used as an umbrella term, referring simply to thrombus mass within the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 681.73,\n \"height\": 432.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 706.25,\n \"height\": 153.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b9aae684\",\n \"text\": \"Intra-pump thrombosis may take different forms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 226.78,\n \"width\": 706.25,\n \"height\": 228.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b9aae684\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombus may be central or peripheral.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 88.0,\n \"y\": 457.61,\n \"width\": 706.25,\n \"height\": 48.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 136.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b9aae684\",\n \"text\": \"It may be attached to the impeller or to the pump housing.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 209.13,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 273.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b9aae684\",\n \"text\": \"It may affect different parts of the impeller (e.g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 485.29,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 29.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 188.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b9aae684\",\n \"text\": \"primary, secondary, or tertiary blood flow pathways) (figure 20).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 261.82,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 245.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 51.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b9aae684\",\n \"text\": \"As for today there are no methods to distinguish different forms of intra-pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 124.68,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 364.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 55.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b9aae684\",\n \"text\": \"It is reasonable to assume that thrombus location affects LVAD vibration pattern differently, in which case different signal changes will represent different pathologies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 128.29,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 377.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 400.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5eae6e64\",\n \"text\": \"Unfortunately, studies utilizing acoustic spectral analysis usually try to show the superiority of one parameter over other parameters.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 439.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 180.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5eae6e64\",\n \"text\": \"The most studied part of the spectrogram involves the harmonic frequencies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 253.61,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 255.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 105.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5eae6e64\",\n \"text\": \"Limited information exists regarding changes in the nonharmonic frequencies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 178.19,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 306.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 58.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5eae6e64\",\n \"text\": \"Feldmann et al. demonstrated that the number of peaks on the acoustic frequency spectrum increased significantly (including new nonharmonic amplitude peaks) in response to artificial thrombus attachment to the tilted part of the impeller.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 131.21,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 388.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 442.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 289.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5eae6e64\",\n \"text\": \"Though morphology of signal changes in the nonharmonic region may take more than one form, examples where increased number of nonharmonic amplitude peaks occurred also in our data (figure 15).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 362.31,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 137.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 443.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 369.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5eae6e64\",\n \"text\": \"It is important to acknowledge the possibility that different signal changes may represent different pathologies, as they may respond differently to treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 416.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 313.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5eae6e64\",\n \"text\": \"Reliable diagnosis and distinction between these two signal changes may further improve intra-pump thrombosis classification and help answering questions about the most effective treatment strategy in each case.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 386.83,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 107.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 421.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 448.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 25.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based nonharmonic amplitude change contribution for pump thrombosis diagnosis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_926e3f48\",\n \"text\": \"6][117] Both thrombus build-up inside the pump and pre-pump thrombosis led to loss of circadian rhythm that could be detected an average 12 days prior to pump parameters reaching diagnostic threshold.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 139.74,\n \"width\": 331.13,\n \"height\": 10.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 153.48,\n \"width\": 332.22,\n \"height\": 364.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 356.72,\n \"height\": 418.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 381.42,\n \"height\": 142.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"[117]\",\n \"offset_start\": 2,\n \"offset_end\": 7\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based monitoring and pump power circadian rhythm monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0809af33\",\n \"text\": \"6][117] As pre-pump and intra-pump thrombosis may require different intervention, loss of circadian rhythm should be combined with other methods to help distinguishing these two conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 342.01,\n \"width\": 429.55,\n \"height\": 10.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 355.78,\n \"width\": 430.64,\n \"height\": 136.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 455.14,\n \"height\": 450.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 479.84,\n \"height\": 273.95\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"[117]\",\n \"offset_start\": 2,\n \"offset_end\": 7\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based monitoring and pump power circadian rhythm monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0809af33\",\n \"text\": \"Combining novel circadian rhythm analysis and accelerometer vibration analysis may improve clinical decision making, and should be further investigated.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 347.13,\n \"width\": 479.84,\n \"height\": 161.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 504.36,\n \"height\": 452.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 529.06,\n \"height\": 108.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based monitoring and pump power circadian rhythm monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_127c1af1\",\n \"text\": \"Circadian rhythm analysis is based on pump power consumption.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 553.57,\n \"height\": 308.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based monitoring and pump power circadian rhythm monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_127c1af1\",\n \"text\": \"As accelerometer-based vibration analysis was more sensitive than pump power in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis, it will be interesting to check whether the accelerometer signal demonstrate circadian rhythm, and whether it is lost under pathological conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 381.47,\n \"width\": 553.57,\n \"height\": 116.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 578.25,\n \"height\": 446.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 602.78,\n \"height\": 452.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 627.48,\n \"height\": 221.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based monitoring and pump power circadian rhythm monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_127c1af1\",\n \"text\": \"It is possible that accelerometer-based analysis detects alteration in circadian rhythm even earlier than pump power.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 294.01,\n \"width\": 627.48,\n \"height\": 224.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 90.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 651.98,\n \"height\": 321.59\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Accelerometer-based monitoring and pump power circadian rhythm monitoring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb2ba5ec\",\n \"text\": \"The advantages of machine learning based algorithms is the ability to process large amounts of information and different parameters, and by that finding correlations that were previously hidden in the data.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 170.98,\n \"height\": 451.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 195.5,\n \"height\": 422.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 220.2,\n \"height\": 88.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb2ba5ec\",\n \"text\": \"The quality of the result gilded by machine learning algorithms is directly related to the quality of the training data set that is available.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 160.96,\n \"width\": 220.2,\n \"height\": 341.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 244.7,\n \"height\": 284.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb2ba5ec\",\n \"text\": \"Machine learning has been utilized by Semiz et al. in an algorithm that combined acoustic spectral analysis with conventional pump parameters, demonstrating improved pump thrombosis detection. 73\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 357.59,\n \"width\": 244.7,\n \"height\": 164.63\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 269.4,\n \"height\": 452.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 293.93,\n \"height\": 309.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 379.31,\n \"width\": 292.83,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"73\",\n \"offset_start\": 193,\n \"offset_end\": 195\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb2ba5ec\",\n \"text\": \"celerometer signal can easily replace the acoustic signal and with better signal quality this can translate to better performing algorithms.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 318.61,\n \"height\": 436.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 343.11,\n \"height\": 213.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_cb2ba5ec\",\n \"text\": \"This needs to be investigated.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 285.95,\n \"width\": 343.11,\n \"height\": 142.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67b06261\",\n \"text\": \"New paradigms in machine learning, as deep learning algorithms, challenge human intuition and push the boundaries of what is possible.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 367.82,\n \"height\": 434.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 392.34,\n \"height\": 211.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67b06261\",\n \"text\": \"They, however, require large amounts of representative data.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 284.01,\n \"width\": 392.34,\n \"height\": 192.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 417.03,\n \"height\": 94.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67b06261\",\n \"text\": \"This data does not exist at the moment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 167.58,\n \"width\": 417.03,\n \"height\": 187.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_67b06261\",\n \"text\": \"Adding sensors by manufacturers and collecting representative data in order to then develop these algorithms may be a profitable investment in the years to come.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 357.71,\n \"width\": 417.03,\n \"height\": 159.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 441.53,\n \"height\": 450.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 466.23,\n \"height\": 153.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Potential for accelerometer-based monitoring using machine learning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_870eb690\",\n \"text\": \"In this thesis the in vitro model in paper I was used to establish the relevant diagnostic criteria for pump thrombosis by accelerometer, and the in vivo model was used to validate the method in a clinically relevant model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 553.17,\n \"height\": 441.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 577.67,\n \"height\": 445.95\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 602.39,\n \"height\": 136.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd0c874a\",\n \"text\": \"The in vitro model allowed for observations distinguishing heart motion related signal changes from pump related signal changes (figure 5).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 626.89,\n \"height\": 443.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 651.59,\n \"height\": 209.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd0c874a\",\n \"text\": \"Comparison of the two models confirmed the logical assumption that heart related signal changes are responsible for the high amplitude of the low frequencies.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 282.57,\n \"width\": 651.59,\n \"height\": 212.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 676.09,\n \"height\": 439.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 700.81,\n \"height\": 95.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dd0c874a\",\n \"text\": \"Based on this observation we chose to mask the low frequencies in our third study, as we were only interested in the pump related signal changes in the nonharmonic regions of the spectrogram.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 91.0,\n \"y\": 168.12,\n \"width\": 700.81,\n \"height\": 336.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 444.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 130.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a36cdb83\",\n \"text\": \"The value acquisition from the signal was performed using a semiautomatic method, which received the intervention time and based on that found the relevant predefined signal changes without operator intervention.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 428.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 444.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 138.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a36cdb83\",\n \"text\": \"This can be easily fully automated by scanning the accelerometer signal continuously for signal changes in the third harmonic amplitude and in the nonharmonic signal.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 210.9,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 309.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 443.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 30.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dae8f585\",\n \"text\": \"The experimental protocol provided vigorous control interventions covering a large range of hemodynamic conditions and pump speeds.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 430.97\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 208.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dae8f585\",\n \"text\": \"At the same time, we kept thrombus size in clinically relevant volume between 0.2 -1.0 ml in vitro, and 0.3-0.4\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 281.79,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 203.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 309.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dae8f585\",\n \"text\": \"ml in vivo.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 382.91,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 47.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_dae8f585\",\n \"text\": \"Despite this the accelerometer distinguished thromboembolism related signal changes from control interventions with high sensitivity and specificity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 433.47,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 73.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 453.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 164.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9d0c8862\",\n \"text\": \"Our models had some disadvantages.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 180.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9d0c8862\",\n \"text\": \"In our in vivo model, thromboemboli were injected into the atrium and could pass either through the pump or through the aortic valve.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 253.09,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 255.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 368.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9d0c8862\",\n \"text\": \"We did not have a method detecting the course the thrombus took and therefore we included all thromboembolic events in the statistical analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 441.54,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 77.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 451.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 152.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9d0c8862\",\n \"text\": \"This affected the sensitivity and specificity in the in vivo model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 225.09,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 296.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_eeb02a65\",\n \"text\": \"Another weakness in our model was related directly to the fact that currently there is no reliable method to detect pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 449.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 167.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_eeb02a65\",\n \"text\": \"We based our pump thrombosis diagnosis on the assumption that persistent change in the vibration pattern after thrombus ingestion into the pump is evidence for a residual thrombus in the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 240.71,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 232.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 427.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 257.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_eeb02a65\",\n \"text\": \"As there is no gold standard, the only way to confirm the presence of pump thrombosis and its exact type is to open the pump after each thromboembolic event.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 330.17,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 176.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 600.45,\n \"height\": 438.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 624.95,\n \"height\": 134.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_eeb02a65\",\n \"text\": \"This would have increased the number of animals and pumps needed 10 folds and was considered unethical.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 207.2,\n \"width\": 624.95,\n \"height\": 291.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 649.64,\n \"height\": 222.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_eeb02a65\",\n \"text\": \"We therefore chose to open the pump only after all thromboembolic events were performed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 295.71,\n \"width\": 649.64,\n \"height\": 226.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 92.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 674.15,\n \"height\": 204.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_eeb02a65\",\n \"text\": \"Experiments investigating accelerometer performance under closed chest model should be performed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 429.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 51.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Methodological considerations and reliability of the findings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_95e80bb4\",\n \"text\": \"This work is based on HeartWare HVAD which was recently removed from the market due to complications related to stroke rates and device malfunction.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 293.73,\n \"height\": 438.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 318.22,\n \"height\": 286.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_95e80bb4\",\n \"text\": \"This puts the relevance of this work in question and demands a response.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 359.58,\n \"width\": 318.22,\n \"height\": 141.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 342.93,\n \"height\": 204.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1b740d63\",\n \"text\": \"First and foremost, HeartWare HVAD was one of the two most popular pumps in the recent decade and many patients still use this pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 367.42,\n \"height\": 430.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 392.14,\n \"height\": 216.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1b740d63\",\n \"text\": \"According to the INTERMACS report from 2020, 6,565 centrifugal pumps with hybrid levitation have been implanted between 2010 and 2019, with peak implantation numbers in 2018. 28\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 289.11,\n \"width\": 392.14,\n \"height\": 228.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 416.64,\n \"height\": 436.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 441.34,\n \"height\": 191.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 261.61,\n \"width\": 440.25,\n \"height\": 7.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b26\",\n \"text\": \"28\",\n \"offset_start\": 175,\n \"offset_end\": 177\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1b740d63\",\n \"text\": \"Over 50% of implantations between 2015 and 2019 were performed as destination therapy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 271.92,\n \"width\": 441.34,\n \"height\": 243.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 465.84,\n \"height\": 185.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1b740d63\",\n \"text\": \"With 5 years survival rates of about 50% we should expect to encounter HVAD related complications in the coming years, and we should continue to develop diagnostic strategies for this patient group.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 258.53,\n \"width\": 465.84,\n \"height\": 242.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 490.56,\n \"height\": 443.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 515.06,\n \"height\": 253.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa1c8b06\",\n \"text\": \"We currently test the hypothesis that vibrations captured by accelerometer attached to the pump's driveline may serve as an alternative to accelerometer attached to the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 539.75,\n \"height\": 424.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 564.26,\n \"height\": 399.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa1c8b06\",\n \"text\": \"Though we did not compare acoustic signal and accelerometer signal in our experiments, our data suggests that accelerometer signal has lower noise levels.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 588.96,\n \"height\": 440.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 613.48,\n \"height\": 299.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_aa1c8b06\",\n \"text\": \"With advancing technology and improved acoustic signal the data published in this thesis may be utilized using acoustic spectral analysis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 372.32,\n \"width\": 613.48,\n \"height\": 148.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 638.17,\n \"height\": 454.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 662.67,\n \"height\": 41.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"Second, it is important to acknowledge that despite improvements in pump technology, hemostasis-related complications are still a major cause for morbidity and mortality in the LVAD community regardless of the pump type.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 687.37,\n \"height\": 410.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 93.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 711.89,\n \"height\": 451.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 190.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"Despite lower pump thrombosis rates, the Momentum 3 study still reports stroke rates of 0.07-0.08\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 263.05,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 254.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 208.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"EPPY and bleeding rates of 0.6-0.7 EPPY for the Heartmate 3 pump. 112\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 281.17,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 232.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 91.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 161.64,\n \"width\": 156.47,\n \"height\": 11.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"112\",\n \"offset_start\": 66,\n \"offset_end\": 69\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"As LVAD causes changes in hemostasis with combined bleeding diathesis and hypercoagulability, the probability that these complications will be abolished in the near future are unrealistic.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 176.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 306.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 452.15\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 124.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"This means that optimal anticoagulation strategy and complication management require patient tailored strategy.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 197.25,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 312.53\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 215.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"Unfortunately, monitoring of LVAD patients remain lacking.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 288.8,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 203.03\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 72.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"This is reflected by continuous efforts to improve LVAD diagnostic using new modalities as acoustic spectral analysis 58,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]118 , alteration in circadian rhythm [115][116][117] , and machine learning based analysis 73 . Tho\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 145.06,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 362.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 186.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 256.75,\n \"width\": 279.39,\n \"height\": 30.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b56\",\n \"text\": \"58,\",\n \"offset_start\": 118,\n \"offset_end\": 121\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b63\",\n \"text\": \"[65]\",\n \"offset_start\": 121,\n \"offset_end\": 125\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b64\",\n \"text\": \"[66]\",\n \"offset_start\": 125,\n \"offset_end\": 129\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b65\",\n \"text\": \"[67]\",\n \"offset_start\": 129,\n \"offset_end\": 133\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b66\",\n \"text\": \"[68]\",\n \"offset_start\": 133,\n \"offset_end\": 137\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b67\",\n \"text\": \"[69]\",\n \"offset_start\": 137,\n \"offset_end\": 141\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b68\",\n \"text\": \"[70]\",\n \"offset_start\": 141,\n \"offset_end\": 145\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b69\",\n \"text\": \"[71]\",\n \"offset_start\": 145,\n \"offset_end\": 149\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b70\",\n \"text\": \"[72]\",\n \"offset_start\": 149,\n \"offset_end\": 153\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"[73]\",\n \"offset_start\": 153,\n \"offset_end\": 157\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b72\",\n \"text\": \"[74]\",\n \"offset_start\": 157,\n \"offset_end\": 161\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b73\",\n \"text\": \"[75]\",\n \"offset_start\": 161,\n \"offset_end\": 165\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b74\",\n \"text\": \"[76]\",\n \"offset_start\": 165,\n \"offset_end\": 169\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b75\",\n \"text\": \"[77]\",\n \"offset_start\": 169,\n \"offset_end\": 173\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b76\",\n \"text\": \"[78]\",\n \"offset_start\": 173,\n \"offset_end\": 177\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"118\",\n \"offset_start\": 177,\n \"offset_end\": 180\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"[115]\",\n \"offset_start\": 214,\n \"offset_end\": 219\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"[116]\",\n \"offset_start\": 219,\n \"offset_end\": 224\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"[117]\",\n \"offset_start\": 224,\n \"offset_end\": 229\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b71\",\n \"text\": \"73\",\n \"offset_start\": 268,\n \"offset_end\": 270\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"gh this work describes signal changes in Heartware HVAD, it is reasonable to assume that the observations made are relevant with some modifications to other hydrodynamic pump types.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 287.02,\n \"width\": 279.39,\n \"height\": 10.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 297.22,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 2.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"Testing the spectrogram regions described here will be a good place to start an investigation of other pump types.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 303.06,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 55.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"This is supported by observations made using acoustic spectral analysis demonstrating that third harmonic is a marker for pump thrombosis not only in Heartware HVAD but also in Heartmate II. 71 Third,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 361.14,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 42.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b69\",\n \"text\": \"71\",\n \"offset_start\": 191,\n \"offset_end\": 193\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c52ad86b\",\n \"text\": \"his work describes general signal analysis methods, for example the phase filter, that should be tested on other pump types.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 406.98,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 32.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Relevance of this thesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3cc7b111\",\n \"text\": \"The models in this thesis are static, meaning that the results are relevant for monitoring patients at rest.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 588.96,\n \"height\": 452.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 613.48,\n \"height\": 32.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Limitations Static models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3cc7b111\",\n \"text\": \"Analysis of the mobile patient will have to take into account orientation changes in the gravitational field, vibrations from external sources, and acute events from external sources.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 105.62,\n \"width\": 613.48,\n \"height\": 404.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 638.17,\n \"height\": 434.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Limitations Static models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10b7dcc3\",\n \"text\": \"Orientation changes in the gravitational field can be recognized by a gyroscope.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 662.67,\n \"height\": 376.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Limitations Static models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10b7dcc3\",\n \"text\": \"There are commercially available six axis sensors that has both accelerometer and gyroscope.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 449.61,\n \"width\": 662.67,\n \"height\": 46.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 687.37,\n \"height\": 397.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Limitations Static models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10b7dcc3\",\n \"text\": \"Krogh et al. from our research group, developed and validated algorithms compensating changes in the gravitational field. 100\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 470.65,\n \"width\": 687.37,\n \"height\": 40.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 94.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 711.89,\n \"height\": 445.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 83.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 153.28,\n \"width\": 107.27,\n \"height\": 11.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"100\",\n \"offset_start\": 122,\n \"offset_end\": 125\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Limitations Static models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10b7dcc3\",\n \"text\": \"Recognizing external sources of signal changes, regular or irregular, may be achieved by comparing accelerometer recordings at the surface, for example at the controller, with accelerometer recordings at the pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 167.67,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 346.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 407.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 255.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Limitations Static models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10b7dcc3\",\n \"text\": \"Vibrations from an external source will most probably be more prominent at the surface of the body.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 328.08,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 180.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 286.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Limitations Static models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10b7dcc3\",\n \"text\": \"Limiting the analysis to events that effect solely the LVAD accelerometer may help distinguishing acute thromboemboli from external mechanical events.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 359.35,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 164.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 416.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 132.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Limitations Static models\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_54521ffb\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer-based vibration analysis and acoustic spectral analysis are highly related methods.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 416.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.7,\n \"height\": 44.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"No direct comparison between acoustic spectral analysis and accelerometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_54521ffb\",\n \"text\": \"A direct comparison between the two methods will help determining the potential advantage of accelerometer-based monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 117.04,\n \"width\": 329.7,\n \"height\": 380.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 221.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"No direct comparison between acoustic spectral analysis and accelerometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_54521ffb\",\n \"text\": \"Evaluation of variation between individuals and measurements will help establish differences in measurements reproducibility of the two methods.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 294.24,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 222.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 415.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.61,\n \"height\": 44.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"No direct comparison between acoustic spectral analysis and accelerometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5bfa84bd\",\n \"text\": \"We used an open thorax model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 151.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Open thorax model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5bfa84bd\",\n \"text\": \"This may affect the vibration amplitude, and signal quality.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 224.5,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 274.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Open thorax model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5bfa84bd\",\n \"text\": \"It may also increase variability between patients and/or measurement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 501.85,\n \"width\": 477.31,\n \"height\": 5.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 321.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Open thorax model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5bfa84bd\",\n \"text\": \"This can be investigated under close thorax conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 394.83,\n \"width\": 502.03,\n \"height\": 115.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 142.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Open thorax model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5bfa84bd\",\n \"text\": \"Some of these questions may be best answered under chronic animal model or clinical trial, collecting data over a long period of time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 214.92,\n \"width\": 526.54,\n \"height\": 295.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 332.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Open thorax model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_5bfa84bd\",\n \"text\": \"It may be combined with efforts to establish the principles of dynamic monitoring of mobile patients.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 405.01,\n \"width\": 551.22,\n \"height\": 115.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 575.72,\n \"height\": 350.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Open thorax model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ae7e0bb\",\n \"text\": \"After the withdrawal of Heartware HVAD from the market, Heartmate 3 is the leading pump.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 649.64,\n \"height\": 432.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ae7e0bb\",\n \"text\": \"It is important to recognize that the Heartmate 3 pump differs in levitation mechanism and impeller structure, and findings in Heartware HVAD cannot be automatically applied.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 505.07,\n \"width\": 649.64,\n \"height\": 16.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 674.14,\n \"height\": 443.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 698.87,\n \"height\": 357.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ae7e0bb\",\n \"text\": \"Pump thrombosis rates seems to be much lower in this pump, and the impeller structure may make the detection of thromboembolic events passing through the pump more challenging.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 430.16,\n \"width\": 698.87,\n \"height\": 83.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 95.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 723.36,\n \"height\": 446.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 336.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ae7e0bb\",\n \"text\": \"The models and signal analysis methods described in this work can be used to investigated Heartmate 3, but new investigations should be performed in order to demonstrate the utility of accelerometer-based monitoring in this pump type.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 409.28,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 107.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 427.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 440.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 136.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1283dd56\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer attachment to the pump require manufacturer involvement\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 346.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b6da8fee\",\n \"text\": \"The modern LVADs are robust, state of the art, devices built for reliability, safety and durability.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 255.98,\n \"height\": 448.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74c38e38\",\n \"text\": \"In the name of reliability and durability, the pumps are stripped of all unnecessary components, leaving device monitoring lacking.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 448.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 159.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74c38e38\",\n \"text\": \"Adding new monitoring components to a pump already on the market is demanding and costly.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 232.69,\n \"width\": 305.19,\n \"height\": 291.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 153.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74c38e38\",\n \"text\": \"The consequence is that all monitoring modalities on an implanted device are either included in the original design or excluded from it altogether, limiting the technological solutions to the insight of the developing team.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 226.23,\n \"width\": 329.71,\n \"height\": 263.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 354.4,\n \"height\": 453.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 303.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74c38e38\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer sensors do not breach the blood barrier and poses minimal risk for patient safety.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 376.24,\n \"width\": 378.9,\n \"height\": 142.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 310.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_74c38e38\",\n \"text\": \"Despite this, integrating an accelerometer to an already approved pump as the Heartware HVAD seems demanding from a manufacturers perspective and limits its potential patient benefit.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 383.26,\n \"width\": 403.62,\n \"height\": 126.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 428.12,\n \"height\": 450.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 96.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 452.81,\n \"height\": 304.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Heartmate 3 was not tested\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75b9e93d\",\n \"text\": \"This thesis represents the first step in utilizing accelerometer sensors in the field of circulatory assist devices.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 442.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 69.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75b9e93d\",\n \"text\": \"The main focus areas in this work were thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis detection in HeartWare HVAD using an accelerometer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 142.51,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 349.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 314.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_75b9e93d\",\n \"text\": \"The following conclusions can be drawn:\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 387.64,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 121.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 67.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e6553c22\",\n \"text\": \"1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 87.53,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 8.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e6553c22\",\n \"text\": \"The accelerometer detected thromboembolic events (hypothesis 1) with higher sensitivity and specificity than pump power (hypothesis 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.01,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 371.79\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 275.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e6553c22\",\n \"text\": \"This may help in the diagnosis of subclinical emboli and open the door for treatment adjustment before function loss occurs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 383.08,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 95.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 385.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 96.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c212c419\",\n \"text\": \"2. A subset of thromboembolic events led to prolonged increase in the accelerometer third harmonic amplitude which was associated with pump thrombosis (hypothesis 3).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 87.53,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 431.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 379.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0e242be0\",\n \"text\": \"Persistent accelerometer signal changes were present before HVAD power indicated underlying pump thrombosis, which demonstrated the superiority of the accelerometer method (hypothesis 4).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 401.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 406.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 443.87,\n \"height\": 108.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7913e55f\",\n \"text\": \"3. Analyzing the nonharmonic region of the accelerometer spectrogram improved the positive predictive value of the method in the diagnosis of both thromboembolic event and pump thrombosis (hypothesis 5).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 87.53,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 406.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 493.08,\n \"height\": 402.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 105.02,\n \"width\": 517.58,\n \"height\": 176.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e5b2ea55\",\n \"text\": \"Accelerometer-based vibration analysis has two main advantages compared with acoustic spectral analysis, including measurements in a fixed position directly on the pump, and the possibility of continuous monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 550.06,\n \"height\": 425.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 574.56,\n \"height\": 427.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 599.28,\n \"height\": 168.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e5b2ea55\",\n \"text\": \"Though the two methods were not directly compared, accelerometer-based monitoring seems like the natural next stage in LVAD monitoring.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 241.7,\n \"width\": 599.28,\n \"height\": 252.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 623.78,\n \"height\": 410.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ebb9ae77\",\n \"text\": \"Hopefully this work is a first step in the utilization of accelerometer in LVAD monitoring and will encourage other works in the field of mechanical circulatory support.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 648.48,\n \"height\": 445.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 97.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 672.98,\n \"height\": 322.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Conclusions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074a7582\",\n \"text\": \"The detection of aortic valve opening is challenging and as for today is mostly based on intermittent evaluation with echocardiography with adjustments of pump speed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 99.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 413.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 99.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 373.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aortic valve opening detection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074a7582\",\n \"text\": \"Our group has been working on detection of valve events using accelerometer. 104\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 99.0,\n \"y\": 446.71,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 68.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 99.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 301.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 99.0,\n \"y\": 371.72,\n \"width\": 180.96,\n \"height\": 11.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aortic valve opening detection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_074a7582\",\n \"text\": \"This algorithm should be tested under LVAD physiology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 99.0,\n \"y\": 386.12,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 116.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 99.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 146.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Aortic valve opening detection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_316b01fd\",\n \"text\": \"order of thrombus size was randomized.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 55.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 190.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_316b01fd\",\n \"text\": \"A full description including a schematic illustration of the interventions can be seen in figure 4.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 55.0,\n \"y\": 263.01,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 246.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 55.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 192.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9febd829\",\n \"text\": \"The interventions were divided into thromboembolic interventions and control interventions (figure 6).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 139.67,\n \"height\": 427.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 164.18,\n \"height\": 45.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9febd829\",\n \"text\": \"Control interventions included pump speed change, afterload increase, and saline bolus injections.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 118.63,\n \"width\": 164.18,\n \"height\": 386.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 188.89,\n \"height\": 76.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9febd829\",\n \"text\": \"We did not perform preload manipulation due to the risk for hemodynamic instability.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 149.06,\n \"width\": 188.89,\n \"height\": 348.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 213.39,\n \"height\": 47.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9febd829\",\n \"text\": \"We intended to confirm a low amplitude of third harmonic during the control interventions, so they were performed before the thromboembolic intervention.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 119.98,\n \"width\": 213.39,\n \"height\": 355.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 238.09,\n \"height\": 370.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9febd829\",\n \"text\": \"The order of the control interventions was pump speed change, followed by graft obstruction, and finishing with saline bolus injections.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 443.02,\n \"width\": 238.09,\n \"height\": 76.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 262.59,\n \"height\": 444.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 287.3,\n \"height\": 107.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad72c719\",\n \"text\": \"The pump speed change events included pump speeds of 1800 rpm, 2200 rpm, and 2600 rpm in this order.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 311.8,\n \"height\": 445.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 336.51,\n \"height\": 58.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad72c719\",\n \"text\": \"Afterload increase targeted flow reduction of 0%, 50%, 25%, 50%, and 0% from baseline flow, in this order.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 131.82,\n \"width\": 336.51,\n \"height\": 376.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 361.0,\n \"height\": 126.77\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ad72c719\",\n \"text\": \"The aim of the saline bolus injection was to test whether it led to signal changes, as it was part of the procedure for thrombus introduction into the left atrium.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 199.67,\n \"width\": 361.0,\n \"height\": 302.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 385.72,\n \"height\": 433.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_04a53d57\",\n \"text\": \"Thromboembolic events included a series of up to 10 thrombus injections, depending on the animal hemodynamic stability and pump function.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 410.23,\n \"height\": 434.39\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 434.92,\n \"height\": 233.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_04a53d57\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombus size varied between 0.3 ml and 0.4 ml.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 306.39,\n \"width\": 434.92,\n \"height\": 216.65\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 459.42,\n \"height\": 14.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_04a53d57\",\n \"text\": \"A full description including a schematic illustration of the interventions can be seen in figure 6.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 87.13,\n \"width\": 459.42,\n \"height\": 430.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 58.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 484.12,\n \"height\": 9.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experimental protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2261b18\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombus material was used in both the in vitro and the in vivo experiments.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 59.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 629.03,\n \"height\": 360.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thrombus material preparation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2261b18\",\n \"text\": \"The preparation procedure was similar.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 59.0,\n \"y\": 436.65,\n \"width\": 629.03,\n \"height\": 75.49\n },\n {\n \"x\": 59.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 107.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thrombus material preparation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2261b18\",\n \"text\": \"Non-heparinized blood was collected in 20x10 ml clot activator tubes and centrifugated for 15 minutes in 2500 rpm at 4˚C.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 59.0,\n \"y\": 179.97,\n \"width\": 653.53,\n \"height\": 324.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 59.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 678.23,\n \"height\": 247.83\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thrombus material preparation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2261b18\",\n \"text\": \"The blood was then left to coagulate for at least one hour.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 59.0,\n \"y\": 320.72,\n \"width\": 678.23,\n \"height\": 199.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 59.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 702.75,\n \"height\": 70.81\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thrombus material preparation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2261b18\",\n \"text\": \"Steady state changes).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 75.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 114.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thrombus material preparation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2261b18\",\n \"text\": \"Only one thrombus injection led to concomitant change in both third harmonic and nonharmonic amplitude.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 75.0,\n \"y\": 187.83,\n \"width\": 108.36,\n \"height\": 334.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 75.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 189.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thrombus material preparation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a2261b18\",\n \"text\": \"Combining the two types of signal changes led to 36% improvement in the positive predictive value of the method compared with using third harmonic amplitude change alone.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 75.0,\n \"y\": 263.76,\n \"width\": 132.86,\n \"height\": 256.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 75.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 157.57,\n \"height\": 447.33\n },\n {\n \"x\": 75.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 182.09,\n \"height\": 116.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thrombus material preparation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6c2391cb\",\n \"text\": \"We concluded that changes in the nonharmonic amplitude can improve the diagnosis of thromboembolism and pump thrombosis (hypothesis 5).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 75.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 206.78,\n \"height\": 433.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 75.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 231.28,\n \"height\": 275.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Thrombus material preparation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"Detection of preload status Exercise tolerance among LVAD patients is low.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 148.62,\n \"height\": 127.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 227.51\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"Modern LVADs are hydrodynamic pumps and offers some preload dependent autoregulation of LVAD flow.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 300.41,\n \"width\": 173.12,\n \"height\": 216.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 286.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"This can be determined by the pump head curve, which is the relationship between pressure gradient across the pump and flow.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 359.35,\n \"width\": 197.84,\n \"height\": 143.87\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 222.34,\n \"height\": 434.59\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 22.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"The response under exercise is, however, a complex combination of increased contractility, tachycardia, and vasodilation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 94.93,\n \"width\": 247.03,\n \"height\": 371.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 200.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"Vasodilation may potentially increase the head pressure, but its effect may be counteracted by increased contractility at systole and short diastolic phase due to tachycardia.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 273.3,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 220.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 296.26,\n \"height\": 424.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 164.21\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"It has been shown that increased output under exercise is mainly attributed to increase myocardial work and not to pump flow. 119\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 237.1,\n \"width\": 320.75,\n \"height\": 273.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 345.45,\n \"height\": 319.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 389.41,\n \"width\": 344.36,\n \"height\": 11.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"119\",\n \"offset_start\": 126,\n \"offset_end\": 129\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"nitoring preload conditions seems to be a key element in developing pump with dynamic automatic pump rate control.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 369.95,\n \"height\": 430.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 135.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"Our group has developed accelerometer-based algorithm that evaluate preload conditions in healthy hearts. 103\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 208.33,\n \"width\": 394.67,\n \"height\": 292.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 214.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 284.77,\n \"width\": 418.08,\n \"height\": 11.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"103\",\n \"offset_start\": 106,\n \"offset_end\": 109\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"The ability to react dynamically to changes in preload is the first step in developing dynamic automatic pump rate control.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 299.17,\n \"width\": 419.17,\n \"height\": 212.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 443.87,\n \"height\": 355.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e208d431\",\n \"text\": \"This should be tested under LVAD physiology.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 428.0,\n \"width\": 443.87,\n \"height\": 69.43\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 468.37,\n \"height\": 146.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"New research areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_16b7ff2d\",\n \"text\": \"Echocardiography based Ramp test is used today in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 542.28,\n \"height\": 413.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Ramp test\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_005813a0\",\n \"text\": \"Inadequate unloading of the ventricle under sequential increase in pump speed is a marker of flow obstruction due to underlying pump thrombosis. 60\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 566.78,\n \"height\": 441.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 591.5,\n \"height\": 247.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 317.44,\n \"width\": 590.39,\n \"height\": 7.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b58\",\n \"text\": \"60\",\n \"offset_start\": 145,\n \"offset_end\": 147\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Ramp test\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_005813a0\",\n \"text\": \"accelerometer is able to estimate preload conditions, it can be used to automatize the ramp test and allow for prehospital periodic ramp testing to facilitate early pump thrombosis diagnosis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 616.01,\n \"height\": 440.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 98.0,\n \"y\": 70.03,\n \"width\": 640.7,\n \"height\": 454.47\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Ramp test\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_0\",\n \"label\": \"5\",\n \"head\": \"I 5 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"dette arbeidet testet vi en ny akselerometerbasert metode for diagnostisering av tromboembolisme og pumpetrombose i LVAD.Vår hypotese var at et akselerometer kan detektere tromboembolisme og pumpetrombose via endring i amplituden av den tredje harmoniske frekvens, før økning i LVAD strømforbruk indikerer pumpetrombose.En annen hypotese var at analyse av amplitudeendringer i de nonharmoniske frekvensene i akselerometersignalet ville kunne øke metodens diagnostiske treffsikkerhet.Et akselerometer ble festet utenpå en HeartWare HVAD pumpe, og det ble gjort opptak av pumpevibrasjonene.Siden vibrasjonsmønsteret er lettere synlig i frekvensdomenet, ble opptaket omgjort ved hjelp av fast Fourier transformasjon.Akselerometeret ble testet med både in vitro og in vivo modeller.Injeksjoner av trombemasser ble sammenlignet med kontrollintervensjoner, som inkluderte endringer i pumpehastighet, preload og afterload, samt saltvanninjeksjoner.Tromboembolisme førte til økning i amplitude i et bredt frekvensområde inkludert den tredje harmoniske frekvens.Siden den tredje harmoniske frekvens har lav amplitude ved normal LVAD funksjon og er lite påvirket av hemodynamiske forandringer, viste den seg å vaere en god markør for pumpetrombose (paper I og paper II), med areal under kurven på ROC analyse over 90%.Akselerometeret hadde høyere diagnostisk styrke samenlignet med LVAD strømforbruk, som hadde areal under kurven på ROC analyse under 76%.Ved å legge til endringer i de nonharmoniske frekvensene økte den positive prediktive verdien av metoden med 8,3% (paper 3).En undergruppe av trombene førte til vedvarende signalendringer, som indikerte pumpetrombose.På tross av vedvarende endret akselerometersignal var HVAD strømforbruket minimalt endret (0,2 W [IQR 0,3 W]) og nådde ikke diagnostisk terskelverdi for pumpetrombose.Vedvarende signalendringer påvirket enten den tredje harmoniske frekvens eller de nonharmoniske frekvensene.Vedvarende amplitudeendringer i de nonharmoniske frekvensene var tilstede i 8,3% (5/60) av trombeinjeksjonene, mens vedvarende amplitudeendringer i den tredje harmoniske frekvens var tilstede i 21,6% (13/60).Kun en trombeinjeksjon førte til kombinert endring i nonharmonisk og tredjeharmonisk amplitude.Ved å kombinere de to signalendringene økte den positive prediktive verdien med 36% sammenlignet med å bruke den tredje harmoniske frekvensen alene.Akselerometeret er en ny metode innen LVAD monitorering.Det viser lovende resultater for diagnostikk av pumpetrombose.Våre resultater støtter tidligere funn, og bekrefter at endringer i den tredje harmoniske frekvens er en sensitiv og spesifikk markør for pumpetrombose.Våre resultater viser også at endringer i de nonharmoniske frekv enser kan brukes i diagnostikk av pumpetrombose.Vi observerte at endringer i den tredje harmoniske og de nonharmoniske frekvensene var uavhengige av hverandre, som tyder på ulike underliggende etiologier.Forståelse av de underliggende årsakene til de to signalforandringene vil øke vår forståelse for ulike typer pumpetrombose.Akselerometeret viste gode resultater ikke bare i pumpetrombose-deteksjon, men også i deteksjon av tromboemboliske hendelser.Frem til nå har man ikke hatt noe n diagnostisk metode for å detektere trombepassasje gjennom pumpen, og derfor er antallet stumme embolier hos LVAD pasienter ukjent.Perifere embolier hos pasienter med infeksiøs endokarditt kan lett diagnostiseres grunnet abscessutvikling.Dersom man ekstrapolerer fra distribusjon av embolier hos pasienter med infeksiøs endokarditt, er perifere tromboembolier grovt underdiagnostisert hos LVAD pasienter.Påvisning av subkli niske embolier gir et intervensjonsvindu før funksjonstap.Med tanke på mortalitet og morbiditet etter hjerneslag har dette stor betydning for LVAD populasjonen.Vi konkluderte at akselerometer festet utenpå en HeartWare HVAD pumpe vil vaere en døråpner for kontinuerlig, sanntid monitorering av LVAD.Monitorering med akselerometer er en betydelig forbedring sammelignet med monitorering av LVAD strømforbruk og akustisk spektralanalyse.List of Papers Paper I Schalit, Itai; Espinoza, Andreas; Pettersen, Fred-Johan; Thiara, Amrit P.S.; Karlsen, Hilde; Sørensen, Gro; Fosse, Erik; Fiane, Arnt E.; Halvorsen, Per S.. Accelerometer Detects Pump Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Events in an In vitro HVAD Circuit.ASAIO Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs: 1992) Sep/Oct 2018;64(5):601-609.doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000699.Paper II Schalit, Itai; Espinoza, Andreas; Pettersen, Fred-Johan, Snartland, Steinar; Ringdal, Mari-Ann L.; Hoel, Tom N.; Skulstad, Helge; Fosse, Erik; Fiane, Arnt E.; Halvorsen, Per S.. Detection of Thromboembolic Events and Pump Thrombosis in HeartWare HVAD Using Accelerometer in a Porcine Model.ASAIO Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs: 1992) Jan 2020;66(1):38-48.doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000954.Paper III Schalit, Itai; Espinoza, Andreas; Pettersen, Fred-Johan; Skulstad, Helge; Fosse, Erik; Fiane, Arnt E.; Halvorsen, Per S.. Improved Detection Of Thromboembolic Complications In left ventricular assist device By Novel Accelerometer-Based Analysis.ASAIO Journal 2022; Publish Ahead of Print.doi: 10.1097/MAT.00000000000016546. Glossary CMRI = cardiac magnetic resonance imaging CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy CTA = computer tomography angiography ECG = electrocardiography ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation EF = ejection fraction EPPY = event per patient-year HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction HFmrEF = heart failure with midrange ejection fraction HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction HVAD = HeartWare VAD HVAD physiological conditions = uncomplicated HVAD supported circulation HVAD flow estimation = The flow value presented by the HVAD monitor IQR = interquartile range LDH = lactate dehydrogenase LVAD = left ventricular assist device Measured flow = Flow as measured by M3 ultrasonic flowmeter (Spectrum Medical, Cheltenham, England).ROC = receiver operating characteristics RVAD = right ventricular assist device\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"8. 1 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Heart failure 8.1.1Definitions Heart failure is defined by the European Society of Cardiology as follows:\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 1 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 1.Typical LVAD set up.The inflow canulla is implanted into the left ventricle.The LVAD pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta bypassing the aortic valve.The LVAD is connected to a controller that is responsible for its power supply.Information from the LVAD is logged at the controller.The controller can be connected to a monitor which can present real time data or logged information.The monitor interface permits adjustment of selected parameters as pump speed or hematocritt.LV = left ventricle, RV = right ventricle, MV = mitral valve, AV = aortic valve.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 29.0,\n \"y\": 158.09,\n \"width\": 228.85,\n \"height\": 278.83\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_3\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 2 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 2. HeartWare HVAD monitor.The monitor presents continuous real time data.Pump pwer consumption (watt), estimated flow (l/min) and pump speed (RPM).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_4\",\n \"label\": \"45\",\n \"head\": \"3. 4 . 5 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Accelerometer can detect prolonged changes in third harmonic indicative of pump thrombosis.Accelerometer is superior to traditional use of pump power in the diagnosis of pump thrombosis.Changes in the nonharmonic amplitudes can further improve the diagnosis of thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_5\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 3 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 3.In vitro model.The elastic chamber simulated changing wall tension conditions.The accelerometer placement on the left ventricular assist device is highlighted with orientation of the measured three-dimensional accelerations in the X, Y, and Z directions.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 53.0,\n \"y\": 69.95,\n \"width\": 401.05,\n \"height\": 291.25\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_6\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"The interventions were grouped into thromboembolic interventions and control interventions.Control interventions included pump speed change, afterload increase, preload decrease and saline bolus injections.We intended to confirm a low amplitude of third harmonic during the control interventions, so they were performed before the thromboembolic interventions.The order of the control interventions was randomized.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_7\",\n \"label\": \"5\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 5 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 5.In vivo model.The HeartWare HVAD was implanted in the left ventricle with a graft (20 cm long) connecting the HVAD to the aorta, equipped with ultrasonic flow meter, pressure set, and graft obstruction system.A cannula (20 Fr) was introduced into the left atrium for thrombus injection.During the thromboembolic interventions, a thrombus was placed into the cannula and flushed into the left atrium using a saline bolus injection.A three-axes accelerometer was attached to the HVAD housing as shown in the circular figure.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 57.0,\n \"y\": 135.59,\n \"width\": 105.85,\n \"height\": 323.35\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_8\",\n \"label\": \"'\",\n \"head\": \"From: '\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Detection of Thromboembolic Events and Pump Thrombosis in HeartWare HVAD Using Accelerometer in a Porcine Model.', by Itai Schalit et al.ASAIO Journal.Copyright 2020 by ASAIO Journal.Reprinted with permision.11.3.Accelerometer signal analysis The three-axis accelerometer signals were recorded on a dedicated computer with sampling rate of 500 samples/s.It produced three acceleration signals corresponding to the accelerometer axes X, Y, and Z (Gx, Gy, and Gz).Further signal analysis was performed in Matlab (R2013b, MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA).The individual signals were first analyzed using sliding window fast Fourier transform (Matlab, Signal Processing Toolbox, spectrogram function utilizing Hamming window) with windows of approximately 8 seconds (2 12 samples/500\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_9\",\n \"label\": \"7\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 7 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 7. Spectrogram during saline bolus injections in vitro vs. in vivo.The amplitude is color coded (lowest: green; intermediate: yellow; high: red).The dashed line frames the frequencies between 0 Hz and 28 Hz (0-1700 rpm).The black arrows point at the 1 st to 4 th harmonic frequencies.(A) In vitro spectrogram demonstrating low amplitude in the lower frequencies region (framed).(B) In vivo spectrogram demonstrating distinct high amplitude in the lower frequencies region (framed).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_10\",\n \"label\": \"8\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 8 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 8. Phase terminology illustration.(A) A sinus wave is completely described by its frequency, amplitude and phase.(B) The change in phase as a function of change in time.(C) Phase shift after vibration pattern disruption.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 63.0,\n \"y\": 129.77,\n \"width\": 105.85,\n \"height\": 335.47\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_11\",\n \"label\": \"9\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 9 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 9. Phase shift under thromboembolic event.(A) Spectrogram.The amplitude is color coded (lowest: green; intermediate: yellow; high: red).A thromboembolic event led to a temporary global signal change affecting a continuous range of frequencies including the third harmonic.These changes subside into isolated third harmonic amplitude increase.(B) The phase shift data of the harmonic frequencies.As shown the first and second harmonic undergo phase shift 500 seconds into the recordings.The third harmonic demonstrates noise level signal on the spectrogram and disorganized phase before the thromboembolic event.This changes into organized phase as the amplitude increase about noise level after the thromboembolic event.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 64.0,\n \"y\": 69.95,\n \"width\": 282.55,\n \"height\": 299.77\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_12\",\n \"label\": \"10\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 10 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 10.Phase filter example.Both the harmonic (black arrows) and vibrations of uncertain origin (red arrows) are filtered by the phase filter.The upper pannel is the non-masked spectrogram.The lower pannel is the masked spectrogram.The black and red arrows point to elements that were removed by the phase shift masking algorithm.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 65.0,\n \"y\": 115.19,\n \"width\": 278.05,\n \"height\": 364.63\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_13\",\n \"label\": \"11\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 11 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 11.Example of signal analysis (in vivo) with extraction and quantification of accelerometer nonharmonic amplitude.The dashed vertical lines designate a thromboembolic event time.(A) The unmasked spectrogram.(B) The masked spectrogram.The low frequencies (below 28 Hz) and areas with organized phase including the harmonic frequencies are masked.The low component (below the spectrogram average values) is also masked.(C) The nonharmonic signal is constructed based on the masked spectrogram (B) as the average value of each sliding window.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 66.0,\n \"y\": 69.95,\n \"width\": 309.37,\n \"height\": 250.93\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_14\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"From: 'Improved Detection Of Thromboembolic Complications In left ventricular assist device By Novel Accelerometer-Based Analysis.',by Itai Schalit et al.ASAIO Journal.Copyright 2022 by ASAIO Journal.Reprinted with permision.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_15\",\n \"label\": \"12\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 12 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 12.Event measurement algorithm.The nonharmonic signal illustrating a thromboembolic event.The gray rectangle represents the event period from start to end.The reference value at 20 seconds prior to event start (black arrow) is used to find and calculate the maximal acute change in the signal ('*' red dotted line).The timebetween the reference value and thrombus injection is a hands-on period in preparation for the thrombus injection.The last 60 seconds of the event were defined as the steady state period (green dashed rectangle).We calculated the median and interquartile range over the steady-state period and calculated the steady-state deflection in the signal (# green dotted line).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_16\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"From: 'Improved Detection Of Thromboembolic Complications In left ventricular assist device By Novel Accelerometer-Based Analysis.',by Itai Schalit et al.ASAIO Journal.Copyright 2022 by ASAIO Journal.Reprinted with permision.and the control interventions.A p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_17\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"In vitro HVAD Circuit.ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 2018;64:601-9. 108\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_18\",\n \"label\": \"13\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 13 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 13.Statistical analysis in vitro data.(A) Block diagram of the third harmonic amplitude change (left panel) and third harmonic amplitude (right panel) in the accelerometer Gz axis.(B) Block diagram of the LVAD power consumption change (left panel) and LVAD power consumption (right panel).(C) ROC diagram of the accelerometer third harmonic amplitude and its change (blue colors) and HVAD power consumption (red colors).All values obtained at the point of maximal signal change during the 2-minute \\\"hands-off\\\" period.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 71.0,\n \"y\": 69.95,\n \"width\": 351.85,\n \"height\": 428.05\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_19\",\n \"label\": \"14\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 14 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 14.Thromboembolic event detection: 3rd harmonic amplitude vs. pump power.(A) Receiver operating characteristic curve of the third harmonic change in the accelerometer z-axis (blue), pump power (green), and pump power change (beige).(B) Box plots for the third harmonic change, the pump power, and the pump power change.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 73.0,\n \"y\": 69.95,\n \"width\": 376.45,\n \"height\": 249.07\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_20\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"At steady state, acute signal change either subsided or transformed into a prolonged signal change.When prolonged signal changes were present, the signal demonstrated either nonharmonic amplitude change or third harmonic amplitude change.Nonharmonic amplitude change was present in 8.3% (5/60) while third harmonic amplitude change was present in 21.6% (13/60) of thromboembolic intervention, on the pooled data (figure16\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_21\",\n \"label\": \"16\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 16 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 16.Venn diagram of the resulting signal changes on nonharmonic and third harmonic signals (pooled data).\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_22\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"From: 'Improved Detection Of Thromboembolic Complications In left ventricular assist device By Novel Accelerometer-Based Analysis.',by Itai Schalit et al.ASAIO Journal.Copyright 2022 by ASAIO Journal.Reprinted with permision.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_23\",\n \"label\": \"17\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 17 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 17.Overview of accelerometer-based HVAD monitoring of thromboembolism and pump thrombosis.(A) thromboembolism Leads to signal changes i an array of frequencies, can be detected through changes in either acute change in third harmonic or change in the nonharmonic frequencies.Alarm on possible thromboembolism should initiate investigation regarding the source of the embolus and adjustment of treatment.Efficacy of treatment can be evaluated by monitoring for repeated thromboembolic episodes.(B) Pump thrombosis causes either third harmonic amplitude change or changes in the nonharmonic frequencies.As they appear independently of one another they probably represent different etiological entities that may require different treatment.Elevation in third harmonic suggests intra-pump thrombosis.The etiology of changes in the nonharmonic frequency is, however, uncertain at the moment.Thrombosis in situ probably leads to gradual signal changes.Continuous monitoring with accelerometer may help classifying pump thrombosis as acute or gradual.As this was not investigated in our models, thrombosis in situ and gradual signal changes are printed in semitransparent format.Treatment efficacy may be evaluation by the degree of resolution of the signal changes.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 79.0,\n \"y\": 120.95,\n \"width\": 105.85,\n \"height\": 353.11\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_24\",\n \"label\": \"18\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 18 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 18.Example of thromboembolic intervention (TE).The gray semitransparent arrows designated TE1-5 point to the TE's injection times.(A) Spectrogram.(B) Third harmonic signal.TE1 and TE2 leads to acute third harmonic amplitude increase.TE3 leads to prolonged increase in the third harmonic amplitude which remains high through the intervention.(C) The nonharmonic signal.Change in the nonharmonic region appears after TE1.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 80.0,\n \"y\": 110.09,\n \"width\": 105.85,\n \"height\": 374.83\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_25\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"A study by Yost et al., investigating pump thrombosis diagnosis in Heartmate II, demonstrated reduced amplitude in six of eight individuals compared with in vitro measurements.This suggests acoustic interference from surrounding tissues, and variation between individuals.An accelerometer attached to the pump may provide more consistent recordings.Studies used different dedicated equipment.Differences in the presence or absence of third harmonic peak in different studies may be directly related to the equipment used.Sunbom et al.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_26\",\n \"label\": \"19\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 19 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 19.Third harmonic amplitude under graft obstruction.(A) The spectrogram (presented in paper 3) shows the third harmonic becomes apparent as background noise decreases under graft occlusion (black arrows).(B) The first, second, third, and fourth harmonic amplitude extracted from the spectrogram.The third harmonic maintains low amplitude all through the graft obstruction intervention.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 87.0,\n \"y\": 72.89,\n \"width\": 196.21,\n \"height\": 307.03\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_27\",\n \"label\": \"20\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 20 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 20.Different forms of pump thrombosis.(A) and (B) Central thrombus at the end of the experiment.(C) Residual deposition of fibrin on the impeller.(D) Thrombus filling one of the pumps primary blood flow pathway.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 89.0,\n \"y\": 69.95,\n \"width\": 439.21,\n \"height\": 303.61\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_28\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"A\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"third factor that has to be taken into account, is our use of open chest model.The decision to use open chest model was taken primarily in order to perform graft occlusion and thrombus injection with direct 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The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation 2016;35:1-23. 112\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Mehra\",\n \"C Canter\",\n \"M Hannan\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2016\",\n \"year\": 2016,\n \"volume\": \"35\",\n \"pages\": \"112\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b111\",\n \"target\": \"b110\",\n \"title\": \"Primary results of long-term outcomes in the MOMENTUM 3 pivotal trial and continued access protocol study phase: a study of 2200 HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device implants\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Mehra MR, Cleveland JC, Jr., Uriel N, et al. Primary results of long-term outcomes in the MOMENTUM 3 pivotal trial and continued access protocol study phase: a study of 2200 HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device implants. Eur J Heart Fail 2021;23:1392-400. 113\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Mehra\",\n \"J Cleveland\",\n \"Jr Uriel\",\n \"N\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Eur J Heart Fail\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2021\",\n \"year\": 2021,\n \"volume\": \"23\",\n \"pages\": \"113\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b112\",\n \"target\": \"b111\",\n \"title\": \"Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in France\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Hoen B, Alla F, Selton-Suty C, et al. Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in France. Jama 2002;288:75-81. 114\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"B Hoen\",\n \"F Alla\",\n \"C Selton-Suty\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Jama\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2002\",\n \"year\": 2002,\n \"volume\": \"288\",\n \"pages\": \"114\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b113\",\n \"target\": \"b112\",\n \"title\": \"Incidence and prognosis of embolic events and metastatic infections in infective endocarditis\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Millaire A, Leroy O, Gaday V, et al. Incidence and prognosis of embolic events and metastatic infections in infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J 1997;18:677-84. 115\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"A Millaire\",\n \"O Leroy\",\n \"V Gaday\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Eur Heart J\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1997\",\n \"year\": 1997,\n \"volume\": \"18\",\n \"pages\": \"115\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b114\",\n \"target\": \"b113\",\n \"title\": \"Log files analysis and evaluation of circadian patterns for the early diagnosis of pump thrombosis with a centrifugal continuous-flow left ventricular assist device\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Consolo F, Esposti F, Gustar A, De Bonis M, Pappalardo F. Log files analysis and evaluation of circadian patterns for the early diagnosis of pump thrombosis with a centrifugal continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation 2019;38:1077-86. 116\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"F Consolo\",\n \"F Esposti\",\n \"A Gustar\",\n \"De Bonis\",\n \"M Pappalardo\",\n \"F\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2019\",\n \"year\": 2019,\n \"volume\": \"38\",\n \"pages\": \"116\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b115\",\n \"target\": \"b114\",\n \"title\": \"Real-Time Analysis of the Log Files of the HeartWare Continuous-Flow left ventricular assist device for the Early Diagnosis of Pump Thrombosis: a Step Forward Toward Clinical Translation\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Consolo F, Pappalardo F. Real-Time Analysis of the Log Files of the HeartWare Continuous-Flow left ventricular assist device for the Early Diagnosis of Pump Thrombosis: a Step Forward Toward Clinical Translation. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021. 117.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"F Consolo\",\n \"F Pappalardo\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J Cardiovasc Transl Res\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2021\",\n \"year\": 2021,\n \"pages\": \"117\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b116\",\n \"target\": \"b115\",\n \"title\": \"Inflow cannula obstruction of the HeartWare left ventricular assist device: what do we really know?\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Pappalardo F, Bertoldi LF, Sanvito F, Marini C, Consolo F. Inflow cannula obstruction of the HeartWare left ventricular assist device: what do we really know? Cardiovasc Pathol 2021;50:107299. 118\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"F Pappalardo\",\n \"L Bertoldi\",\n \"F Sanvito\",\n \"C Marini\",\n \"F Consolo\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Cardiovasc Pathol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2021\",\n \"year\": 2021,\n \"volume\": \"50\",\n \"page_start\": \"107299\",\n \"page_end\": \"107118\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b117\",\n \"target\": \"b116\",\n \"title\": \"Listening for Thrombosis\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Sabbah MS, Rosenbaum AN, Behfar A. Listening for Thrombosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2021;96:841-3. 119\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Sabbah\",\n \"A Rosenbaum\",\n \"A Behfar\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Mayo Clin Proc\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2021\",\n \"year\": 2021,\n \"volume\": \"96\",\n \"pages\": \"119\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b118\",\n \"target\": \"b117\",\n \"title\": \"LVAD Pump Flow Does Not Adequately Increase With Exercise\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Gross C, Marko C, Mikl J, et al. LVAD Pump Flow Does Not Adequately Increase With Exercise. Artif Organs 2019;43:222-8.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"C Gross\",\n \"C Marko\",\n \"J Mikl\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Artif Organs\",\n \"publication_date\": \"2019\",\n \"year\": 2019,\n \"volume\": \"43\",\n \"page_start\": \"222\",\n \"page_end\": \"228\"\n }\n ]\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":658650,"string":"658,650"}}},{"rowIdx":94,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01c34262-5909-41ee-acc0-572436d0689e.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01c34262-5909-41ee-acc0-572436d0689e.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"paragraph\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"\",\n \"authors\": [],\n \"hash\": \"098FA7DD2D7DDD68AFD064F23D9A794F\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": []\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a196182\",\n \"text\": \"Lars N. Henningsen: Kirke og folk i graenselandet (ved Gunter Weitling)\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"(ved Gunter\",\n \"offset_start\": 50,\n \"offset_end\": 61\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6788b9f8\",\n \"text\": \"-259 Lars N. Henningsen og Niels H. Kragh-Nielsen (red.)\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Kragh-Nielsen (red.)\",\n \"offset_start\": 36,\n \"offset_end\": 56\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [],\n \"references\": []\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":896,"string":"896"}}},{"rowIdx":95,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01c5803b-72af-409c-9ac7-1b03f254f4fa.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01c5803b-72af-409c-9ac7-1b03f254f4fa.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"sentence\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"Warfarin inhibits metastasis of Mtln3 rat mammary carcinoma without affecting primary tumour growth\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"P Mcculloch\",\n \"W George\"\n ],\n \"hash\": \"367F298CAD526F04625DE943CE0689AE\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": [\n [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"Coumarin anticoagulants inhibit metastasis in several animal models, but the mechanism of this effect is uncertain.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 189.72,\n \"width\": 157.1,\n \"height\": 344.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.28,\n \"width\": 166.04,\n \"height\": 63.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"text\": \"In order to determine the role of cytotoxic and/or cytostatic actions of coumarins on the tumour cells, we have studied the effects of warfarin on tumour cell growth in a model in which tumour metastasis is inhibited by this drug.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 217.44,\n \"width\": 166.04,\n \"height\": 316.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.34,\n \"width\": 175.04,\n \"height\": 384.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.28,\n \"width\": 183.8,\n \"height\": 127.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 2,\n \"text\": \"Clonogenic assay, growth curve analysis and thymidine labelling index revealed that warfarin had no effects on Mtln3 mammary carcinoma cell growth in vitro at concentrations below 1 mm.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 281.04,\n \"width\": 183.92,\n \"height\": 252.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.34,\n \"width\": 192.8,\n \"height\": 384.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.28,\n \"width\": 201.8,\n \"height\": 44.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 3,\n \"text\": \"The growth rate of subcutaneously implanted Mtln3 tumour deposits in female F344 rats, assessed by weight and by stathmokinetic analysis of the tumour tissue, was identical in warfarin-treated and control animals.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 198.72,\n \"width\": 201.8,\n \"height\": 335.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.4,\n \"width\": 210.74,\n \"height\": 384.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.28,\n \"width\": 219.56,\n \"height\": 55.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 4,\n \"text\": \"Spontaneous metastasis from such tumours to the lungs was, however, significantly reduced in warfarin-treated animals (median 0 pulmonary tumours per animal in warfarin treated, eight tumours per animal in control animals; P<0.05, Mann-Whitney).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 209.4,\n \"width\": 219.62,\n \"height\": 324.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.4,\n \"width\": 228.44,\n \"height\": 384.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.4,\n \"width\": 237.44,\n \"height\": 189.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 5,\n \"text\": \"The mean plasma warfarin concentration in warfarin treated rats was 1.63 M.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 343.62,\n \"width\": 237.5,\n \"height\": 190.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.4,\n \"width\": 246.44,\n \"height\": 86.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 6,\n \"text\": \"These results suggest that warfarin treatment of the host animal can inhibit tumour metastasis without having any direct or indirect effect on the growth rate of the tumour cells.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 239.34,\n \"width\": 246.44,\n \"height\": 294.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 149.28,\n \"width\": 255.32,\n \"height\": 337.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"Current theories (Hart, 1980; Poste & Fidler, 1980) view metastasis as a multistep process in which successive obstacles are overcome by a small subpopulation of tumour cells capable of doing so.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.64,\n \"width\": 293.92,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.46,\n \"width\": 304.0,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.64,\n \"width\": 313.82,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.46,\n \"width\": 323.68,\n \"height\": 113.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"Each step requires different properties, and each influences subsequent steps.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 157.2,\n \"width\": 323.67,\n \"height\": 118.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.64,\n \"width\": 333.63,\n \"height\": 195.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"This com- plex process cannot be studied as a single unit, but requires subdivision: one way in which this can be achieved is to study influences that increase or decrease metastasis, and to attempt to define the point at which they have their effect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 236.1,\n \"width\": 333.76,\n \"height\": 39.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.64,\n \"width\": 343.59,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 353.56,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 363.38,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 373.24,\n \"height\": 239.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"The coumarin group of anticoagulant drugs, including war- farin, represent an example of such an influence.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.64,\n \"width\": 383.07,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 393.02,\n \"height\": 193.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"Coumarins inhibit metastasis in several animal models (Ryan et al., 1969; Brown, 1973; Hilgard et al., 1977; Williamson et al., 1980).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 233.94,\n \"width\": 393.16,\n \"height\": 42.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.7,\n \"width\": 402.88,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.66,\n \"width\": 412.82,\n \"height\": 239.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.66,\n \"width\": 422.92,\n \"height\": 21.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"There is an extensive literature documenting the existing of coagulation disturbances in human cancer (Davis et al., 1969; Sun et al., 1979; Rickles & Edwards, 1983; Mannucci et al., 1985), and suggestive evidence of a role for coagulation in the spread and growth of tumours (Dvorak et al., 1979; Goeting et al., 1985; McCulloch & George, 1987).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 65.88,\n \"width\": 422.79,\n \"height\": 210.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.7,\n \"width\": 432.63,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.7,\n \"width\": 442.58,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.12,\n \"width\": 452.43,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.7,\n \"width\": 462.5,\n \"height\": 240.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 472.47,\n \"height\": 239.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"Studies by Zacharski et al. (1984) have demonstrated the beneficial effect of anticoagulant treatment with warfarin on the survival time of patients with small cell lung cancer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.94,\n \"width\": 482.3,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 492.16,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 502.1,\n \"height\": 240.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"Evidence from the studies of Hilgard & Maat (1979) and Colucci et al. (1983), however, suggests that the antimeta- static effect of coumarins may not be mediated via their anticoagulant activity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.94,\n \"width\": 511.96,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 521.92,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.94,\n \"width\": 531.76,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 541.7,\n \"height\": 87.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"Coumarins have been shown to in- hibit the expression of a procoagulant molecule produced by tumour cells, but the relevance of this to their effects on metastasis remains uncertain (Colucci et al., 1983).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 129.6,\n \"width\": 541.84,\n \"height\": 146.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 551.55,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 561.62,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.7,\n \"width\": 571.6,\n \"height\": 218.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b4\",\n \"text\": \"(Colucci et al., 1983\",\n \"offset_start\": 182,\n \"offset_end\": 203\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"The possibility that coumarins have cytotoxic properties has been investigated in several different models (Boulos, 1971; Higashi & Heidelberger, 1971; Brown, 1973; Chang & Hall, 1973; Dolfini et al., 1979; McNeil et al., 1984) with diverse results.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 261.72,\n \"width\": 571.72,\n \"height\": 14.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.88,\n \"width\": 581.54,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.88,\n \"width\": 591.39,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.12,\n \"width\": 601.47,\n \"height\": 239.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 611.32,\n \"height\": 239.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.94,\n \"width\": 621.16,\n \"height\": 26.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"The variety of models employed and the frequent use of in vitro measures of cytotoxicity without reference to the effects of the drugs in vivo make interpretation of these studies particularly difficult.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 66.12,\n \"width\": 621.14,\n \"height\": 210.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 630.99,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.7,\n \"width\": 640.83,\n \"height\": 240.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.94,\n \"width\": 650.9,\n \"height\": 113.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"Several studies have noted a possible suppressive effect of coumarin treatment on primary tumour growth (Ryan et al., 1968, 1969; Hilgard et al., 1977), but have used only crude methods which are prone to random error.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 156.36,\n \"width\": 651.04,\n \"height\": 120.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 660.74,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.94,\n \"width\": 670.71,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.66,\n \"width\": 680.43,\n \"height\": 239.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.82,\n \"width\": 690.16,\n \"height\": 55.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"Only one study has attempted to combine in vitro studies of cytotoxicity and in vivo assessment of drug effects on tumour growth and metastasis (Brown, 1973) and the metastatic behaviour of the tumour model used makes interpretation of this study difficult.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 95.88,\n \"width\": 690.15,\n \"height\": 180.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.18,\n \"width\": 699.86,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.76,\n \"width\": 709.6,\n \"height\": 240.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.88,\n \"width\": 719.44,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.88,\n \"width\": 729.15,\n \"height\": 150.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(Brown, 1973)\",\n \"offset_start\": 144,\n \"offset_end\": 157\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"It therefore remains uncertain whether coumarin treatment inhibits metastasis Received 3 July 1988, and in revised form, 26 September 1988.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 193.86,\n \"width\": 729.28,\n \"height\": 82.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 35.88,\n \"width\": 739.12,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 36.6,\n \"width\": 770.06,\n \"height\": 226.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"specifically, or has a more general effect on tumour growth.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.04,\n \"width\": 294.03,\n \"height\": 239.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7a4a063f\",\n \"text\": \"We have addressed this question by combining a study of the in vitro cytotoxicity of warfarin with experiments on the effects of the drug on both primary tumour growth and metastasis in an animal model of metastasising mammary carcinoma.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 292.92,\n \"width\": 304.0,\n \"height\": 241.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.04,\n \"width\": 313.95,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 292.92,\n \"width\": 323.78,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 292.92,\n \"width\": 333.63,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 292.92,\n \"width\": 343.72,\n \"height\": 42.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10f3c929\",\n \"text\": \"Female Fischer 344 rats (Olac Ltd, Bicester, England), 6-8 weeks old, were used.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.4,\n \"width\": 413.65,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.04,\n \"width\": 423.74,\n \"height\": 91.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Animals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10f3c929\",\n \"text\": \"Animals were fed a standard diet (CRM Diet, Labsure, Cambridge, England) and tap water with a chlorine content of 7mg-1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 391.08,\n \"width\": 423.63,\n \"height\": 142.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.28,\n \"width\": 433.57,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.16,\n \"width\": 443.54,\n \"height\": 137.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Animals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10f3c929\",\n \"text\": \"All animals were normal and healthy according to visual observations and to the results of routine microbiological testing for infection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 435.54,\n \"width\": 443.56,\n \"height\": 97.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.28,\n \"width\": 453.39,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.4,\n \"width\": 463.36,\n \"height\": 220.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Animals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_10f3c929\",\n \"text\": \"The mean weight of the animals was 140g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 518.88,\n \"width\": 463.36,\n \"height\": 14.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.16,\n \"width\": 473.31,\n \"height\": 155.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_paragraph\": \"Materials and methods\",\n \"head_section\": \"Animals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"The tumour cells used were a clone of rat mammary carcinoma designated Mtln3, originally derived from the 7.1 2-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced adenocarcinoma 13762 (Segaloff, 1966).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.28,\n \"width\": 508.0,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.28,\n \"width\": 517.93,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.52,\n \"width\": 527.9,\n \"height\": 155.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 470.52,\n \"width\": 527.92,\n \"height\": 62.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 294.24,\n \"width\": 537.87,\n \"height\": 92.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b24\",\n \"text\": \"(Segaloff, 1966)\",\n \"offset_start\": 167,\n \"offset_end\": 183\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"This clone was derived from the parent tumour by Neri & Nicolson (1981) and was charac- terised as being of high metastatic potential.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 393.84,\n \"width\": 537.76,\n \"height\": 139.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.28,\n \"width\": 547.66,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.52,\n \"width\": 557.66,\n \"height\": 190.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"Cells were cultured in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks (Nunc, Paisley, Scotland) in equal parts of Hams' FIO and Dulbecco's Modified Eagles' Medium (F1O/DMEM), with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) but without antibiotics.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 491.4,\n \"width\": 557.68,\n \"height\": 42.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.28,\n \"width\": 567.49,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.64,\n \"width\": 577.48,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.64,\n \"width\": 587.29,\n \"height\": 240.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.64,\n \"width\": 597.28,\n \"height\": 151.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"Cultures were main- tained at 37°C in equilibrium with 2% CO2 in air.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 451.08,\n \"width\": 597.28,\n \"height\": 82.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.52,\n \"width\": 607.22,\n \"height\": 203.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"Cultures were passaged when they approached confluence by the use of Ca2 + and Mg2+ free phosphate buffered saline containing 1 mM EDTA followed by 0.25% trypsin (Gibco, Paisley, Scotland).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 501.48,\n \"width\": 607.24,\n \"height\": 32.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.28,\n \"width\": 617.05,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.52,\n \"width\": 626.89,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 294.48,\n \"width\": 636.98,\n \"height\": 238.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.64,\n \"width\": 646.82,\n \"height\": 38.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"Subculture was carried out by the addition of 3 x 106 viable cells to further 75cm2 flasks.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 338.4,\n \"width\": 646.81,\n \"height\": 196.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.64,\n \"width\": 656.67,\n \"height\": 189.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"Cells were passaged a maximum of six times between thawing and use, to minimise problems of phenotypic drift (Neri & Nicolson, 1981).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 490.92,\n \"width\": 656.67,\n \"height\": 42.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.4,\n \"width\": 666.73,\n \"height\": 240.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.52,\n \"width\": 676.49,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 294.36,\n \"width\": 686.32,\n \"height\": 21.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"Multiple subcultures of the cell line were stored in liquid nitrogen at -196°C and fresh cultures were begun from these as required.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 322.14,\n \"width\": 686.08,\n \"height\": 211.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.52,\n \"width\": 695.91,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.64,\n \"width\": 705.63,\n \"height\": 92.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6166760e\",\n \"text\": \"Inocula of 106 cells from our stock cultures injected into the mammary fat pad of Fischer rats at the beginning and at the end of this series of experiments showed no change in the metastatic potential of the line.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 390.96,\n \"width\": 705.52,\n \"height\": 142.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.4,\n \"width\": 715.24,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.52,\n \"width\": 725.05,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.64,\n \"width\": 734.8,\n \"height\": 229.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_00cf3dfe\",\n \"text\": \"In vitro studies of warfarin cytotoxicity The cytotoxic effect of warfarin sodium on the Mtln3 tumour cell was studied using three techniques: clonogenic assay, growth curve analysis and thymidine labelling assay.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.64,\n \"width\": 754.34,\n \"height\": 155.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 293.4,\n \"width\": 768.99,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.48,\n \"width\": 51.64,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.48,\n \"width\": 61.59,\n \"height\": 236.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2fbdad32\",\n \"text\": \"Clonogenic assay Mtln3 cells from a culture in log growth phase were trypsinised as described, washed three times in F10/DMEM with FCS by centrifugation at 200g for 5 minutes, and prepared as a monocellular suspension in the same medium at 104 cellsml-1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 81.64,\n \"height\": 239.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.48,\n \"width\": 91.35,\n \"height\": 239.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 101.56,\n \"height\": 239.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.54,\n \"width\": 111.65,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 121.49,\n \"height\": 130.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2fbdad32\",\n \"text\": \"Warfarin sodium powder (WB Pharmaceuticals, Bracknell, England) was dissolved in F10/DMEM + FCS to form a 10mM solution, which was resterilised by passage through a 0.2pm filter.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 174.24,\n \"width\": 121.49,\n \"height\": 102.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 131.33,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 141.29,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 150.94,\n \"height\": 189.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2fbdad32\",\n \"text\": \"Serial dilu- tions of this solution were added to the tumour cells as required to produce cell suspensions at a density of 200 cells ml-1 at warfarin concentrations ranging from 10mm to 10-4pM.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 233.16,\n \"width\": 151.13,\n \"height\": 43.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 161.09,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.9,\n \"width\": 170.92,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.84,\n \"width\": 180.89,\n \"height\": 239.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.92,\n \"width\": 190.96,\n \"height\": 32.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2fbdad32\",\n \"text\": \"Quadruplicate cultures were made at each concen- tration in 60mm tissue culture Petri dishes (Nunc, Paisley, Scotland) and incubated for eight days.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 75.72,\n \"width\": 190.85,\n \"height\": 200.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.08,\n \"width\": 200.7,\n \"height\": 238.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.2,\n \"width\": 210.53,\n \"height\": 159.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2fbdad32\",\n \"text\": \"Cultures were then fixed and stained with 0.5% crystal violet, and colony counts made.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 201.72,\n \"width\": 210.54,\n \"height\": 74.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.08,\n \"width\": 220.48,\n \"height\": 239.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.9,\n \"width\": 230.75,\n \"height\": 22.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2fbdad32\",\n \"text\": \"Cloning efficiency was reported as the percentage of control efficiency.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 64.56,\n \"width\": 230.21,\n \"height\": 213.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 36.9,\n \"width\": 240.52,\n \"height\": 69.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_603fc77f\",\n \"text\": \"Growth curves Mtln3 cells were trypsinised and prepared as described above, and adjusted to a final density of 104 cells ml-' in F10/DMEM+FCS.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 260.08,\n \"height\": 239.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.2,\n \"width\": 269.79,\n \"height\": 239.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.2,\n \"width\": 280.12,\n \"height\": 112.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_603fc77f\",\n \"text\": \"Cultures were prepared at this density in 35mm Petri dishes using 3 ml per dish.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 155.04,\n \"width\": 279.9,\n \"height\": 121.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.2,\n \"width\": 289.73,\n \"height\": 211.5\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_603fc77f\",\n \"text\": \"Three groups of cultures were used; a control group, incubated with no warfarin; a group incubated in 10pM warfarin and a group incubated in 1 mM warfarin.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 255.3,\n \"width\": 289.74,\n \"height\": 21.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.2,\n \"width\": 299.7,\n \"height\": 239.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.2,\n \"width\": 309.53,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.32,\n \"width\": 319.5,\n \"height\": 138.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_603fc77f\",\n \"text\": \"Cultures were incubated at 37°C, and the total cell count assessed in triplicate dishes from each group on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 after initiation, using a Coulter model ZB cell counter, and counting the trypsinised cells resuspended in a standard volume of phosphate buffered saline (PBS).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 181.32,\n \"width\": 319.5,\n \"height\": 95.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.32,\n \"width\": 329.34,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 339.18,\n \"height\": 239.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.32,\n \"width\": 349.14,\n \"height\": 239.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.2,\n \"width\": 358.96,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 368.92,\n \"height\": 178.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_603fc77f\",\n \"text\": \"Cultures were fed every 48h by removal of 2ml of the overlying medium and replacement with fresh medium containing the same amount of warfarin.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 222.36,\n \"width\": 368.95,\n \"height\": 54.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 378.78,\n \"height\": 239.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 388.73,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 398.74,\n \"height\": 79.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_03a329bb\",\n \"text\": \"Thymidine labelling index Mtln3 cells were prepared at 5 x 104 cells ml-1 in F10/DMEM + FCS, and were seeded onto 'Thermanox\\\" plastic cover slips (Miles Laboratories, Napersville, IL), contained in the 16mm wells of 24-well tissue culture plates (Nunc, Paisley, Scotland).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 38.28,\n \"width\": 417.3,\n \"height\": 239.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.8,\n \"width\": 427.14,\n \"height\": 239.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 437.09,\n \"height\": 239.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 446.94,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 456.89,\n \"height\": 183.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_03a329bb\",\n \"text\": \"Three groups of culture were prepared as for growth curves, at warfarin concentrations of 0, 10, M and 1 mm.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 225.6,\n \"width\": 456.9,\n \"height\": 51.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 466.61,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.32,\n \"width\": 476.87,\n \"height\": 145.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_03a329bb\",\n \"text\": \"Cells were incubated at 37°C and fed every 48 h by replacement of 2/3 of the overlying medium, while daily observation of their growth was carried out using an inverted phase contrast microscope.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 187.08,\n \"width\": 476.57,\n \"height\": 90.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 486.41,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 496.26,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 506.22,\n \"height\": 239.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1b5d709\",\n \"text\": \"On day 4, when the cells in the control group appeared to be in mid-log phase, triplicate cultures from each treatment group were pulsed for 20 min with 3H-thymidine ([6-3H] thymidine, Amersham, Bucks., England). 150\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 46.44,\n \"width\": 516.06,\n \"height\": 231.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 526.01,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 535.74,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 545.81,\n \"height\": 182.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1b5d709\",\n \"text\": \"4ul of 0.25mM thymidine, specific activity 20-30 Ci mM -1 (0.74-1.1 TBl mmv-1) was added to each culture, giving a final activity of 5pCiml -1 (0.185MBlml-1).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 223.62,\n \"width\": 545.68,\n \"height\": 53.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 556.25,\n \"height\": 39.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 93.96,\n \"width\": 556.07,\n \"height\": 27.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 137.28,\n \"width\": 555.89,\n \"height\": 27.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 180.96,\n \"width\": 555.59,\n \"height\": 57.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 254.88,\n \"width\": 555.79,\n \"height\": 23.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 38.52,\n \"width\": 565.5,\n \"height\": 239.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 575.56,\n \"height\": 154.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1b5d709\",\n \"text\": \"Cells were then fixed in methanol/trichloracetic acid.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 196.68,\n \"width\": 575.34,\n \"height\": 81.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 585.52,\n \"height\": 125.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1b5d709\",\n \"text\": \"The coverslips bearing the fixed cells were then coated with liquid photographic emul- sion and placed in light-tight boxes for 14 days.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 168.96,\n \"width\": 585.42,\n \"height\": 108.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 595.25,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 605.09,\n \"height\": 212.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1b5d709\",\n \"text\": \"After development of the emulsion, cell morphology was outlined by counterstaining with Giemsa stain (1:10 dilution).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 257.88,\n \"width\": 604.98,\n \"height\": 19.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 614.95,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 624.77,\n \"height\": 219.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1b5d709\",\n \"text\": \"The thymidine labelling index (TLI) was estimated by counting nuclei in random high-power ( x 400) microscope fields.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 263.28,\n \"width\": 624.78,\n \"height\": 14.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 634.86,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 644.59,\n \"height\": 217.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1b5d709\",\n \"text\": \"Cells were deemed to be positively labelled if there was a definite cluster of five or more silver granules overlying the nucleus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 259.56,\n \"width\": 644.72,\n \"height\": 18.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 654.42,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 664.61,\n \"height\": 239.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c1b5d709\",\n \"text\": \"A total of 1,000 nuclei per coverslip were counted, and the TLI was expressed as the number of labelled nuclei divided by the total number of nuclei counted.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 674.36,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 684.05,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 693.83,\n \"height\": 155.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Tumour cells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b3c7f3c8\",\n \"text\": \"As noted by previous authors (Williamson et al., 1980), maintenance of a steady level of anticoagulation in the rat using warfarin is difficult, and requires frequent measure- ment of the effect, with ad hoc adjustment of the dose.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 727.98,\n \"height\": 239.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 737.81,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.56,\n \"width\": 747.53,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.44,\n \"width\": 757.26,\n \"height\": 216.3\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b3c7f3c8\",\n \"text\": \"After several pilot studies, the following procedure was adopted: warfarin was administered in the drinking water at a con- centration of 2mgI-1 for 48h, then at lmgl -for 24h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 258.0,\n \"width\": 757.28,\n \"height\": 20.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 767.09,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 37.68,\n \"width\": 777.05,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 293.94,\n \"width\": 50.72,\n \"height\": 190.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 485.16,\n \"width\": 51.44,\n \"height\": 3.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 500.4,\n \"width\": 51.22,\n \"height\": 33.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ebfaa75\",\n \"text\": \"Thrombotest (Nyegaard, Oslo, Norway) estimations were then performed on three rats from each group, using 50p1 of free flowing blood.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 293.94,\n \"width\": 61.12,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.24,\n \"width\": 71.02,\n \"height\": 240.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.24,\n \"width\": 81.34,\n \"height\": 75.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ebfaa75\",\n \"text\": \"Dose adjustments were aimed at maintaining the Thrombotest within the range 68-170s (16-4% of rat normal activity).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 375.84,\n \"width\": 81.22,\n \"height\": 157.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.24,\n \"width\": 90.67,\n \"height\": 239.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.24,\n \"width\": 101.44,\n \"height\": 93.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ebfaa75\",\n \"text\": \"No tumour experiment was begun until the median thrombotest result had been within this range for 24 h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 394.26,\n \"width\": 101.32,\n \"height\": 139.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.3,\n \"width\": 110.92,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.54,\n \"width\": 120.7,\n \"height\": 60.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ebfaa75\",\n \"text\": \"Regular Thrombotest estimation was then carried out on three rats from the treated group every three days in experiment 1 (see below) and every two days in experiment 2.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 361.38,\n \"width\": 120.58,\n \"height\": 172.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.3,\n \"width\": 130.72,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.6,\n \"width\": 140.45,\n \"height\": 239.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.3,\n \"width\": 150.7,\n \"height\": 54.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ebfaa75\",\n \"text\": \"An identical blood sample was taken from three rats in the control group at the same times.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 354.72,\n \"width\": 150.4,\n \"height\": 179.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.6,\n \"width\": 160.3,\n \"height\": 199.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ebfaa75\",\n \"text\": \"Warfarin was given continuously, with the dosage adjusted as required, until killing at 23 days after tumour cell injection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 499.62,\n \"width\": 160.24,\n \"height\": 34.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.6,\n \"width\": 170.14,\n \"height\": 239.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.84,\n \"width\": 180.04,\n \"height\": 237.84\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"Experiment 1: effect of warfarin on primary tumour growth Two groups of 15 rats were inoculated subcutaneously with 106 Mltn3 cells per animal.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.6,\n \"width\": 201.58,\n \"height\": 234.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.9,\n \"width\": 217.42,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.74,\n \"width\": 227.38,\n \"height\": 116.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"The cells were prepared as previously described from low-passage cultures in vitro, and resuspended at a density of 5 x 106 cells per ml in FIO/ DMEM+FCS.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 419.88,\n \"width\": 227.32,\n \"height\": 114.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 294.9,\n \"width\": 237.28,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.2,\n \"width\": 246.66,\n \"height\": 239.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.2,\n \"width\": 257.2,\n \"height\": 59.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"All animals received injections of 0.2ml of the cell suspension into the infra-mammary fat pad under the second nipple.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 360.0,\n \"width\": 257.08,\n \"height\": 175.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.2,\n \"width\": 267.16,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 277.3,\n \"height\": 73.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"One group received no treatment, the other received oral warfarin as detailed above.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 376.44,\n \"width\": 277.12,\n \"height\": 158.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.2,\n \"width\": 286.9,\n \"height\": 182.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"Animals were killed 23 days after tumour cell injection, at which time a stathmokinetic analysis of tumour cell production rate was performed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 482.4,\n \"width\": 286.84,\n \"height\": 52.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.2,\n \"width\": 296.74,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 306.88,\n \"height\": 239.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.2,\n \"width\": 316.96,\n \"height\": 41.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"The tumours were excised together with the overlying skin and weighed fresh, after trimming off all normal tissue and opening and draining cystic spaces containing mucoid material, which were commonly found at the centre of these tumours.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 344.4,\n \"width\": 316.84,\n \"height\": 190.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 326.55,\n \"height\": 239.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 336.1,\n \"height\": 239.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 346.3,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.26,\n \"width\": 356.32,\n \"height\": 99.9\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"The tumours were then fixed in Bouins' solution for 24h, and thin (5ytm) sections across the geometric centre of the tumour were made and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 401.64,\n \"width\": 356.2,\n \"height\": 133.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.68,\n \"width\": 365.8,\n \"height\": 239.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 376.0,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.56,\n \"width\": 385.72,\n \"height\": 101.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"These sections were used to perform a stathmokinetic analysis (Puck & Steffen, 1963).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 402.36,\n \"width\": 385.66,\n \"height\": 132.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.56,\n \"width\": 395.62,\n \"height\": 225.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b20\",\n \"text\": \"(Puck & Steffen, 1963)\",\n \"offset_start\": 62,\n \"offset_end\": 84\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"In this experiment, vincristine was administered in a dose of 1 mg kg-intraperitoneally.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 527.76,\n \"width\": 395.56,\n \"height\": 7.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.56,\n \"width\": 405.76,\n \"height\": 240.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.4,\n \"width\": 415.24,\n \"height\": 109.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"After injection, animals were killed by cervical dislocation at intervals of 10 or 15min for up to three hours after injection.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 413.34,\n \"width\": 415.12,\n \"height\": 121.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 425.07,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 435.28,\n \"height\": 131.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"After killing, the tumours were removed, weighed, fixed and sectioned as previously described.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 432.6,\n \"width\": 435.22,\n \"height\": 102.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 444.82,\n \"height\": 239.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 455.14,\n \"height\": 37.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"Each section was examined in a standard way to minimise differences between tumours in the kinetic activity of the areas examined, and 40 microscope fields were defined, which lay in a circle around the tumour centre at a distance of 2/3 of the tumour radius.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 338.04,\n \"width\": 455.02,\n \"height\": 197.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 464.68,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.56,\n \"width\": 474.58,\n \"height\": 239.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 484.78,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 494.5,\n \"height\": 144.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"Counting of nuclei was carried out using an eyepiece graticule, and the ratio (number of nuclei in metaphase/total number of nuclei) was calculated.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 444.84,\n \"width\": 494.38,\n \"height\": 90.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 504.34,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.56,\n \"width\": 513.94,\n \"height\": 239.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 524.26,\n \"height\": 39.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9a009b9b\",\n \"text\": \"In this way 2,400 points were counted per slide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 340.68,\n \"width\": 524.14,\n \"height\": 193.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a10a828\",\n \"text\": \"The method was validated by studying the effect on the metaphase ratio of taking progressively larger samples of the cell population on a single slide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 534.04,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 543.7,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 553.66,\n \"height\": 145.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a10a828\",\n \"text\": \"This showed that a considerable degree of random error was found in the result when low numbers of nuclei were counted, but that this variability gradually disappeared as the sample became larger.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 449.1,\n \"width\": 553.6,\n \"height\": 86.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 563.5,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 573.4,\n \"height\": 239.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.56,\n \"width\": 583.06,\n \"height\": 239.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.44,\n \"width\": 593.32,\n \"height\": 23.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ba2e7e9f\",\n \"text\": \"Experiment 2: effect of warfarin on spontaneous metastasis Two groups of 15 rats were inoculated subcutaneously with 106 Mtln3 cells per animal, as described in experiment 1.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.04,\n \"width\": 613.66,\n \"height\": 231.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.92,\n \"width\": 628.66,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.88,\n \"width\": 638.62,\n \"height\": 219.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ba2e7e9f\",\n \"text\": \"One group of rats received no treatment, the other received oral warfarin as detailed above.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 520.56,\n \"width\": 638.56,\n \"height\": 15.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.92,\n \"width\": 648.16,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.8,\n \"width\": 658.54,\n \"height\": 107.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ba2e7e9f\",\n \"text\": \"Animals were killed at 23 days, and pulmonary metastases estimated by the method of Wexler (1965).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 408.6,\n \"width\": 658.29,\n \"height\": 127.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.04,\n \"width\": 668.02,\n \"height\": 240.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.8,\n \"width\": 678.28,\n \"height\": 57.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Wexler (1965)\",\n \"offset_start\": 84,\n \"offset_end\": 97\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ba2e7e9f\",\n \"text\": \"Briefly, this involves en bloc excision of the heart and lungs from the killed animal and inflation of the lungs via the trachea with a 15% solution of India ink.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 358.56,\n \"width\": 678.22,\n \"height\": 177.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.04,\n \"width\": 687.52,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.92,\n \"width\": 697.54,\n \"height\": 221.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ba2e7e9f\",\n \"text\": \"The lungs are immersed in Fekete's solution for at least 48h to bleach surface pulmonary tumour nodules, which are then counted.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 521.52,\n \"width\": 697.48,\n \"height\": 14.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.92,\n \"width\": 707.08,\n \"height\": 239.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.92,\n \"width\": 716.98,\n \"height\": 240.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.8,\n \"width\": 727.0,\n \"height\": 32.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ba2e7e9f\",\n \"text\": \"All lungs were examined twice by the same observer, who was unaware of the treatment that the animal had received.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 336.6,\n \"width\": 726.88,\n \"height\": 199.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 295.92,\n \"width\": 736.54,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.4,\n \"width\": 746.56,\n \"height\": 52.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ba2e7e9f\",\n \"text\": \"Full autopsy was performed at the time of killing, and any suspected sites of extrapulmonary metastasis noted and, where necessary, confirmed by histological exam- ination using conventional Haematoxylin and Eosin stains.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 355.08,\n \"width\": 746.44,\n \"height\": 182.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.4,\n \"width\": 756.34,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.28,\n \"width\": 766.18,\n \"height\": 239.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 296.4,\n \"width\": 775.9,\n \"height\": 235.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0af31a4c\",\n \"text\": \"Studies in vitro Clonogenic assay Warfarin inhibited clone formation by Mtln3 cells only at high concentrations.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 34.92,\n \"width\": 77.43,\n \"height\": 60.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.22,\n \"width\": 92.44,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.16,\n \"width\": 102.52,\n \"height\": 164.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0af31a4c\",\n \"text\": \"Warfarin concen- trations of less than 1 mM had no discernible effect on the clonogenic potential of the cells.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 205.44,\n \"width\": 102.34,\n \"height\": 69.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 34.92,\n \"width\": 112.24,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 34.8,\n \"width\": 122.38,\n \"height\": 129.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0af31a4c\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 1 shows the clonogenic potential of the cells at different drug concentrations.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 169.98,\n \"width\": 122.2,\n \"height\": 105.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 34.92,\n \"width\": 132.16,\n \"height\": 239.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0af31a4c\",\n \"text\": \"Estimates of the probable peak warfarin concentrations in fully anticoagulated rats were made, based on the studies of previous authors: these suggested that the plasma concen- tration of the drug is unlikely to exceed 10 M. Subsequent direct measurement of plasma warfarin concentrations in identically treated animals showed a mean warfarin concentration of 1.63pM, confirming this estimate.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.16,\n \"width\": 142.0,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.04,\n \"width\": 151.84,\n \"height\": 241.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 34.92,\n \"width\": 161.56,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.04,\n \"width\": 171.88,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 34.92,\n \"width\": 181.6,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.04,\n \"width\": 191.31,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.16,\n \"width\": 201.63,\n \"height\": 175.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_78bc980f\",\n \"text\": \"Growth curve The increase in cell numbers over time followed the conventional pattern of large phase, exponential growth phase and plateau phase.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.4,\n \"width\": 221.49,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.28,\n \"width\": 231.51,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.16,\n \"width\": 241.59,\n \"height\": 128.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_78bc980f\",\n \"text\": \"Neither the rate of increase in cell numbers nor the timing or height of the plateau were affected by 10 JM warfarin, but 1 mM warfarin affected both parameters considerably (Figure 2).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 168.12,\n \"width\": 241.35,\n \"height\": 107.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.16,\n \"width\": 251.31,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.28,\n \"width\": 261.39,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.28,\n \"width\": 271.53,\n \"height\": 139.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c0bc668\",\n \"text\": \"Thymidine labelling index The thymidine labelling index (TLI) of cells in the control and lOpM warfarin groups was high, averaging over 40%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.24,\n \"width\": 290.97,\n \"height\": 239.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.52,\n \"width\": 300.93,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.52,\n \"width\": 311.2,\n \"height\": 103.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c0bc668\",\n \"text\": \"In keeping with the results of the other two experiments, however, cells grown in the presence of I mM warfarin grew Very poorly.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 143.76,\n \"width\": 310.89,\n \"height\": 132.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.64,\n \"width\": 320.97,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.64,\n \"width\": 330.87,\n \"height\": 146.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c0bc668\",\n \"text\": \"The mean TLI in the control group was 44.8% and in the 10pM warfarin group 45.1%.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 187.2,\n \"width\": 330.76,\n \"height\": 88.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.52,\n \"width\": 340.89,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.52,\n \"width\": 351.16,\n \"height\": 26.58\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7c0bc668\",\n \"text\": \"Insufficient cells grew in the 1 mM warfarin group to allow an accurate TLI to be estimated.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 66.6,\n \"width\": 350.67,\n \"height\": 209.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.76,\n \"width\": 360.75,\n \"height\": 157.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ce3d3f5\",\n \"text\": \"The method of warfarin administration used successfully suppressed the coagulation system of the animals to an extent similar to that achieved during clinical anticoagulation in humans.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.76,\n \"width\": 395.31,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 405.4,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.88,\n \"width\": 415.1,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 425.44,\n \"height\": 44.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ce3d3f5\",\n \"text\": \"The mean Thrombotest clotting time in anticoagulated animals during experiment 1 was 144s, and during experiment 2, 84.4 s, compared with a mean for untreated animals of 30.3s (s.d. 1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 86.76,\n \"width\": 425.08,\n \"height\": 189.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 35.88,\n \"width\": 434.91,\n \"height\": 240.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.0,\n \"width\": 444.74,\n \"height\": 240.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.24,\n \"width\": 455.07,\n \"height\": 136.75\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ce3d3f5\",\n \"text\": \".03s).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 172.99,\n \"width\": 455.07,\n \"height\": 21.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ce3d3f5\",\n \"text\": \"There were marked fluctuations from day to day in the mean Thrombotest time of treated animals, but it remained within the calculated 'therapeutic range' of 68-170s for 66% of the study time in experiment 1, and for 57% in experiment 2. There were five deaths from haemorrhage among the animals in the warfarin treated group in experiment 1; more frequent Thrombotest Time (days) Figure 2 The effects of IO Mm and of 1 mM warfarin on the growth of Mtln3 rat mammary carcinoma cells in vitro.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 199.08,\n \"width\": 454.83,\n \"height\": 77.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.24,\n \"width\": 464.8,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.24,\n \"width\": 474.51,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.36,\n \"width\": 484.59,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.12,\n \"width\": 494.31,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.12,\n \"width\": 504.27,\n \"height\": 240.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 36.36,\n \"width\": 513.89,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 403.08,\n \"width\": 272.44,\n \"height\": 44.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 299.28,\n \"width\": 286.37,\n \"height\": 228.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 299.28,\n \"width\": 295.87,\n \"height\": 205.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ce3d3f5\",\n \"text\": \"Open circles represent untreated control cultures, closed circles the cultures exposed to 10Mm warfarin and open squares the cultures exposed to 1 mM warfarin.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 509.52,\n \"width\": 295.82,\n \"height\": 18.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 299.22,\n \"width\": 304.63,\n \"height\": 228.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 299.22,\n \"width\": 312.64,\n \"height\": 228.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 299.28,\n \"width\": 321.48,\n \"height\": 102.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9ce3d3f5\",\n \"text\": \"Error bars show one standard deviation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 408.84,\n \"width\": 322.38,\n \"height\": 118.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 299.04,\n \"width\": 331.63,\n \"height\": 33.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_30385060\",\n \"text\": \"monitoring was introduced for experiment 2, and two ani- mals died from haemorrhage.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 293.82,\n \"width\": 366.99,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 293.82,\n \"width\": 377.07,\n \"height\": 123.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_30385060\",\n \"text\": \"Subsequent experience has shown that long-term warfarin treatment is associated with an unavoidable 10-15% mortality in this model, regardless of the monitoring system employed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 425.04,\n \"width\": 376.83,\n \"height\": 108.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.06,\n \"width\": 386.9,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.06,\n \"width\": 396.86,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.18,\n \"width\": 406.95,\n \"height\": 143.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"The mean tumour weight in the control and experimental groups was very similar.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.3,\n \"width\": 447.96,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.48,\n \"width\": 458.43,\n \"height\": 96.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"Warfarin-treated animals produced tumours with a mean weight of 12.03 g (s.d. 1\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 395.94,\n \"width\": 457.8,\n \"height\": 138.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.36,\n \"width\": 468.01,\n \"height\": 200.22\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \".61 g); the corresponding values for control animals were 11.38g and 1.1 g.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 494.58,\n \"width\": 467.8,\n \"height\": 40.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.36,\n \"width\": 477.76,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 487.81,\n \"height\": 18.24\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"There is no significant difference between these results.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 317.7,\n \"width\": 487.71,\n \"height\": 216.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"The sampling method for estimating the metaphase ratio of the tumours was validated by cumulative counting of nuclei from a single slide.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.42,\n \"width\": 497.42,\n \"height\": 241.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.66,\n \"width\": 507.51,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.72,\n \"width\": 517.95,\n \"height\": 78.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"The metaphase ratio was re-estimated after each additional 50 metaphases, and stabilised at approximately 8.1% after between 150 and 200 metaphases had been counted (Table I).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 379.56,\n \"width\": 517.34,\n \"height\": 155.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.66,\n \"width\": 527.31,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.72,\n \"width\": 537.24,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.78,\n \"width\": 547.33,\n \"height\": 109.02\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"As a result of this study, it was decided to count 2,400 points on each slide in the study groups undergoing stathmokinetic analysis, since this repre- sented approximately 200 metaphases at the mid-point of the linear segment of the stathmokinetic curve.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 408.48,\n \"width\": 547.21,\n \"height\": 126.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.78,\n \"width\": 557.04,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.9,\n \"width\": 567.04,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.02,\n \"width\": 576.88,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.9,\n \"width\": 587.19,\n \"height\": 177.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"The results of this exercise are illustrated in Figure 3. Comparisons of the size of normal and metaphase nuclei and of the cytoplasm/ nuclear area ratio in the two groups showed no detectable differences between them and the crude metaphase ratios were therefore used.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 478.08,\n \"width\": 586.83,\n \"height\": 57.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.9,\n \"width\": 596.67,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.02,\n \"width\": 606.83,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.08,\n \"width\": 616.71,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.9,\n \"width\": 626.65,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.84,\n \"width\": 636.99,\n \"height\": 80.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"As Figure 3 shows, the estimated cell production rate calculated from the gradient of the meta- phase number/time curve was identical in the two groups, at 3.9 metaphases per 100 cells per hour.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 380.94,\n \"width\": 636.56,\n \"height\": 154.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.08,\n \"width\": 646.59,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.08,\n \"width\": 656.55,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 666.76,\n \"height\": 153.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2ea269ce\",\n \"text\": \"Metaphase ratio 6.90 7.80 7.50 8.10 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.30 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 708.08,\n \"height\": 57.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 370.56,\n \"width\": 707.84,\n \"height\": 164.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 81.24,\n \"width\": 733.84,\n \"height\": 75.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 175.8,\n \"width\": 733.78,\n \"height\": 3.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 198.48,\n \"width\": 733.78,\n \"height\": 1.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 220.56,\n \"width\": 733.72,\n \"height\": 3.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 243.66,\n \"width\": 733.64,\n \"height\": 3.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 264.18,\n \"width\": 733.64,\n \"height\": 3.42\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2b89281\",\n \"text\": \"Log1o (warfarin concentration) p.m\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 102.0,\n \"width\": 742.33,\n \"height\": 127.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_91915d94\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 1 The effect of warfarin concentration on the clonogenic potential of Mtln3 rat mammary carcinoma cells.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 43.56,\n \"width\": 758.89,\n \"height\": 228.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 43.56,\n \"width\": 768.07,\n \"height\": 193.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_91915d94\",\n \"text\": \"Survival fraction is expressed as a ratio of the survival fraction in a control assay containing no warfarin.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 244.56,\n \"width\": 768.2,\n \"height\": 27.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 43.68,\n \"width\": 776.83,\n \"height\": 228.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 43.56,\n \"width\": 785.58,\n \"height\": 133.08\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0cf05ffa\",\n \"text\": \"Experiment 2\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 731.46,\n \"height\": 51.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b55496b\",\n \"text\": \"There was a considerably lower rate of metastasis to the lung in the warfarin-treated rats than in control animals, as illustrated in Figure 4.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.32,\n \"width\": 745.21,\n \"height\": 240.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.38,\n \"width\": 755.05,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.38,\n \"width\": 765.26,\n \"height\": 90.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b55496b\",\n \"text\": \"The median number of lung metas- tases per animal in group 1 was 0 (range 0-21), while in group 2 it was eight tumours per animal (range 0-133).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 391.14,\n \"width\": 764.8,\n \"height\": 144.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.68,\n \"width\": 774.41,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 295.68,\n \"width\": 783.96,\n \"height\": 227.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b55496b\",\n \"text\": \"In Each point represents one tumour: the x axis indicates the time between vincristine injection and killing 0 control; 0 ----, warfarin treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 528.18,\n \"width\": 784.38,\n \"height\": 7.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 40.44,\n \"width\": 258.91,\n \"height\": 228.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 40.32,\n \"width\": 267.94,\n \"height\": 170.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 241.92,\n \"width\": 267.8,\n \"height\": 26.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 40.92,\n \"width\": 277.54,\n \"height\": 114.12\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b55496b\",\n \"text\": \"Tumour wet weight: control 11.38 + 1.71 g; warfarin-treated 12.03 + 1.61 g. the treatment group seven animals and in the control group three animals had no detectable pulmonary metastasis.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 161.82,\n \"width\": 277.66,\n \"height\": 106.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 285.94,\n \"height\": 157.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 34.08,\n \"width\": 735.68,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 34.2,\n \"width\": 745.4,\n \"height\": 220.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b55496b\",\n \"text\": \"The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<<0.05,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 259.92,\n \"width\": 745.89,\n \"height\": 14.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 33.96,\n \"width\": 755.24,\n \"height\": 240.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 34.08,\n \"width\": 764.8,\n \"height\": 35.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b55496b\",\n \"text\": \"Mann-Whitney).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 74.94,\n \"width\": 764.86,\n \"height\": 64.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9b55496b\",\n \"text\": \"Macroscopic and selective histo- lmnical cxamination of other organs removed at autopsy failed to reveal any instance of metastasis to viscera other than the lungs, although the regional and mediastinal lymph nodes were commonly involved in animals from both treat- ment and control groups, with no detectable difference between the two.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 145.14,\n \"width\": 765.04,\n \"height\": 129.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 34.32,\n \"width\": 774.67,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 34.08,\n \"width\": 784.02,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 290.4,\n \"width\": 56.43,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 290.28,\n \"width\": 66.34,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 290.34,\n \"width\": 76.24,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 290.46,\n \"width\": 86.26,\n \"height\": 67.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Experiment I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"These experiments represent the first fully integrated study of the cytotoxic effects of warfarin in vitro and in vivo.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 131.44,\n \"height\": 241.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 141.58,\n \"height\": 218.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"This combined approach is necessary in order to define the role of cytotoxicity in the antimetastatic action of warfarin, because of the weaknesses of isolated studies of either type.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 515.52,\n \"width\": 141.76,\n \"height\": 16.5\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.3,\n \"width\": 151.48,\n \"height\": 240.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.48,\n \"width\": 161.44,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.6,\n \"width\": 171.4,\n \"height\": 239.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"In vitro studies cannot reproduce the complexity of inter- actions between drug, tumour and host in the intact animal.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.42,\n \"width\": 181.3,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 191.44,\n \"height\": 239.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"Known factors of this type in the present case include the production of a number of abnormal proteins, the PIVKAs (Stenflo & Suttie, 1977), as a result of warfarin-induced suppression of vitamin K activity, and the synthesis of a number of metabolites of warfarin by the host liver (O'Reilly, 1985).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 201.1,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 211.0,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 220.96,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 230.86,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 240.64,\n \"height\": 240.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 250.72,\n \"height\": 64.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b25\",\n \"text\": \"(Stenflo & Suttie, 1977)\",\n \"offset_start\": 115,\n \"offset_end\": 139\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"These or other interactions might produce substances with a direct antitumour activity, and in vitro studies alone would not be capable of detecting such indirect but important results of warfarin treatment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 361.2,\n \"width\": 250.71,\n \"height\": 170.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.54,\n \"width\": 260.61,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.6,\n \"width\": 270.51,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 188.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"The shortcomings of in vitro studies in this respect have recently been demonstrated by Fasco et al. ( 1987), who have shown that the effect of warfarin on tumour procoagulant activity is indirect, and is at least partly due to modulation of the metabolism of the host animal.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 488.34,\n \"width\": 280.48,\n \"height\": 43.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 290.42,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 300.28,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 310.16,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 320.08,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 330.04,\n \"height\": 124.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"Animal experiments, on the other hand, are subject to numerous extraneous influences, the effects of which can only be controlled by careful experimental design.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 421.5,\n \"width\": 330.1,\n \"height\": 110.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 339.98,\n \"height\": 239.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 349.9,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 359.98,\n \"height\": 80.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"Previous studies of the effect of coumarins on primary tumour growth have used crude estimates of tumour mass, which may be greatly influenced by changes in the bulk of the tumour stroma and in the degree of invasion by host macrophages, as well as by changes in tumour cell division and death rates.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 378.42,\n \"width\": 360.04,\n \"height\": 153.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 369.7,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 379.7,\n \"height\": 239.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.78,\n \"width\": 389.51,\n \"height\": 240.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 399.34,\n \"height\": 240.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 409.3,\n \"height\": 160.74\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"A more accurate method of assessing the effects of warfarin on tumour cell production rate was therefore adopted.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 460.5,\n \"width\": 409.48,\n \"height\": 71.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 419.14,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 428.98,\n \"height\": 151.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1541d43c\",\n \"text\": \"The specific ability of coumarins to inhibit metastasis has been emphasised in many previous studies; in order to determine whether this ability is attributable to general inhibition of tumour growth, it was important to study the effects of warfarin on metasta- sis and primary tumour growth in the same model, under the same circumstances.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 448.08,\n \"width\": 429.15,\n \"height\": 84.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 439.12,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 448.9,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 458.91,\n \"height\": 239.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 468.7,\n \"height\": 239.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 478.67,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 488.8,\n \"height\": 77.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a9a28ec\",\n \"text\": \"The cytotoxic effect of warfarin on the Mtln3 clone was tested using three complementary in vitro methods, the results of which were in full agreement.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 300.48,\n \"width\": 498.46,\n \"height\": 231.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.72,\n \"width\": 508.42,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.66,\n \"width\": 518.32,\n \"height\": 155.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a9a28ec\",\n \"text\": \"In clonogenic assay, growth curve and thymidine labelling studies, warfarin sodium at a concentration of 1 mM suppressed tumour cell growth very significantly.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 453.12,\n \"width\": 518.56,\n \"height\": 78.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.42,\n \"width\": 528.16,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.66,\n \"width\": 537.99,\n \"height\": 239.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 548.08,\n \"height\": 100.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a9a28ec\",\n \"text\": \"At a concentration of 10,iM, on the other hand, the drug had no detectable effect on clone forming potential, net cell production rate or incorporation of labelled thymidine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 398.7,\n \"width\": 548.06,\n \"height\": 132.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.66,\n \"width\": 558.04,\n \"height\": 239.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.66,\n \"width\": 568.0,\n \"height\": 239.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 577.96,\n \"height\": 83.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a9a28ec\",\n \"text\": \"Calculation and direct measurement of the mean plasma warfarin concentration in rats treated with oral warfarin showed that drug concentrations in excess of 10 gM would be most unlikely to occur in vivo.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 379.74,\n \"width\": 578.08,\n \"height\": 152.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 587.8,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 597.76,\n \"height\": 240.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 292.2,\n \"width\": 607.19,\n \"height\": 199.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2a9a28ec\",\n \"text\": \"It seems reasonable to conclude that any effect of warfarin treatment on the in vivo behaviour of the Mtln3 tumour cell clone is not due to the direct antitumour activity of the drug.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 498.36,\n \"width\": 608.02,\n \"height\": 32.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 617.38,\n \"height\": 239.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 627.2,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 637.12,\n \"height\": 215.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"Warfarin anticoagulation reduced metastasis significantly in our in vivo studies, but failed under similar conditions to exert any detectable effect on primary tumour growth.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 300.12,\n \"width\": 647.02,\n \"height\": 230.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.36,\n \"width\": 656.99,\n \"height\": 239.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.06,\n \"width\": 666.95,\n \"height\": 220.44\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"The effect on metastasis was not as dramatic as that seen when tumour cells were injected intravenously in the same model system (McCulloch & George, 1987) but was consistent on subsequent repetition of the experiment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 517.02,\n \"width\": 667.49,\n \"height\": 13.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.06,\n \"width\": 676.42,\n \"height\": 239.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.06,\n \"width\": 686.14,\n \"height\": 239.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.06,\n \"width\": 695.98,\n \"height\": 239.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 705.76,\n \"height\": 161.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b13\",\n \"text\": \"(McCulloch & George, 1987)\",\n \"offset_start\": 129,\n \"offset_end\": 155\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"These findings are in agreement with those of Colucci et al. (1983), but contrast with those of other workers (Ryan et al., 1968; Hilgard et al., 1977).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 458.1,\n \"width\": 705.87,\n \"height\": 72.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 714.98,\n \"height\": 239.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 725.08,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 734.86,\n \"height\": 40.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b4\",\n \"text\": \"Colucci et al. (1983)\",\n \"offset_start\": 46,\n \"offset_end\": 67\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"Several of these previous studies used mouse models, in which a very much higher degree of anticoagulation could be achieved, and this may explain their contrast- ing outcomes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 338.88,\n \"width\": 734.92,\n \"height\": 191.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 744.58,\n \"height\": 239.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 754.36,\n \"height\": 239.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 764.14,\n \"height\": 54.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"The results of stathmokinetic analysis in our study were particularly striking.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 350.76,\n \"width\": 764.2,\n \"height\": 180.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 773.98,\n \"height\": 123.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"The calculated indices of cell production in the treatment and control groups were practi- cally identical, providing convincing evidence that warfarin had no effect on cell production in vivo in this model.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 418.44,\n \"width\": 774.04,\n \"height\": 112.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 291.0,\n \"width\": 783.82,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.8,\n \"width\": 56.9,\n \"height\": 240.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 66.81,\n \"height\": 220.8\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"The stathmokinetic technique is susceptible to a number of sources of error (Aherne et al., 1977) but precautions taken in the design of the experiment appear to have been successful in minimising such influences.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 266.76,\n \"width\": 67.24,\n \"height\": 14.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.16,\n \"width\": 76.83,\n \"height\": 241.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.8,\n \"width\": 86.44,\n \"height\": 240.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.86,\n \"width\": 96.75,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.98,\n \"width\": 106.72,\n \"height\": 159.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"(Aherne et al., 1977)\",\n \"offset_start\": 76,\n \"offset_end\": 97\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"The marked inhibi- tion of metastasis by the drug under the same conditions therefore appears to represent a direct effect on the meta- static process, as opposed to one mediated via cytotoxic to cytostatic actions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 204.84,\n \"width\": 107.08,\n \"height\": 76.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.98,\n \"width\": 116.44,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.92,\n \"width\": 126.39,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 136.36,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.8,\n \"width\": 146.37,\n \"height\": 72.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"An effect of warfarin on the Mtln3 tumour cells other than one on cell reproduction is not excluded by our findings.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 121.2,\n \"width\": 146.44,\n \"height\": 159.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 156.39,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.86,\n \"width\": 166.22,\n \"height\": 107.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"The reports of Colucci et al. (1983), describing a warfarin-sensitive procoagulant molecule produced by tumour cells, may be of relevance in this respect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 155.28,\n \"width\": 166.35,\n \"height\": 125.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 176.19,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.92,\n \"width\": 186.16,\n \"height\": 240.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 196.37,\n \"height\": 27.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"It is possible that this, or some other warfarinsensitive process within these cells, is important in enhancing their metastatic capability.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 75.96,\n \"width\": 196.11,\n \"height\": 205.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 206.08,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 215.92,\n \"height\": 104.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4933e58\",\n \"text\": \"Our previous studies in a modi- fied version of this model, however, suggest that the princi- pal antimetastatic effect of warfarin is on the host, as opposed to the tumour cell (McCulloch & George, 1987).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 151.26,\n \"width\": 216.15,\n \"height\": 130.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 225.76,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.86,\n \"width\": 235.7,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.98,\n \"width\": 245.8,\n \"height\": 232.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b13\",\n \"text\": \"(McCulloch & George, 1987)\",\n \"offset_start\": 178,\n \"offset_end\": 204\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"Rats are extremely sensitive to the anticoagulant effects of warfarin and other coumarins, and oral treatment with these drugs is therefore difficult (Williamson et al., 1980).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 50.22,\n \"width\": 255.76,\n \"height\": 232.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.86,\n \"width\": 265.47,\n \"height\": 240.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 40.98,\n \"width\": 275.43,\n \"height\": 219.54\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b29\",\n \"text\": \"(Williamson et al., 1980)\",\n \"offset_start\": 150,\n \"offset_end\": 175\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"The relative degree of anticoagulation achieved in this study was very similar to that achieved therapeutically in humans, but the high mortality clearly indicates the greater susceptibility of rats to fatal haemorrhage after the same degree of anticoagulation.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 266.76,\n \"width\": 275.8,\n \"height\": 14.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 285.39,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.04,\n \"width\": 295.35,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.16,\n \"width\": 305.31,\n \"height\": 239.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.16,\n \"width\": 315.15,\n \"height\": 241.2\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.16,\n \"width\": 325.11,\n \"height\": 61.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"This difference is probably due to inter- species differences in the hepatic metabolism of PIVKAs (Suttie, 1980).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 109.32,\n \"width\": 325.11,\n \"height\": 171.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.16,\n \"width\": 334.95,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 41.1,\n \"width\": 344.91,\n \"height\": 56.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b27\",\n \"text\": \"(Suttie, 1980)\",\n \"offset_start\": 98,\n \"offset_end\": 112\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"Intensive monitoring of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin reduced but did not prevent deaths from bleeding, as the result of experiment 2 illustrated.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 105.36,\n \"width\": 345.04,\n \"height\": 175.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 57.4,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 67.3,\n \"height\": 210.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"Death from warfarin overdosage appeared to be a sudden cata- strophic event, and there was no evidence of prior weight loss, reduced food intake or changed behaviour in the animals that died.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 515.52,\n \"width\": 67.72,\n \"height\": 23.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 77.2,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 87.15,\n \"height\": 240.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 97.18,\n \"height\": 240.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 107.2,\n \"height\": 74.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"It therefore seems improbable that an effect of warfarin on the general health of the animals could have been responsible for the observed changes in tumour behaviour.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 379.2,\n \"width\": 107.32,\n \"height\": 159.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 116.92,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 126.82,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.44,\n \"width\": 136.72,\n \"height\": 40.26\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"The tumours of animals dying from bleeding were not significantly larger or smaller than those of survivors at the same stage of tumour growth.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 345.6,\n \"width\": 136.78,\n \"height\": 192.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.32,\n \"width\": 146.68,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 156.64,\n \"height\": 165.72\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"It therefore seems unlikely that the high mortality in these experiments influenced their outcome, although it provided clear evidence that the degree of warfarin treatment was as intensive as could be achieved.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 468.72,\n \"width\": 156.88,\n \"height\": 69.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 166.47,\n \"height\": 239.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 176.37,\n \"height\": 240.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 186.58,\n \"height\": 240.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.32,\n \"width\": 196.23,\n \"height\": 74.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"In summary, these studies provide evi- dence that warfarin can inhibit metastasis in an animal model of cancer without directly or indirectly inhibiting the growth of the primary tumour.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 379.2,\n \"width\": 196.48,\n \"height\": 159.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 206.44,\n \"height\": 240.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 216.16,\n \"height\": 240.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.32,\n \"width\": 226.0,\n \"height\": 124.2\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a758cd9a\",\n \"text\": \"Further studies are required to determine the role of the anticoagulant properties of the drug in this effect.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 427.32,\n \"width\": 226.12,\n \"height\": 111.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 235.95,\n \"height\": 240.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.38,\n \"width\": 245.78,\n \"height\": 73.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Discussion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_13cdcce1\",\n \"text\": \"The analysis of plasma warfarin values referred to in this paper was performed for us by Dr B.K. Park, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 274.63,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 283.38,\n \"height\": 240.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.44,\n \"width\": 292.5,\n \"height\": 115.92\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_13cdcce1\",\n \"text\": \"We would like to thank Dr Ian Freshney and Dr Jane Plumb of the CRC Department of Oncology, University of Glasgow, for their friendly help and advice at all stages of this work and for allowing us to use the facilities of the Department for some parts of the study.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 419.94,\n \"width\": 292.62,\n \"height\": 119.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.8,\n \"width\": 301.26,\n \"height\": 239.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.8,\n \"width\": 310.26,\n \"height\": 240.24\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.68,\n \"width\": 319.19,\n \"height\": 240.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.68,\n \"width\": 328.15,\n \"height\": 151.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_13cdcce1\",\n \"text\": \"We would also like to thank Mr Colin Hughes for his assistance with animal handling and Yvonne Galbraith for preparing the manuscript.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 455.58,\n \"width\": 328.39,\n \"height\": 83.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.62,\n \"width\": 337.04,\n \"height\": 240.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 298.56,\n \"width\": 346.02,\n \"height\": 171.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 3\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 3 Stathmokinetic analysis of cell production rate in Mtln3 tumours: effect of warfarin treatment of the host animal.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"4\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 4\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 4 Metastasis to the lungs from subcutaneous Mtln3 mammary tumours in (a) control and (b) warfarin treated animals.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 86.16,\n \"width\": 328.32,\n \"height\": 137.04\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_0\",\n \"label\": \"I\",\n \"head\": \"Table I\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Variation in metaphase ratio with metaphase count\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Metaphase count\",\n \"50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 1,\n \"column_count\": 2,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 3.0,\n \"y\": 294.96,\n \"width\": 685.86,\n \"height\": 239.04\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"references\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"b1\",\n \"target\": \"b0\",\n \"title\": \"An Introduction to Cell Population Kinetics\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"AHERNE, W.A., CAMPBELLJOHN, R.S. & WRIGHT, N.A. (1977). An Introduction to Cell Population Kinetics. Edward Arnold: London.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"W Aherne\",\n \"R Campbelljohn\",\n \"N Wright\"\n ],\n \"publisher\": \"Edward Arnold\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1977\",\n \"year\": 1977\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b2\",\n \"target\": \"b1\",\n \"title\": \"A study of the mechanism by which anticoagulation with warfarin inhibits blood-borne metastases\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"BROWN, J.M. (1973). A study of the mechanism by which anti- coagulation with warfarin inhibits blood-borne metastases. Cancer Res., 33, 1217.\",\n \"authors\": \"J Brown\",\n \"journal\": \"Cancer Res\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1973\",\n \"year\": 1973,\n \"volume\": \"33\",\n \"pages\": \"1217\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b3\",\n \"target\": \"b2\",\n \"title\": \"Warfarin treatment of transplanted fibrosarcoma\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"BOULOS, B.M., DUJOVNE, C.A. & AZARNOFF, D.L. (1971). Warfarin treatment of transplanted fibrosarcoma. Pharmacologist, 13, 261.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"B Boulos\",\n \"C Dujovne\",\n \"D Azarnoff\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Pharmacologist\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1971\",\n \"year\": 1971,\n \"volume\": \"13\",\n \"pages\": \"261\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b4\",\n \"target\": \"b3\",\n \"title\": \"In vitro effect of sodium warfarin on DNA and RNA synthesis of mouse L1210 leukaemic cells and Walker tumour cells\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"CHANG, J.C. & HALL, T.C. (1973). In vitro effect of sodium warfarin on DNA and RNA synthesis of mouse L1210 leukaemic cells and Walker tumour cells. Oncology, 28, 232.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"J Chang\",\n \"T Hall\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Oncology\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1973\",\n \"year\": 1973,\n \"volume\": \"28\",\n \"pages\": \"232\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b5\",\n \"target\": \"b4\",\n \"title\": \"Warfarin inhibits both procoagulant activity and metastatic capacity of Lewis lung carcinoma cells\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"COLUCCI, M., DELAINI, F., DE BELLIS VITI, G. & 4 others (1983). Warfarin inhibits both procoagulant activity and metastatic capacity of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 32, 1689.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Colucci\",\n \"F Delaini\",\n \"G De Bellis Viti\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Biochem. Pharmacol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1983\",\n \"year\": 1983,\n \"volume\": \"32\",\n \"pages\": \"1689\",\n \"notes\": \"4 others\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b6\",\n \"target\": \"b5\",\n \"title\": \"Comparative study of blood coagulation changes in patients with cancer and with non-malignant diseases\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"DAVIS, R.P., THEOLOGIDES, A. & KENNEDY, B.J. (1969). Compara- tive study of blood coagulation changes in patients with cancer and with non-malignant diseases. Ann. Intern. Med., 71, 67.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"R Davis\",\n \"A Theologides\",\n \"B Kennedy\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Ann. Intern. Med\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1969\",\n \"year\": 1969,\n \"volume\": \"71\",\n \"pages\": \"67\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b7\",\n \"target\": \"b6\",\n \"title\": \"Cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of nitrogen mustard on EUE cells pretreated with sodium warfarin\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"DOLFINI, E., GHERSA, P., BARBIERI, B. & 3 others (1979). Cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of nitrogen mustard on EUE cells pre- treated with sodium warfarin. Eur. J. Cancer, 16, 77.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"E Dolfini\",\n \"P Ghersa\",\n \"B Barbieri\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Eur. J. Cancer\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1979\",\n \"year\": 1979,\n \"volume\": \"16\",\n \"pages\": \"77\",\n \"notes\": \"3 others\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b8\",\n \"target\": \"b7\",\n \"title\": \"Fibrin gel investment associated with Line 1 and Line 10 solid tumour growth, angiogenesis and fibroplasia in guinea pigs\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"DVORAK, H.F., DVORAK, A.M., MANSEAU, E.J., WIBERG, L. & CHURCHILL, W.H. (1979). Fibrin gel investment associated with Line 1 and Line 10 solid tumour growth, angiogenesis and fibroplasia in guinea pigs. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 62, 1459.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"H Dvorak\",\n \"A Dvorak\",\n \"E Manseau\",\n \"L Wiberg\",\n \"W Churchill\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J. Natl Cancer Inst\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1979\",\n \"year\": 1979,\n \"volume\": \"62\",\n \"pages\": \"1459\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b9\",\n \"target\": \"b8\",\n \"title\": \"Effect of warfarin on cell kinetics, epithelial morphology and tumour incidence in induced colorectal cancer in the rat\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"GOETING, N., TROTTER, G.A., COOKE, T., KIRKHAM, N. & TAYLOR, 1. (1985). Effect of warfarin on cell kinetics, epithelial morphology and tumour incidence in induced colorectal cancer in the rat. Gut, 26, 807.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"N Goeting\",\n \"G Trotter\",\n \"T Cooke\",\n \"N Kirkham\",\n \"Taylor\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Gut\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1985\",\n \"year\": 1985,\n \"volume\": \"26\",\n \"pages\": \"807\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b10\",\n \"target\": \"b9\",\n \"title\": \"Cancer invasion and metastasis\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"HART, I.R. (1980). Cancer invasion and metastasis. Q. Rev. Biol., 55, 121.\",\n \"authors\": \"I Hart\",\n \"journal\": \"Q. Rev. Biol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1980\",\n \"year\": 1980,\n \"volume\": \"55\",\n \"pages\": \"121\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b11\",\n \"target\": \"b10\",\n \"title\": \"Lack of effect of warfarin alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil on primary and metastatic growth of L1210 leukaemia and adenocarcinoma 755\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"HIGASHI, H. & HEIDELBERGER, C. (1971). Lack of effect of warfarin alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil on primary and metastatic growth of L1210 leukaemia and adenocarcinoma 755. Cancer Chemother. Rep., 55, 29.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"H Higashi\",\n \"C Heidelberger\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Cancer Chemother. Rep\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1971\",\n \"year\": 1971,\n \"volume\": \"55\",\n \"pages\": \"29\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b12\",\n \"target\": \"b11\",\n \"title\": \"Oral anticoagulation in the treatment of a spontaneously metastasising murine tumour (3LL)\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"HILGARD, P., SCHULTE, H., WETZIG, G., SCMITT, G. & SCMIDT, C.G. (1977). Oral anticoagulation in the treatment of a spon- taneously metastasising murine tumour (3LL). Br. J. Cancer, 35, 78.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"P Hilgard\",\n \"H Schulte\",\n \"G Wetzig\",\n \"G Scmitt\",\n \"C Scmidt\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Br. J. Cancer\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1977\",\n \"year\": 1977,\n \"volume\": \"35\",\n \"pages\": \"78\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b13\",\n \"target\": \"b12\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanism of lung tumour colony reduction caused by coumarin anticoagulation\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"HILGARD, P. & MAAT, B. (1979). Mechanism of lung tumour colony reduction caused by coumarin anticoagulation. Eur. J. Cancer, 15, 183.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"P Hilgard\",\n \"B Maat\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Eur. J. Cancer\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1979\",\n \"year\": 1979,\n \"volume\": \"15\",\n \"pages\": \"183\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b14\",\n \"target\": \"b13\",\n \"title\": \"Warfarin inhibition of metastasis; the role of anticoagulation\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"McCULLOCH, P.G. & GEORGE, W.D. (1987). Warfarin inhibition of metastasis; the role of anticoagulation. Br. J. Surg., 74, 879.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"P Mcculloch\",\n \"W George\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Br. J. Surg\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1987\",\n \"year\": 1987,\n \"volume\": \"74\",\n \"pages\": \"879\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b15\",\n \"target\": \"b14\",\n \"title\": \"Effects of sodium warfarin and sodium heparin plus anticancer agents on rat C6 glioma cells\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"McNEIL, N.O. & MORGAN, L.R. JR. (1984). Effects of sodium war- farin and sodium heparin plus anticancer agents on rat C6 glioma cells. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 73, 169.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"N Mcneil\",\n \"L Morgan\",\n \"Jr\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J. Natl Cancer Inst\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1984\",\n \"year\": 1984,\n \"volume\": \"73\",\n \"pages\": \"169\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b16\",\n \"target\": \"b15\",\n \"title\": \"Haemostatic alterations are unrelated to stage of tumour in untreated malignant melanoma and breast cancer\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"MANNUCI, P.M., VAGLINI, M., MANIEZZO, M. & 3 others (1985). Haemostatic alterations are unrelated to stage of tumour in untreated malignant melanoma and breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol., 21, 681.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"P Mannuci\",\n \"M Vaglini\",\n \"M Maniezzo\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1985\",\n \"year\": 1985,\n \"volume\": \"21\",\n \"pages\": \"681\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b17\",\n \"target\": \"b16\",\n \"title\": \"Phenotypic drift of metastatic and cell surface properties of mammary adenocarcinoma cell clones during growth in vitro\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"NERI, A. & NICOLSON, G.L. (1981). Phenotypic drift of metastatic and cell surface properties of mammary adenocarcinoma cell clones during growth in vitro. Int. J. Cancer, 28, 731.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"A Neri\",\n \"G Nicolson\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Int. J. Cancer\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1981\",\n \"year\": 1981,\n \"volume\": \"28\",\n \"pages\": \"731\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b18\",\n \"target\": \"b17\",\n \"title\": \"The developmental and biological properties of malignant cell sublines and clones of a spontaneously metastasising rat mammary carcinoma\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"NERI, A., WELCH, D., KAWAGUCHI, T. & NICOLSON, G.L. (1982). The developmental and biological properties of malignant cell sublines and clones of a spontaneously metastasising rat mam- mary carcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 68, 507.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"A Neri\",\n \"D Welch\",\n \"T Kawaguchi\",\n \"G Nicolson\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"J. Natl Cancer Inst\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1982\",\n \"year\": 1982,\n \"volume\": \"68\",\n \"pages\": \"507\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b19\",\n \"target\": \"b18\",\n \"title\": \"Anticoagulant, antithrombotic and thrombolytic drugs\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"O'REILLY, R.A. (1985). Anticoagulant, antithrombotic and thrombo- lytic drugs. In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th Edition, Gilman, A.G., Goodman, L.S., Rall, T.W. & Murad, F. (eds). MacMillan: New York.\",\n \"authors\": \"R O'reilly\",\n \"editors\": \"Gilman, A.G., Goodman, L.S., Rall, T.W. & Murad, F.\",\n \"publisher\": \"MacMillan\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1985\",\n \"year\": 1985,\n \"volume\": \"7\",\n \"notes\": \"The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. th Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b20\",\n \"target\": \"b19\",\n \"title\": \"The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"POSTE, G. & FIDLER, I. (1980). The pathogenesis of cancer meta- stasis. Nature, 283, 139.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"G Poste\",\n \"I Fidler\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Nature\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1980\",\n \"year\": 1980,\n \"volume\": \"283\",\n \"pages\": \"139\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b21\",\n \"target\": \"b20\",\n \"title\": \"Life cycle analysis of mammalian cells\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"PUCK, T.T. & STEFFEN, J. (1963). Life cycle analysis of mammalian cells. Biophys. J., 3, 379.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"T Puck\",\n \"J Steffen\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Biophys. J\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1963\",\n \"year\": 1963,\n \"volume\": \"3\",\n \"pages\": \"379\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b22\",\n \"target\": \"b21\",\n \"title\": \"Activation of blood coagulation in cancer: Trousseau's syndrome revisited\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"RICKLES, F.R. & EDWARDS, R.L. (1983). Activation of blood coagulation in cancer: Trousseau's syndrome revisited. Blood, 62, 14.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"F Rickles\",\n \"R Edwards\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Blood\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1983\",\n \"year\": 1983,\n \"volume\": \"62\",\n \"pages\": \"14\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b23\",\n \"target\": \"b22\",\n \"title\": \"Warfarin treatment of mice bearing autochthonous tumours: Effect on spontaneous metastasis\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"RYAN, J.J., KETCHAM, A.S. & WEXLER, H. (1968). Warfarin treat- ment of mice bearing autochthonous tumours: Effect on spon- taneous metastasis. Science, 162, 1493.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"J Ryan\",\n \"A Ketcham\",\n \"H Wexler\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Science\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1968\",\n \"year\": 1968,\n \"volume\": \"162\",\n \"pages\": \"1493\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b24\",\n \"target\": \"b23\",\n \"title\": \"Warfarin therapy as an adjunct to the surgical treatment of malignant tumours in mice\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"RYAN, J.J., KETCHAM, A.S. & WEXLER, H. (1969). Warfarin therapy as an adjunct to the surgical treatment of malignant tumours in mice. Cancer Res., 29, 2191.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"J Ryan\",\n \"A Ketcham\",\n \"H Wexler\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Cancer Res\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1969\",\n \"year\": 1969,\n \"volume\": \"29\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b25\",\n \"target\": \"b24\",\n \"title\": \"Hormones and breast cancer\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"SEGALOFF, A. (1966). Hormones and breast cancer. Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 22, 351.\",\n \"authors\": \"A Segaloff\",\n \"journal\": \"Recent Prog. Horm. Res\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1966\",\n \"year\": 1966,\n \"volume\": \"22\",\n \"pages\": \"351\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b26\",\n \"target\": \"b25\",\n \"title\": \"Vitamin K dependent formation of gamma carboxyglutamic acid\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"STENFLO, J. & SUTTIE, J.W. (1977). Vitamin K dependent formation of gamma carboxyglutamic acid. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 46, 157.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"J Stenflo\",\n \"J Suttie\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Ann. Rev. Biochem\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1977\",\n \"year\": 1977,\n \"volume\": \"46\",\n \"pages\": \"157\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b27\",\n \"target\": \"b26\",\n \"title\": \"Haemostatic abnormalities in malignancy: A prospective study of 108 patients\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"SUN, N.C.J., McAFEE, W.M., HUM, G.J. & WEINER, J.M. (1979). Haemostatic abnormalities in malignancy: A prospective study of 108 patients. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 71, 10.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"N Sun\",\n \"W Mcafee\",\n \"G Hum\",\n \"J Weiner\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Am. J. Clin. Pathol\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1979\",\n \"year\": 1979,\n \"volume\": \"71\",\n \"pages\": \"10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b28\",\n \"target\": \"b27\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanism of action of vitamin K: Synthesis of gamma-carboxy glutamic acid\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"SUTTIE, J.W. (1980). Mechanism of action of vitamin K: Synthesis of gamma-carboxy glutamic acid. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., 8, 191.\",\n \"authors\": \"J Suttie\",\n \"journal\": \"CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1980\",\n \"year\": 1980,\n \"volume\": \"8\",\n \"pages\": \"191\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b29\",\n \"target\": \"b28\",\n \"title\": \"Accurate identification of experimental pulmonary metastases\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"WEXLER, H. (1966). Accurate identification of experimental pul- monary metastases. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 36, 641.\",\n \"authors\": \"H Wexler\",\n \"journal\": \"J. Natl Cancer Inst\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1966\",\n \"year\": 1966,\n \"volume\": \"36\",\n \"pages\": \"641\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b30\",\n \"target\": \"b29\",\n \"title\": \"The effects of anticoagulation and ileal resection on the development and spread of experimental intestinal carcinomas\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"WILLIAMSON, R.C.N., LYNDON, P.J. & TUDWAY, A.J.C. (1980). The effects of anticoagulation and ileal resection on the development and spread of experimental intestinal carcinomas. Br. J. Cancer, 42, 85.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"R Williamson\",\n \"P Lyndon\",\n \"A Tudway\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Br. J. Cancer\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1980\",\n \"year\": 1980,\n \"volume\": \"42\",\n \"pages\": \"85\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b31\",\n \"target\": \"b30\",\n \"title\": \"Effect of warfarin anticoagulation on survival in carcinoma of the lung: Head and neck and prostate\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"ZACHARSKI, L.R., HENDERSON, W.G., RICKLES, F.R. & 10 others (1984). Effect of warfarin anticoagulation on survival in carci- noma of the lung: Head and neck and prostate. Cancer, 53, 2046.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"L Zacharski\",\n \"W Henderson\",\n \"F Rickles\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Cancer\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1984\",\n \"year\": 1984,\n \"volume\": \"53\"\n }\n ]\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":142188,"string":"142,188"}}},{"rowIdx":96,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01c5803b-72af-409c-9ac7-1b03f254f4fa.pub2tei"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01c5803b-72af-409c-9ac7-1b03f254f4fa.pub2tei.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"paragraph\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"Warfarin inhibits metastasis of Mtln3 rat mammary carcinoma without affecting primary tumour growth.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"P. McCulloch\",\n \"W. D. George\"\n ],\n \"publisher\": \"Nature Publishing Group\",\n \"journal\": \"British Journal of Cancer\",\n \"abstract\": [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"Coumarin anticoagulants inhibit metastasis in several animal models, but the mechanism of this effect is uncertain. In order to determine the role of cytotoxic and/or cytostatic actions of coumarins on the tumour cells, we have studied the effects of warfarin on tumour cell growth in a model in which tumour metastasis is inhibited by this drug. Clonogenic assay, growth curve analysis and thymidine labelling index revealed that warfarin had no effects on Mtln3 mammary carcinoma cell growth in vitro at concentrations below 1 mM. The growth rate of subcutaneously implanted Mtln3 tumour deposits in female F344 rats, assessed by weight and by stathmokinetic analysis of the tumour tissue, was identical in warfarin-treated and control animals. Spontaneous metastasis from such tumours to the lungs was, however, significantly reduced in warfarin-treated animals (median 0 pulmonary tumours per animal in warfarin treated, eight tumours per animal in control animals; P less than 0.05, Mann-Whitney). The mean plasma warfarin concentration in warfarin treated rats was 1.63 microM. These results suggest that warfarin treatment of the host animal can inhibit tumour metastasis without having any direct or indirect effect on the growth rate of the tumour cells.\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [],\n \"references\": []\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":1765,"string":"1,765"}}},{"rowIdx":97,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01d90e4f-c2ee-4ccd-b94d-817c3c6a3167.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01d90e4f-c2ee-4ccd-b94d-817c3c6a3167.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"sentence\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"Estimating Crown Fuel Weights of Red Pine and Jack Pine\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"James Brown\"\n ],\n \"hash\": \"049FB30629C9512CB927C13A5F6D2E7B\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": []\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab770546\",\n \"text\": \"Fuel weight is a major factor influencing the intensity of forest fires.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 24.66,\n \"width\": 176.92,\n \"height\": 199.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.19,\n \"width\": 189.7,\n \"height\": 130.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab770546\",\n \"text\": \"Moisture content, fineness, compactness, and continuity of fuel, as well as prevailing weather conditions, also influence fire intensity since they affect both the amount of fuel available for combustion and the rate of burning.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 141.99,\n \"width\": 189.12,\n \"height\": 81.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 200.49,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 212.24,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.19,\n \"width\": 224.31,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.19,\n \"width\": 235.03,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 247.34,\n \"height\": 114.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab770546\",\n \"text\": \"Behavior of fires re- sults from the complex interaction of these factors.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 127.19,\n \"width\": 247.31,\n \"height\": 96.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 258.7,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 271.82,\n \"height\": 33.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab770546\",\n \"text\": \"Fuel weight, however, is one of the most important considerations in describing fuel hazard since it determines potential fuel energy release and remains reasonably constant over time.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 47.47,\n \"width\": 270.79,\n \"height\": 176.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 282.24,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 294.25,\n \"height\": 216.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 305.63,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 317.54,\n \"height\": 76.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_ab770546\",\n \"text\": \"Weight of tree crowns, the subject of this paper, is a particularly important component of forest fuels during crown fires or slash fires.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 90.41,\n \"width\": 317.06,\n \"height\": 133.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 329.31,\n \"height\": 216.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.19,\n \"width\": 340.34,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 353.06,\n \"height\": 90.82\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f3139c52\",\n \"text\": \"Previous studies have shown that crown weight of many conifer species can be predicted from bole diameter and crown length\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 24.45,\n \"width\": 374.91,\n \"height\": 199.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 386.17,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 398.34,\n \"height\": 216.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"INTRODUCTION\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a63be899\",\n \"text\": \"The data were collected in 1962 and 1963 on the Huron-Manistee National Forests in Lower Michigan.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 24.25,\n \"width\": 463.49,\n \"height\": 198.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 475.6,\n \"height\": 216.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 486.48,\n \"height\": 79.93\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a63be899\",\n \"text\": \"Dominant and codominant trees were randomly selected from 1-inch d.b.h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 94.52,\n \"width\": 487.04,\n \"height\": 129.25\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 498.76,\n \"height\": 216.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.6,\n \"width\": 511.48,\n \"height\": 24.86\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a63be899\",\n \"text\": \"classes over a range of 2 to 9 inches from stands on good and poor sites at high and low densities.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 38.84,\n \"width\": 510.7,\n \"height\": 184.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.81,\n \"width\": 521.47,\n \"height\": 215.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.6,\n \"width\": 533.23,\n \"height\": 81.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a63be899\",\n \"text\": \"Extremely lopsided crowns, such as occur on trees at the border of plantations, were not accepted.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 93.9,\n \"width\": 533.65,\n \"height\": 129.04\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.81,\n \"width\": 545.27,\n \"height\": 215.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.6,\n \"width\": 556.44,\n \"height\": 125.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_224f89f6\",\n \"text\": \"Site index was determined from the 5- year internode length above breast height for NOTE: The author is Associate Fire Control Spe- cialist at the Lake States Forest Experiment Sta- tion, which is maintained at St. Paul, Minn., by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the University of Minnesota.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 24.45,\n \"width\": 568.08,\n \"height\": 199.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.6,\n \"width\": 580.05,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 601.12,\n \"height\": 216.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 611.65,\n \"height\": 216.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.81,\n \"width\": 621.17,\n \"height\": 215.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.6,\n \"width\": 630.86,\n \"height\": 215.76\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 7.6,\n \"width\": 640.71,\n \"height\": 215.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a0979275\",\n \"text\": \"of individual trees (Kittredge 1944;Storey et al. 1955;Fahnestock 1960;Wendel 1960;and Brown 1963).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 177.41,\n \"height\": 218.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 188.2,\n \"height\": 217.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 199.54,\n \"height\": 92.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b6\",\n \"text\": \"(Kittredge 1944;\",\n \"offset_start\": 20,\n \"offset_end\": 36\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b8\",\n \"text\": \"Storey et al. 1955;\",\n \"offset_start\": 36,\n \"offset_end\": 55\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b2\",\n \"text\": \"Fahnestock 1960;\",\n \"offset_start\": 55,\n \"offset_end\": 71\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b9\",\n \"text\": \"Wendel 1960;\",\n \"offset_start\": 71,\n \"offset_end\": 83\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b0\",\n \"text\": \"and Brown 1963)\",\n \"offset_start\": 83,\n \"offset_end\": 98\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a0979275\",\n \"text\": \"The trend of increasing crown weight with increasing bole diameter is similar for some species but varies consid- erably among others because of physical differences in foliage and habit of branching.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 347.26,\n \"width\": 199.78,\n \"height\": 119.18\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 211.72,\n \"height\": 218.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 223.3,\n \"height\": 218.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 234.59,\n \"height\": 217.81\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 247.06,\n \"height\": 217.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8d19eace\",\n \"text\": \"Very little previous research adequately iden- tifies the variation in crown weight due to site quality and stand density.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 258.34,\n \"height\": 218.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 270.08,\n \"height\": 218.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 281.99,\n \"height\": 142.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8d19eace\",\n \"text\": \"This paper describes for red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. ) the relationship between weight of individual crowns and different conditions of site quality and stand density.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 265.48,\n \"width\": 293.85,\n \"height\": 200.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 305.42,\n \"height\": 218.02\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 316.72,\n \"height\": 56.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 307.19,\n \"width\": 317.12,\n \"height\": 158.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 328.67,\n \"height\": 217.61\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 340.35,\n \"height\": 159.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8d19eace\",\n \"text\": \"It also presents a simple method for estimating the crown weights of these species.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 413.01,\n \"width\": 341.3,\n \"height\": 53.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 351.78,\n \"height\": 217.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 363.66,\n \"height\": 151.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8d19eace\",\n \"text\": \"This method is applicable for estimating both overstory fuel in uncut stands and the amount of slash created by thinning or harvest cutting.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 405.82,\n \"width\": 363.45,\n \"height\": 60.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 375.75,\n \"height\": 217.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 386.67,\n \"height\": 217.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 399.06,\n \"height\": 186.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"STUDY PROCEDURES AND\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c747151e\",\n \"text\": \"red pine (Day et al. 1960) and from tree height at age 50 for jack pine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 464.39,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 476.53,\n \"height\": 145.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b1\",\n \"text\": \"(Day et al. 1960)\",\n \"offset_start\": 9,\n \"offset_end\": 26\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c747151e\",\n \"text\": \"The site index of sampled red pine stands averaged 72 on good sites and 49 on poor sites; for jack pine it averaged 62 on what was termed good sites and 43 on poor sites.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 397.81,\n \"width\": 475.74,\n \"height\": 67.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 487.53,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 499.19,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 247.81,\n \"width\": 510.83,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 522.41,\n \"height\": 100.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_58cf33e9\",\n \"text\": \"Stand density was measured ( 1 ) for each red pine by tallying all trees within a 1/40acre plot, including the sample tree located at the plot center, and (2) for each jack pine by computing the average spacing between the sample tree and all surrounding compet- ing trees.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 265.27,\n \"width\": 535.81,\n \"height\": 135.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 407.06,\n \"width\": 536.68,\n \"height\": 57.94\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 547.82,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 247.81,\n \"width\": 559.33,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 570.69,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 247.81,\n \"width\": 582.22,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 247.81,\n \"width\": 593.85,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 247.6,\n \"width\": 605.93,\n \"height\": 43.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_58cf33e9\",\n \"text\": \"For good and poor sites combined, the sampled stands had the following number Trees were severed at ground level and all branches lopped flush with the bole.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 297.12,\n \"width\": 605.42,\n \"height\": 167.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 7.0,\n \"y\": 247.81,\n \"width\": 616.69,\n \"height\": 217.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 26.91,\n \"width\": 217.06,\n \"height\": 200.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.65,\n \"width\": 229.14,\n \"height\": 189.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_58cf33e9\",\n \"text\": \"Tops of trees were cut off at a diameter of 1.5 inches and, together with the branch material, were weighed by means of a dyna- mometer suspended from an A-frame.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 204.77,\n \"width\": 229.64,\n \"height\": 21.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.45,\n \"width\": 240.42,\n \"height\": 217.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.04,\n \"width\": 252.69,\n \"height\": 217.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.04,\n \"width\": 263.89,\n \"height\": 217.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.24,\n \"width\": 274.93,\n \"height\": 184.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_122637a7\",\n \"text\": \"Live crown length, tree height, d.b.h., age, crown competition, and site index were re- corded for each sample tree.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 26.29,\n \"width\": 293.79,\n \"height\": 199.84\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.24,\n \"width\": 305.29,\n \"height\": 217.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.04,\n \"width\": 317.58,\n \"height\": 139.67\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fe29e0b8\",\n \"text\": \"Estimates of needle weight for individual red pines were obtained by stripping foliage from 1 branch per whorl from 24 trees of different diameters and stand conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 26.29,\n \"width\": 335.11,\n \"height\": 200.05\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.04,\n \"width\": 346.25,\n \"height\": 217.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.04,\n \"width\": 357.75,\n \"height\": 217.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.04,\n \"width\": 369.94,\n \"height\": 216.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fe29e0b8\",\n \"text\": \"These needle samples were weighed, then ex- panded to a per-tree basis according to the number of branches in each whorl.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.63,\n \"width\": 381.5,\n \"height\": 217.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.83,\n \"width\": 393.04,\n \"height\": 217.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.83,\n \"width\": 404.04,\n \"height\": 170.68\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fe29e0b8\",\n \"text\": \"Moisture\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 185.26,\n \"width\": 405.24,\n \"height\": 40.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"MEASUREMENTS TAKEN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_f54cf783\",\n \"text\": \"The Variables Studied and Equations\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 29.58,\n \"width\": 463.78,\n \"height\": 175.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"PREDICTION OF\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_71856e20\",\n \"text\": \"The data for each tree species were sub- jected to linear regression analyses (table 1 ) .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 25.47,\n \"width\": 492.95,\n \"height\": 200.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.22,\n \"width\": 505.79,\n \"height\": 217.71\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 9.24,\n \"width\": 519.08,\n \"height\": 12.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_71856e20\",\n \"text\": \"In most cases logarithmic transformation of dependent variables improved estimates.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 27.93,\n \"width\": 516.83,\n \"height\": 198.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.42,\n \"width\": 528.46,\n \"height\": 211.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_12840d22\",\n \"text\": \"The best equations for estimating crown weight per tree and per cord with the smallest standard error are shown in table 2. Although only trees with dominant and codominant crowns were sampled, the findings of this study probably apply to intermediate and suppressed trees as well; the relationship between foliage or crown weight and dimen- sions of the stem has been shown to be simi-samples of branchwood and needles showed that moisture content averaged 110 percent of dry weight.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 25.67,\n \"width\": 539.85,\n \"height\": 200.26\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.63,\n \"width\": 551.71,\n \"height\": 217.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.63,\n \"width\": 562.88,\n \"height\": 217.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.42,\n \"width\": 574.7,\n \"height\": 217.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.63,\n \"width\": 586.56,\n \"height\": 217.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.63,\n \"width\": 598.13,\n \"height\": 217.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.42,\n \"width\": 610.32,\n \"height\": 217.51\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.42,\n \"width\": 621.22,\n \"height\": 217.3\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 8.63,\n \"width\": 632.51,\n \"height\": 216.89\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 252.22,\n \"width\": 51.22,\n \"height\": 216.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 252.22,\n \"width\": 63.3,\n \"height\": 216.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 252.22,\n \"width\": 74.95,\n \"height\": 66.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_12840d22\",\n \"text\": \"By means of this figure, green weights of all red pine crown material were reduced to dry weights.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 323.08,\n \"width\": 74.29,\n \"height\": 145.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 252.01,\n \"width\": 86.78,\n \"height\": 216.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 252.22,\n \"width\": 98.0,\n \"height\": 111.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bfd6d760\",\n \"text\": \"Needle weight for individual jack pines was also estimated from 24 trees of different diameters and stand conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 269.06,\n \"width\": 111.67,\n \"height\": 199.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 252.01,\n \"width\": 122.99,\n \"height\": 216.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 252.01,\n \"width\": 134.98,\n \"height\": 164.32\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bfd6d760\",\n \"text\": \"For this species, however, the branches from the up- per two-thirds of the tree were kept separate from those of the lower one-third; the latter was expected to have, and actually did have, a lower proportion of needle weight to branchwood.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 426.39,\n \"width\": 135.8,\n \"height\": 41.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.81,\n \"width\": 146.99,\n \"height\": 216.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.81,\n \"width\": 158.34,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.81,\n \"width\": 169.61,\n \"height\": 216.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.4,\n \"width\": 181.25,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.6,\n \"width\": 193.58,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.6,\n \"width\": 204.93,\n \"height\": 58.94\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bfd6d760\",\n \"text\": \"For each of these two parts of the crown, sample branches were chosen and stripped of needles.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 316.71,\n \"width\": 205.01,\n \"height\": 151.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.4,\n \"width\": 216.9,\n \"height\": 216.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.4,\n \"width\": 228.98,\n \"height\": 100.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bfd6d760\",\n \"text\": \"Branches and foliage were then weighed.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 360.66,\n \"width\": 228.7,\n \"height\": 107.0\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.19,\n \"width\": 239.86,\n \"height\": 92.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bfd6d760\",\n \"text\": \"The green needle weight was next calculated as a percentage of the total.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 348.55,\n \"width\": 239.78,\n \"height\": 119.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.99,\n \"width\": 251.42,\n \"height\": 216.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.99,\n \"width\": 264.86,\n \"height\": 23.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bfd6d760\",\n \"text\": \"This percentage, applied to the total weight of all branches and foliage in that por- tion of the tree, gave the total green needle weight.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 281.38,\n \"width\": 263.66,\n \"height\": 186.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.99,\n \"width\": 275.05,\n \"height\": 216.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 251.19,\n \"width\": 287.03,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.99,\n \"width\": 299.02,\n \"height\": 33.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_bfd6d760\",\n \"text\": \"Dry weights were obtained on an individual tree basis, using moisture content percentages obtained from foliage and branchwood for the adjustment.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 289.81,\n \"width\": 297.9,\n \"height\": 177.46\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.99,\n \"width\": 310.41,\n \"height\": 216.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.99,\n \"width\": 321.6,\n \"height\": 216.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.99,\n \"width\": 333.2,\n \"height\": 158.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_675547ba\",\n \"text\": \"Estimates of needle weight for both spe- cies are representative of foliage conditions from the time of needle fall in the autumn to about July, when new summer growth becomes appreciable.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 268.03,\n \"width\": 347.02,\n \"height\": 199.23\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.78,\n \"width\": 359.16,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.78,\n \"width\": 369.55,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.78,\n \"width\": 380.79,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.58,\n \"width\": 393.2,\n \"height\": 89.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_675547ba\",\n \"text\": \"They do not include new foliage developed during the summer.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 345.47,\n \"width\": 392.5,\n \"height\": 121.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.58,\n \"width\": 404.66,\n \"height\": 187.31\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Developed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d63197ef\",\n \"text\": \"lar for all crown classes (Kittredge 1944; Storey et al. 1955).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.17,\n \"width\": 464.26,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.37,\n \"width\": 476.46,\n \"height\": 92.43\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_d63197ef\",\n \"text\": \"Normally dominant trees have large crowns and large diameters, while suppressed trees have small crowns and small diameters.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 347.93,\n \"width\": 475.96,\n \"height\": 118.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.37,\n \"width\": 487.5,\n \"height\": 216.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.37,\n \"width\": 499.0,\n \"height\": 216.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.17,\n \"width\": 511.13,\n \"height\": 48.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8f13cb0c\",\n \"text\": \"Live Crown Weight Per Tree Of all the independent variables tested, d.b.h. and crown length x d.b.h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 291.24,\n \"width\": 533.91,\n \"height\": 133.91\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 267.21,\n \"width\": 551.64,\n \"height\": 198.82\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 250.17,\n \"width\": 563.1,\n \"height\": 157.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8f13cb0c\",\n \"text\": \"resulted in the most precise relationships with crown weight per tree.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 413.86,\n \"width\": 564.06,\n \"height\": 52.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 249.75,\n \"width\": 574.35,\n \"height\": 216.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 249.96,\n \"width\": 586.58,\n \"height\": 79.69\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8f13cb0c\",\n \"text\": \"D.b.h. was the best single predictor of crown weight per tree for both red and jack pines.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 336.84,\n \"width\": 586.28,\n \"height\": 129.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 249.96,\n \"width\": 597.81,\n \"height\": 216.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 249.96,\n \"width\": 609.63,\n \"height\": 97.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8f13cb0c\",\n \"text\": \"This proves helpful in actually predicting crown fuel weights be- cause d.b.h. is easily measured.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 354.91,\n \"width\": 609.89,\n \"height\": 111.32\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 249.96,\n \"width\": 620.81,\n \"height\": 216.28\n },\n {\n \"x\": 8.0,\n \"y\": 249.75,\n \"width\": 632.67,\n \"height\": 151.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8f13cb0c\",\n \"text\": \"per acre merited use as single predictors of fuel weights.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.55,\n \"width\": 67.01,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.75,\n \"width\": 79.0,\n \"height\": 60.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8f13cb0c\",\n \"text\": \"For use in multiple regression equations, number of trees per acre, however, was a considerably better measure of stand density than was basal area per acre.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 72.95,\n \"width\": 78.44,\n \"height\": 149.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.55,\n \"width\": 89.47,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.14,\n \"width\": 101.51,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.55,\n \"width\": 113.36,\n \"height\": 179.38\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3e5ba46b\",\n \"text\": \"Figure 1 shows the relationship between live crown weights of red pine and d.b.h. for two site indexes and three stand densities.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 22.6,\n \"width\": 127.7,\n \"height\": 199.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 139.39,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.14,\n \"width\": 151.24,\n \"height\": 216.57\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3e5ba46b\",\n \"text\": \"Comparing trees of the same d.b.h., individ- ual crowns on good sites weigh more than crowns on poor sites, and crowns from lowdensity stands weigh more than crowns from high-density stands.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 162.53,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 173.98,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 185.96,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.14,\n \"width\": 197.41,\n \"height\": 216.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 210.44,\n \"height\": 93.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3e5ba46b\",\n \"text\": \"This is also true for live crown weights of jack pine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 104.38,\n \"width\": 209.98,\n \"height\": 117.54\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 221.26,\n \"height\": 134.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4619d1a6\",\n \"text\": \"Total Crown Weight Per Tree Dead branches on jack pines were weigh- ed and added to live crown material, yielding values of total crown weight per tree.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 45.82,\n \"width\": 264.8,\n \"height\": 135.62\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 22.4,\n \"width\": 286.44,\n \"height\": 199.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 298.27,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 310.03,\n \"height\": 192.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_4619d1a6\",\n \"text\": \"The relationship between total crown weights of jack pine and d.b.h. for two site indexes and four stand densities is shown in figure 2. As with live crowns for trees of the same d.b.h., individual total crowns on good sites weigh more than those on poor sites, and total crowns from low-density stands weigh more than those from high-density stands.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 204.45,\n \"width\": 309.58,\n \"height\": 17.47\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.55,\n \"width\": 321.54,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.14,\n \"width\": 333.16,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.75,\n \"width\": 344.57,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 356.3,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.34,\n \"width\": 368.31,\n \"height\": 216.98\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.55,\n \"width\": 379.82,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.55,\n \"width\": 391.33,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.55,\n \"width\": 403.57,\n \"height\": 171.17\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_77191114\",\n \"text\": \"The weight of dead branches on individ- ual trees related closely to d.b.h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 22.4,\n \"width\": 417.8,\n \"height\": 199.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.75,\n \"width\": 430.65,\n \"height\": 168.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_77191114\",\n \"text\": \"Site and stand density did not significantly improve prediction of dead branchwood per tree over the prediction based on d.b.h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 181.64,\n \"width\": 429.53,\n \"height\": 40.68\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.75,\n \"width\": 441.29,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.75,\n \"width\": 453.0,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.75,\n \"width\": 464.91,\n \"height\": 142.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_77191114\",\n \"text\": \"alone.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 153.08,\n \"width\": 465.54,\n \"height\": 26.71\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b4e659d3\",\n \"text\": \"An investigation by LaMois (1958) pro- vides estimates of the weight of dead branch- es on red pine (see section on Fuel Quantity Application) .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 22.6,\n \"width\": 478.2,\n \"height\": 199.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.75,\n \"width\": 490.91,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.75,\n \"width\": 502.51,\n \"height\": 216.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.55,\n \"width\": 514.89,\n \"height\": 57.74\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 66.37,\n \"width\": 0.81,\n \"height\": 1.23\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"CROWN MATERIAL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a25aee94\",\n \"text\": \"In an attempt to find an easy way of esti- mating the amount of slash generated from logging operations, crown weight per cord was computed and held as a dependent vari- able in regression with age and d.b.h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 23.01,\n \"width\": 578.95,\n \"height\": 199.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 6.16,\n \"width\": 590.3,\n \"height\": 216.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.96,\n \"width\": 602.22,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 5.96,\n \"width\": 613.69,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 6.16,\n \"width\": 625.76,\n \"height\": 191.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Crown Weight Per Cord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a25aee94\",\n \"text\": \"Age of stand correlated highest with crown weight per cord, and since age is often known or easily determined by forest managers, it makes a convenient predictor.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 204.25,\n \"width\": 625.26,\n \"height\": 17.88\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 6.16,\n \"width\": 637.15,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 54.06,\n \"height\": 217.4\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 66.41,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 77.37,\n \"height\": 145.27\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Crown Weight Per Cord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ed03a9d\",\n \"text\": \"Crown weight per cord was obtained by first determining the cordwood volume in each sample tree, then calculating the number of trees per cord (1.0 divided by cordwood volume per sample tree), and finally multiplying this volume by crown weight per tree.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 263.84,\n \"width\": 92.77,\n \"height\": 199.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 104.97,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 116.39,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 128.73,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.37,\n \"width\": 139.45,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 151.61,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 164.66,\n \"height\": 20.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Crown Weight Per Cord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ed03a9d\",\n \"text\": \"Volume for each sample tree was arrived at from a cordwood volume table based on a 3-inch merchantable top (Gevorkiantz and Olsen 1955).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 271.44,\n \"width\": 162.93,\n \"height\": 191.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 174.92,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 187.07,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 198.72,\n \"height\": 61.03\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b5\",\n \"text\": \"(Gevorkiantz and Olsen 1955)\",\n \"offset_start\": 107,\n \"offset_end\": 135\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"Crown Weight Per Cord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ff5dfe3\",\n \"text\": \"At any given age, over the range dealt with here, the amount of crown weight per cord of red or jack pine was greater on poor sites than on good sites (figs.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 263.84,\n \"width\": 213.7,\n \"height\": 199.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 225.37,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 237.47,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 249.21,\n \"height\": 138.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Crown Weight Per Cord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ff5dfe3\",\n \"text\": \"3 and 4).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 390.0,\n \"width\": 249.39,\n \"height\": 43.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Crown Weight Per Cord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ff5dfe3\",\n \"text\": \"Trees on poor sites with small diameters contained considerably less merchantable cordwood vol- ume than the larger trees on good sites; hence crown weight per cord was greater on poor sites.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 437.47,\n \"width\": 249.6,\n \"height\": 26.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 260.77,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.37,\n \"width\": 272.42,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 282.77,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 295.4,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 309.1,\n \"height\": 22.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Crown Weight Per Cord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_6ff5dfe3\",\n \"text\": \"Similarly, crown weight per cord in high-density stands is less than in low-density stands because tree competition in dense stands retards branch growth on individual trees.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 277.4,\n \"width\": 307.11,\n \"height\": 186.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 319.39,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 331.17,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 342.51,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 355.48,\n \"height\": 25.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Crown Weight Per Cord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a71ffa69\",\n \"text\": \"The percent needle weight in live crowns averaged 43 percent for red pine and 21 percent for jack pine, a marked difference between the species.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 263.63,\n \"width\": 412.04,\n \"height\": 199.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.99,\n \"width\": 424.26,\n \"height\": 215.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 435.5,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.99,\n \"width\": 447.63,\n \"height\": 97.19\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a71ffa69\",\n \"text\": \"Neither site quality nor stand density greatly influenced the propor- tion of needle weight to live crown weight, particularly with jack pine (fig.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 349.73,\n \"width\": 448.0,\n \"height\": 113.83\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 459.69,\n \"height\": 216.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 471.29,\n \"height\": 216.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 483.27,\n \"height\": 162.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a71ffa69\",\n \"text\": \"5).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 416.92,\n \"width\": 484.31,\n \"height\": 13.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a71ffa69\",\n \"text\": \"Small but reliable differences in percent needle weight due to growing conditions were ob- served for red pine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 437.67,\n \"width\": 483.31,\n \"height\": 25.69\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 494.97,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 506.08,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 518.05,\n \"height\": 96.16\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37ae0a0f\",\n \"text\": \"Crowns from good sites held more foliage per unit weight of branchwood than those from poor sites.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 263.84,\n \"width\": 532.6,\n \"height\": 199.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 544.44,\n \"height\": 216.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 556.09,\n \"height\": 74.18\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37ae0a0f\",\n \"text\": \"Similarly, crowns from highdensity conditions contained more foliage per unit weight of branchwood than those from low-density conditions.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 326.71,\n \"width\": 556.18,\n \"height\": 136.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 567.27,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 579.17,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 591.58,\n \"height\": 106.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37ae0a0f\",\n \"text\": \"Even though the ratio of needles to branchwood was higher in high- density stands, trees grown in these stands yielded a smaller total quantity of needles than trees grown under light competition.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 358.36,\n \"width\": 590.76,\n \"height\": 104.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 602.18,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 613.51,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.37,\n \"width\": 625.93,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 11.0,\n \"y\": 246.58,\n \"width\": 636.78,\n \"height\": 205.06\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37ae0a0f\",\n \"text\": \"for red pine and jack pine on good ( G ) and poor ( P ) sites at high ( H ) and low ( L ) densities.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 17.67,\n \"width\": 71.08,\n \"height\": 205.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 17.88,\n \"width\": 81.16,\n \"height\": 26.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 47.67,\n \"width\": 80.36,\n \"height\": 78.29\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 128.63,\n \"width\": 79.28,\n \"height\": 6.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 137.88,\n \"width\": 80.86,\n \"height\": 49.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 190.07,\n \"width\": 80.36,\n \"height\": 33.08\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 17.88,\n \"width\": 92.23,\n \"height\": 22.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_37ae0a0f\",\n \"text\": \"Actual values for site index and stand density are averages of field conditions sampled and are not exactly the same for both species.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 47.26,\n \"width\": 90.38,\n \"height\": 175.48\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 17.88,\n \"width\": 100.02,\n \"height\": 205.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 17.67,\n \"width\": 109.6,\n \"height\": 205.07\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_62a58274\",\n \"text\": \"Percent needle weight is based on 6 observations in each stand condition, or 24 observations over- all with a standard error of the mean of 1.5 percent.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 17.88,\n \"width\": 119.63,\n \"height\": 205.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 17.88,\n \"width\": 129.3,\n \"height\": 205.27\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 18.08,\n \"width\": 138.04,\n \"height\": 205.07\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 18.08,\n \"width\": 149.05,\n \"height\": 32.87\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"Needle Quantities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_7f8a3de7\",\n \"text\": \"G-L P-H P-L ALL FUEL QUANTITY APPLICATIONS Slash Accumulations\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 68.42,\n \"width\": 215.24,\n \"height\": 376.65\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_55095b78\",\n \"text\": \"The quantity of slash resulting from a cutting operation can be estimated by ( 1) determining the site and density of the stand,\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 23.42,\n \"width\": 340.81,\n \"height\": 199.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 6.58,\n \"width\": 353.45,\n \"height\": 210.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 219.45,\n \"width\": 1.68,\n \"height\": 2.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 6.78,\n \"width\": 364.69,\n \"height\": 216.37\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_710e20b4\",\n \"text\": \"(2) multiplying the number of trees harvest- ed in each diameter class by the proper crown weight per tree, which is obtained from figures 1 or 2 or the appropriate equations, and\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.42,\n \"width\": 375.66,\n \"height\": 215.14\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 6.99,\n \"width\": 388.07,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 6.78,\n \"width\": 399.59,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 6.99,\n \"width\": 411.37,\n \"height\": 216.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3e123ca1\",\n \"text\": \"(3) totaling these results through all di- ameter classes.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.84,\n \"width\": 423.16,\n \"height\": 214.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 7.19,\n \"width\": 434.53,\n \"height\": 70.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3e123ca1\",\n \"text\": \"If site index or stand density falls between standards used in this study, interpolation of crown weight will improve the outcome.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 83.84,\n \"width\": 435.07,\n \"height\": 139.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 7.19,\n \"width\": 446.4,\n \"height\": 216.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 7.19,\n \"width\": 457.98,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 7.4,\n \"width\": 469.96,\n \"height\": 60.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2760e25f\",\n \"text\": \"To include dead branches on red pine in estimating accumulation of slash per acre, results of LaMois' (1958) study can be ap- plied.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 24.45,\n \"width\": 487.49,\n \"height\": 199.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 7.6,\n \"width\": 499.94,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.01,\n \"width\": 511.67,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.01,\n \"width\": 524.25,\n \"height\": 24.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2760e25f\",\n \"text\": \"For red pine 4 inches in d.b.h. and larger, 5,000 pounds (dry weight) of dead branchwood per acre may be found on good sites and 2,500 pounds on poor sites.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 40.07,\n \"width\": 522.96,\n \"height\": 183.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.01,\n \"width\": 534.53,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.22,\n \"width\": 545.24,\n \"height\": 215.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.42,\n \"width\": 557.75,\n \"height\": 190.48\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_2760e25f\",\n \"text\": \"Red pine stands older than 30 years probably sup- port amounts greater than these.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 206.51,\n \"width\": 557.52,\n \"height\": 17.67\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.63,\n \"width\": 569.64,\n \"height\": 215.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.63,\n \"width\": 580.9,\n \"height\": 157.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7248bc09\",\n \"text\": \"Another way of determining the amount Fire Spread and Intensity Quantity of fuel substantially affects rate of spread and fire intensity.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 25.48,\n \"width\": 597.65,\n \"height\": 199.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 297.54,\n \"width\": 450.9,\n \"height\": 118.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 265.48,\n \"width\": 470.91,\n \"height\": 199.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.01,\n \"width\": 482.13,\n \"height\": 134.39\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7248bc09\",\n \"text\": \"Several findings from a study by Fahnestock (1960) should be generally applicable to red and jack pine crown fuels.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 388.56,\n \"width\": 482.53,\n \"height\": 76.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.22,\n \"width\": 493.57,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 505.35,\n \"height\": 216.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 516.74,\n \"height\": 58.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b2\",\n \"text\": \"Fahnestock (1960)\",\n \"offset_start\": 33,\n \"offset_end\": 50\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7248bc09\",\n \"text\": \"He reported that, as a rule-of- thumb, rate of spread in slash over a wide range of relative humidities but at low wind velocities increases 6 percent for each ton of fuel added to an acre.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 313.15,\n \"width\": 515.92,\n \"height\": 152.06\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.43,\n \"width\": 528.68,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.63,\n \"width\": 540.16,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.63,\n \"width\": 552.3,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.84,\n \"width\": 563.47,\n \"height\": 102.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7248bc09\",\n \"text\": \"This holds about equally true for fresh and 5-year-old slash ( Fahne- stock and Dieterich 1962).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 355.69,\n \"width\": 564.07,\n \"height\": 109.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.84,\n \"width\": 575.08,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.84,\n \"width\": 586.72,\n \"height\": 131.1\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7248bc09\",\n \"text\": \"Fuel quantity of Rocky Mountain species had a stronger effect on fire intensity than on rate of spread.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 386.3,\n \"width\": 587.13,\n \"height\": 79.52\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 248.84,\n \"width\": 597.98,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 249.04,\n \"width\": 609.98,\n \"height\": 192.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_7248bc09\",\n \"text\": \"Fire intensity was three times higher in test plots of 32.5 tons per acre than in plots of 20 tons per acre (Fahnestock 1960).\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 446.71,\n \"width\": 610.73,\n \"height\": 18.9\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 249.04,\n \"width\": 621.3,\n \"height\": 216.57\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 249.25,\n \"width\": 633.26,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 249.25,\n \"width\": 644.93,\n \"height\": 140.96\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"#b2\",\n \"text\": \"(Fahnestock 1960\",\n \"offset_start\": 108,\n \"offset_end\": 124\n }\n ],\n \"head_section\": \"G-H\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_953ed609\",\n \"text\": \"This paper shows the effect of site and stand density on the crown size of individual red pine and jack pine trees and provides a means of estimating crown fuel weights.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 30.41,\n \"width\": 409.36,\n \"height\": 199.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 13.56,\n \"width\": 420.95,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 13.97,\n \"width\": 432.82,\n \"height\": 216.16\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 13.97,\n \"width\": 443.99,\n \"height\": 189.46\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9c381a93\",\n \"text\": \"Of all the independent variables exam- ined, d.b.h.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 30.82,\n \"width\": 455.96,\n \"height\": 199.72\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 13.97,\n \"width\": 468.72,\n \"height\": 51.99\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_9c381a93\",\n \"text\": \"related to crown weight per tree with the smallest standard error.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 71.92,\n \"width\": 467.59,\n \"height\": 158.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 13.97,\n \"width\": 479.83,\n \"height\": 157.61\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a52892a\",\n \"text\": \"Site and stand density exerted notable in- fluence on crown weight per tree.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 31.23,\n \"width\": 491.04,\n \"height\": 199.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 14.38,\n \"width\": 502.52,\n \"height\": 163.56\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a52892a\",\n \"text\": \"Similar to normal forest yield-table trends, volume production of crown material for both red pine and jack pine was greater on good sites than on poor sites.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 183.7,\n \"width\": 503.38,\n \"height\": 46.64\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 14.38,\n \"width\": 514.09,\n \"height\": 216.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 14.38,\n \"width\": 525.58,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 14.59,\n \"width\": 537.26,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 14.59,\n \"width\": 548.96,\n \"height\": 63.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_3a52892a\",\n \"text\": \"It was also greater in low-density stands than in high-density stands.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 83.42,\n \"width\": 548.97,\n \"height\": 147.13\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 14.59,\n \"width\": 560.89,\n \"height\": 215.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_66e0ec34\",\n \"text\": \"Graphs and equations are presented for pre- dicting crown weight per tree using d.b.h., site index, and stand density as multiple in- dependent variables.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 14.79,\n \"width\": 571.72,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 14.79,\n \"width\": 583.32,\n \"height\": 215.55\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 15.0,\n \"width\": 595.22,\n \"height\": 215.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 15.0,\n \"width\": 606.57,\n \"height\": 96.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ce25ed3\",\n \"text\": \"Graphs and equations are also presented for estimating the quantity of crown material per cord of merchantable wood from stand age, stand density, and site index.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 32.05,\n \"width\": 618.12,\n \"height\": 198.7\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 15.21,\n \"width\": 630.17,\n \"height\": 215.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 15.41,\n \"width\": 641.44,\n \"height\": 215.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.59,\n \"width\": 409.8,\n \"height\": 166.85\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_0ce25ed3\",\n \"text\": \"All three of these factors influence crown weight per cord.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 428.01,\n \"width\": 410.67,\n \"height\": 43.35\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.59,\n \"width\": 421.36,\n \"height\": 217.19\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.8,\n \"width\": 434.23,\n \"height\": 22.6\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2b5e22e\",\n \"text\": \"Results of this study show that estimated amounts of foliage and branchwood, on an acre basis, vary according to age and growing conditions of the stand.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 271.85,\n \"width\": 444.45,\n \"height\": 199.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.8,\n \"width\": 456.34,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.0,\n \"width\": 467.95,\n \"height\": 216.58\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.8,\n \"width\": 480.46,\n \"height\": 142.4\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_c2b5e22e\",\n \"text\": \"The expected amount of live crown on an acre composed predominantly of red pine or jack pine of pulpwood size ranges from 7 to 20 tons dry weight.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 405.21,\n \"width\": 479.03,\n \"height\": 66.38\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.0,\n \"width\": 490.94,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.0,\n \"width\": 503.05,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.0,\n \"width\": 513.91,\n \"height\": 216.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 254.8,\n \"width\": 526.86,\n \"height\": 33.29\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a5f072ce\",\n \"text\": \"The proportion of live crown weight com- posed of needles averaged 43 percent for red pine and 21 percent for jack pine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 271.85,\n \"width\": 537.04,\n \"height\": 199.73\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.21,\n \"width\": 549.16,\n \"height\": 216.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.21,\n \"width\": 560.9,\n \"height\": 170.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a5f072ce\",\n \"text\": \"Site and stand density exerted a slight influence over this proportion.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 431.92,\n \"width\": 560.63,\n \"height\": 39.45\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.0,\n \"width\": 572.49,\n \"height\": 216.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.0,\n \"width\": 584.65,\n \"height\": 73.15\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b70351b3\",\n \"text\": \"Research on the physical characteristics of fuels is directed toward understanding fire behavior in such a way that diverse levels of fire hazard can be recognized, particularly circumstances encouraging to high-intensity and conflagration-type fires.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 272.26,\n \"width\": 595.5,\n \"height\": 199.31\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.21,\n \"width\": 606.8,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.41,\n \"width\": 617.86,\n \"height\": 216.37\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.41,\n \"width\": 630.44,\n \"height\": 216.17\n },\n {\n \"x\": 17.0,\n \"y\": 255.21,\n \"width\": 641.87,\n \"height\": 216.36\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 30.21,\n \"width\": 58.01,\n \"height\": 136.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b70351b3\",\n \"text\": \"With increasing knowledge, a national system of rating fire ignition, intensity, and blowup potential may eventually be possible, but as yet the intricacy of fire and fuel relationships requires further exploration.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 172.0,\n \"width\": 57.68,\n \"height\": 75.41\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 30.21,\n \"width\": 69.77,\n \"height\": 217.01\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 30.0,\n \"width\": 80.37,\n \"height\": 217.21\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 30.21,\n \"width\": 93.31,\n \"height\": 217.22\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 30.21,\n \"width\": 104.46,\n \"height\": 217.42\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 271.67,\n \"width\": 58.72,\n \"height\": 55.28\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b70351b3\",\n \"text\": \"A system of classifying the vertical and horizontal distribution of forest fuels according to their particle size and surface area would aid considerably in solving problems of predicting fire behavior.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 332.91,\n \"width\": 56.0,\n \"height\": 155.77\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 271.67,\n \"width\": 69.59,\n \"height\": 216.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 271.88,\n \"width\": 81.24,\n \"height\": 216.6\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 271.88,\n \"width\": 92.67,\n \"height\": 216.8\n },\n {\n \"x\": 18.0,\n \"y\": 271.67,\n \"width\": 104.65,\n \"height\": 156.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_1c315384\",\n \"text\": \"Brown, James K.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 161.3,\n \"width\": 233.58,\n \"height\": 73.97\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae3c890\",\n \"text\": \"Estimating crown fuel weights of red pine and jack pine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 201.99,\n \"width\": 242.91,\n \"height\": 255.41\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae3c890\",\n \"text\": \"Lake States Forest Expt.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 462.95,\n \"width\": 242.45,\n \"height\": 19.93\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 181.23,\n \"width\": 253.14,\n \"height\": 85.89\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae3c890\",\n \"text\": \"Sta.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 273.49,\n \"width\": 254.07,\n \"height\": 14.79\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae3c890\",\n \"text\": \"St. Paul, Minn. 12 pp.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 295.69,\n \"width\": 252.96,\n \"height\": 102.33\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae3c890\",\n \"text\": \"illus.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 404.8,\n \"width\": 254.12,\n \"height\": 19.52\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae3c890\",\n \"text\": \"(U.S. Forest Serv.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 431.3,\n \"width\": 252.73,\n \"height\": 51.99\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 181.23,\n \"width\": 263.5,\n \"height\": 20.55\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae3c890\",\n \"text\": \"Res.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 207.74,\n \"width\": 263.45,\n \"height\": 16.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_fae3c890\",\n \"text\": \"Paper .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 229.32,\n \"width\": 262.64,\n \"height\": 24.66\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7231ae3\",\n \"text\": \"Crown fuel weights of individual trees varied by d.b.h., site index, and stand density.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 181.03,\n \"width\": 278.03,\n \"height\": 301.85\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.12,\n \"width\": 288.19,\n \"height\": 78.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7231ae3\",\n \"text\": \"Site and stand density influenced crown production as they typically affect total wood production of single trees.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 245.96,\n \"width\": 287.87,\n \"height\": 237.12\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.12,\n \"width\": 297.4,\n \"height\": 259.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7231ae3\",\n \"text\": \"For both red pine and jack pine, crowns on good sites weighed more than crowns on poor sites, and crowns from low-density stands weighed more than crowns from high-density stands.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 426.78,\n \"width\": 297.51,\n \"height\": 56.09\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.33,\n \"width\": 306.75,\n \"height\": 320.75\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.33,\n \"width\": 316.26,\n \"height\": 320.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.33,\n \"width\": 326.49,\n \"height\": 110.34\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7231ae3\",\n \"text\": \"Graphs and equations are presented for deter- mining the crown weight per tree and per cord of merchantable wood.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 278.43,\n \"width\": 326.17,\n \"height\": 204.86\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.74,\n \"width\": 335.79,\n \"height\": 320.14\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7231ae3\",\n \"text\": \"Both site quality and stand density influenced crown weight per cord.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.33,\n \"width\": 345.2,\n \"height\": 320.76\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b7231ae3\",\n \"text\": \"The proportion of live crown weight composed of needles averaged 43 percent for red pine and 21 percent for jack pine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.33,\n \"width\": 354.82,\n \"height\": 320.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.74,\n \"width\": 364.63,\n \"height\": 219.04\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e305195c\",\n \"text\": \"Brown, James K. Crown fuel weights of individual trees varied by d.b.h., site index, and stand density.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 162.53,\n \"width\": 441.69,\n \"height\": 73.56\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 182.06,\n \"width\": 486.22,\n \"height\": 301.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 163.15,\n \"width\": 496.34,\n \"height\": 78.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e305195c\",\n \"text\": \"Site and stand density influenced crown production as they typically affect total wood production of single trees.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 246.78,\n \"width\": 496.13,\n \"height\": 236.92\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 163.15,\n \"width\": 505.4,\n \"height\": 258.91\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e305195c\",\n \"text\": \"For both red pine and jack pine, crowns on good sites weighed more than crowns on poor sites, and crowns from low-density stands weighed more than crowns from high-density stands.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 427.4,\n \"width\": 506.2,\n \"height\": 56.1\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 163.36,\n \"width\": 515.31,\n \"height\": 320.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 163.56,\n \"width\": 524.57,\n \"height\": 320.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 163.56,\n \"width\": 534.49,\n \"height\": 110.13\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e305195c\",\n \"text\": \"Graphs and equations are presented for deter- mining the crown weight per tree and per cord of merchantable wood.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 279.45,\n \"width\": 534.11,\n \"height\": 204.66\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 163.97,\n \"width\": 543.6,\n \"height\": 319.73\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e305195c\",\n \"text\": \"Both site quality and stand density influenced crown weight per cord.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 163.77,\n \"width\": 553.33,\n \"height\": 320.35\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_e305195c\",\n \"text\": \"The proportion of live crown weight composed of needles averaged 43 percent for red pine and 21 percent for jack pine.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 163.97,\n \"width\": 562.64,\n \"height\": 320.34\n },\n {\n \"x\": 19.0,\n \"y\": 164.59,\n \"width\": 572.23,\n \"height\": 218.63\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"head_section\": \"1965.\"\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 2 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 2. -Total crown weight ( dead and live branches ) of jack pine trees for different diameters, numbers of trees per acre, and two site indexes.Equations for these curves are shown in table 2.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"5\",\n \"head\": \"Figure 5 .\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Figure 5. -Percent live crown weight in needles\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_1\",\n \"label\": \"1\",\n \"head\": \"Table 1 .\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"-Crown fuel variables and tree characteristics examined for red pine and jack pine stands growing on good and poor sites at high and low densities; X means the variable was investigated\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Item\",\n \"Jack pine\",\n \"Red pine\"\n ],\n [\n \"INDEPENDENT VARIABLES\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"u. D.n.\",\n \"A.\",\n \"Y\"\n ],\n [\n \"Tree height\",\n \"X\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"Crown length\",\n \"X\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"Bole length\",\n \"X\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"D.b.h. x crown length\",\n \"X\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"D.b.h. x tree height\",\n \"X\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"D.b.h. x bole length\",\n \"X\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"Age\",\n \"X\",\n \"x\"\n ],\n [\n \"Site index\",\n \"X\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"Basal area/acre\",\n \"X\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"Number of trees/acre\",\n \"X\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"DEPENDENT VARIABLES\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"Dead branch weight/tree\",\n \"X\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"Live crown weight/tree\",\n \"X\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"Total crown weight/tree\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"(dead branches plus live crown)\",\n \"X\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"Live crown weight/cord\",\n \"\",\n \"X\"\n ],\n [\n \"Total crown weight/cord\",\n \"X\",\n \"\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 20,\n \"column_count\": 3,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 65.96,\n \"width\": 45.75,\n \"height\": 344.18\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_2\",\n \"label\": \"2\",\n \"head\": \"Table 2 .\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"-Equations for predicting the crown weight (lbs.oven-dry basis) per tree and per cord from d.b.h., number of trees per acre, site index, and age of stand for red and jack\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"pines\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"Species\",\n \"Equation 1\",\n \"R 2\",\n \"Standard error of estimate\"\n ],\n [\n \"Red pine\",\n \"Log (live crown weight/tree) = .9990 + .0946 (d.b.h.) + .003614 (SI) -.0002722\",\n \".86\",\n \".0961\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"(trees/ac.)\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"Red pine 2\",\n \"Log (live crown weight/cord) = 5.2947 -.0318 (stand age) -.000162 (trees/ac.) -\",\n \".78\",\n \".1119\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \".0160 (SI)\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"Jack pine\",\n \"Log (total crown weight/tree) = .8234 + .133 (d.b.h.) + .003393 (SI) -.0001127\",\n \".90\",\n \".1234\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"(trees/ac.)\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"Jack pine\",\n \"Log (live crown weight tree = .9733 + .1148 (d.b.h.) -.0001556 (trees/ac.)\",\n \".82\",\n \".1605\"\n ],\n [\n \"Jack pine\",\n \"Log (dead branch weight/tree) = .2087 (d.b.h.) -.0978\",\n \".78\",\n \".2491\"\n ],\n [\n \"Jack pine 2\",\n \"Log (total crown weight/cord) = 5.1125 -.0269 (stand age) -.000166 (trees/ac.) -\",\n \".78\",\n \".1260\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \".0135 (SI)\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 12,\n \"column_count\": 4,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"1 SI = site index.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 9.0,\n \"y\": 9.66,\n \"width\": 351.3,\n \"height\": 459.25\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_3\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"of slash resulting from a cutting operation, knowing age of stand, is to calculate the crown weight per cord, using figure4or 5 or the appropriate equation.Again, interpolation of crown weight between site and density stand- ards presented in the charts will improve re- sults.Number of cords harvested multiplied by the crown weight per cord equals the quantity of slash created.Several examples of predicted crown fuels encountered in red and jack pine stands are described in table3 and figures 6 and 7.\",\n \"content\": null,\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 15.0,\n \"y\": 8.84,\n \"width\": 322.11,\n \"height\": 456.17\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_4\",\n \"label\": \"3\",\n \"head\": \"Table 3 .\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"-Dry weight per acre of live and dead crown material {excluding bolewood over 1.5 inches in diameter) estimated for three stand conditions typical of pine plantations in Low-\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"er Michigan\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"Total\"\n ],\n [\n \"Species\",\n \"Silvicultural\",\n \"Age\",\n \"Site\",\n \"Trees\",\n \"Needle\",\n \"crown\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"condition\",\n \"\",\n \"index\",\n \"per acre\",\n \"weight\",\n \"weight\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"Years\",\n \"\",\n \"Number\",\n \"Tons\",\n \"Tons\"\n ],\n [\n \".Tack nine\",\n \".Sla^h from\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"clear-cut\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"operation\",\n \"r a O A 50-bO\",\n \"45\",\n \"500\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"OA Si)\"\n ],\n [\n \"Red pine\",\n \"Uncut\",\n \"25\",\n \"70\",\n \"1,000\",\n \"9\",\n \"\",\n \"20\"\n ],\n [\n \"Red pine\",\n \"Slash after\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"thinning from\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"150 sq. ft. to\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"100 sq. ft. of\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"basal area\",\n \"25\",\n \"70\",\n \"1,000\",\n \"3%\",\n \"8\"\n ],\n [\n \"Red pine\",\n \"Uncut\",\n \"15\",\n \"70\",\n \"1,200\",\n \"5\",\n \"\",\n \"10\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"F-506849 Figure 6. -This 40-\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"year-old\",\n \"jack\",\n \"pine\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"stand on a poor site\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"was severely dam-\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"aged by the pine tor-\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"toise scale ( Toumey-\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"ella\",\n \"numismaticum\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"Pettie\",\n \"and\",\n \"McD. ).\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"Salvage logging left\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"23 tons of slash per\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"acre. Picture taken 3\"\n ],\n [\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n \"years after logging.\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 27,\n \"column_count\": 7,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 16.0,\n \"y\": 31.43,\n \"width\": 54.99,\n \"height\": 461.4\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"references\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"b1\",\n \"target\": \"b0\",\n \"title\": \"Crown weights in red pine plantations\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Brown, J. K. 1963. Crown weights in red pine plantations. U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note LS-19, 4 pp.\",\n \"authors\": \"J Brown\",\n \"journal\": \"U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note LS\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1963\",\n \"year\": 1963,\n \"volume\": \"19\",\n \"pages\": \"4\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b2\",\n \"target\": \"b1\",\n \"title\": \"Site index for planted red pine by the 5-year growth intercept method\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Day, M. W., Bey, C. F., and Rudolph, V. J. 1960. Site index for planted red pine by the 5-year growth intercept method. Jour. Forestry 58; 198-202.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"M Day\",\n \"C Bey\",\n \"V Rudolph\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"Jour. Forestry\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1960\",\n \"year\": 1960,\n \"volume\": \"58\",\n \"page_start\": \"198\",\n \"page_end\": \"202\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b3\",\n \"target\": \"b2\",\n \"title\": \"Logging slash flammability\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Fahnestock, G. R. 1960. Logging slash flammability. U.S. Forest Serv., Intermountain Forest & Range Expt. Sta. Res. Paper 58, 67 pp. Ogden, Utah.\",\n \"authors\": \"G Fahnestock\",\n \"journal\": \"U.S. Forest Serv\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1960\",\n \"year\": 1960,\n \"volume\": \"58\",\n \"pages\": \"67\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b4\",\n \"target\": \"b3\",\n \"title\": \"Logging slash flammability after 5 years\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Fahnestock, G. R., and Dieterich, J. H. 1962. Logging slash flammability after 5 years. U.S. Forest Serv., Intermountain Forest & Range Expt. Sta. Res. Paper 70, 15 pp.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"G Fahnestock\",\n \"J Dieterich\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"U.S. Forest Serv., Intermountain Forest & Range Expt. Sta. Res. Paper\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1962\",\n \"year\": 1962,\n \"volume\": \"70\",\n \"pages\": \"15\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b5\",\n \"target\": \"b4\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Ogden, Utah.\",\n \"authors\": \"Utah Ogden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b6\",\n \"target\": \"b5\",\n \"title\": \"Composite volume tables for timber and their application in the Lake States\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Gevorkiantz, S. R., and Olsen, L. P. 1955. Composite volume tables for timber and their application in the Lake States. U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 1104, 51 pp.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"S Gevorkiantz\",\n \"L Olsen\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1104\",\n \"pages\": \"51\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b7\",\n \"target\": \"b6\",\n \"title\": \"Estimation of the amount of foliage of trees and stands\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Kittredge, J. 1944. Estimation of the amount of foliage of trees and stands. Jour. Forestry 42: 905- 912.\",\n \"authors\": \"J Kittredge\",\n \"journal\": \"Jour. Forestry\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1944\",\n \"year\": 1944,\n \"volume\": \"42\",\n \"page_start\": \"905\",\n \"page_end\": \"912\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b8\",\n \"target\": \"b7\",\n \"title\": \"Fire fuels in red pine plantations\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"LaMois, L. 1958. Fire fuels in red pine plantations. U.S. Forest Serv., Lake States Forest Expt. Sta., Sta. Paper 68, 19 pp. St. Paul, Minn.\",\n \"authors\": \"L Lamois\",\n \"journal\": \"U.S. Forest Serv., Lake States Forest Expt. Sta\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1958\",\n \"year\": 1958,\n \"volume\": \"68\",\n \"pages\": \"19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b9\",\n \"target\": \"b8\",\n \"title\": \"Crown characteristics of several coniferous tree species\",\n \"note_report_type\": \"Interim Tech. Rpt. AFSWP-416\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Storey, T. G., Fons, W. L., and Sauer, F. M. 1955. Crown characteristics of several conifer- ous tree species. U.S. Forest Serv., Div. of Fire Research, Interim Tech. Rpt. AFSWP-416, 95 pp.\",\n \"authors\": [\n \"T Storey\",\n \"W Fons\",\n \"F Sauer\"\n ],\n \"journal\": \"U.S. Forest Serv., Div. of Fire Research\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1955\",\n \"year\": 1955,\n \"pages\": \"95\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b10\",\n \"target\": \"b9\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel weights of pond pine crowns\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Wendel, G. W. 1960. Fuel weights of pond pine crowns. U.S. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Expt. Sta. Res. Note 149, 2 pp.\",\n \"authors\": \"G Wendel\",\n \"journal\": \"U.S. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Expt. Sta. Res. Note\",\n \"publication_date\": \"1960\",\n \"year\": 1960,\n \"volume\": \"149\",\n \"pages\": \"2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"b11\",\n \"target\": \"b10\",\n \"raw_reference\": \"Asheville, N. C.\",\n \"authors\": \"N Asheville\"\n }\n ]\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":101763,"string":"101,763"}}},{"rowIdx":98,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01e1b75f-0cab-473d-ae33-c86a1791162d.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01e1b75f-0cab-473d-ae33-c86a1791162d.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"paragraph\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"\",\n \"authors\": [],\n \"hash\": \"11791FAE89C5F9990733283D8E2CA31C\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": []\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"f_bba8f7c6\",\n \"text\": \"品 を取扱 う販 売 業 者 と消 費 者 で毎 月末 現 在 を期 日 とす る。(2,3日 刊 工業) 輪 入 原 油 の 課 税 問題 輸 入 原 油 に対 す る関 税 は昨 年 春 関 税 定 率法 の改 正 が 行 わ れ た 際,1年 間 免税 す る こ とに決 定 した が,こ の 1年 間 の免 税期 間 が この3月 で 切 れ るの で再 び 石 油業 界 で は この 問 題 をめ ぐつ て,免 税 を主 張 す る精 油業 界 と課 税 を主 張 す る採 油 業界 との 問 に は げ し い対 立 が ま き起 され よ うと して い る。帝 国 石油 は この ほ ど採 油 業 界 を代 表 し て,資 源 庁 な ど関 係 官 庁 に原 油 輸 入 関 税 の 実施 を要 望 し た。 それ に よれ ば 国 産 原 油 は さ き ごろ価 格 引 下 げ が行 われ る と とも に統 制 の枠 が は ず れ る 一 方,石 油 鉱 業 に対 す る27年 度 助 成 金 は大 巾 に削 減 さ れ るな ど石 油 鉱業 は 困難 な状 況 に陥 つ て い る。 か か る 時 国産 原 油 の積極 的 開 発 と保 護 助成 に当 るに は まず 低 価 格 の輸 入 原 油 に対 し て 関税 を つ け 国産 原 滴 を ま も る こ とが必 要 で あ る と云 つ て い る。(2.2日 刊 工 業) 1-3月 石油 外 貨追 加 は不 許 可 通 産 省 お よび安 本 で は さき に1-3月 石油 輸 入 外 貨 資金 追 加 分62万 弗 を総 司令 部 当 局 に 申請 して い た が この ほ ど不 許 可 に な つ た,こ れ は4月 か ら太平 洋 岸 輸 入 原 油 処 理 量 を1日71,500bbl(現 行1日57,800bbl) にふ や す ため の 所要 資 金 と4-6月 の重 油 輸 入 分 で あ るが,不 許 可 の理 由は現 在 の外 貨 事 情 に よ るも の とみ られ て い る。 な お 資源 庁 当 局 で 妹 今 後 産業 活 動 の活 発 化 に伴 う石 油 の需 要 の増 加 と外 国石 油 郷 の輸 入 難 な ど の見 通 しか ら4月 以 降 輸 入 原 油 処 理 量 は ど うし て も1日7 万bblベ ー スが必 要 で あ る と して,外 貨 資金 の繰 越 使 用 な ど の操 作 で強 行 す る模 様 で あ る。 (2.8日 本 経 済) 東 燃 ス 社 か ら融 資 東 亜燃 料 工業 で は提 携 会 社 で あ る ス タ ンダ ー ド ・ヴ ァキ ュ ー ム石 油会 社 か ら この ほ ぼ350万 弗(12億6,000 万 田)の 融 資 を受 け る契 約 を結 んだ の で,近 く外 賓委 員 会 に許 可 申請 を行 う こ とに な つ た,金 利 年4分,3 年 間据 置 きで4年 目か ら年50万 弗(1億8,000万 円) ず つ元 金 償 還 す る。(2.4日 本経 済) 重 油 装 置 で 電 力 節 約 特 殊 製 鋼 株 式 会 社(社 長 石 原米 太 郎 氏)で は この ほ ど電 気 炉 に重 油燃 焼装 置 をつ け て電 力 節 約 をは か る実 験 に成 功,1日 そ の概 要 を発 表 し た。 鉄 銅 業 界 で は こ れ は電 気 炉 を使 用 す る場 合 に 相当 な コス ト 切 下 げ が可 能 に なる として 成 果 に期 待 を よせ て い る。 同社 で は 実 験 の結 果 「 電 気 炉 に重 油燃 焼 装 置 をつ け た場 合 は電 力 量 を45%節 約 し銅 塊 当 り500口 の節 約 にな る」 とい つ てお り2月 中 旬 まで に 同社 の全 設 備 に この装 置 を施 す 予 定 だ とい つ て い る。(2.2朝 日) 海 外 の 部 西 ドイ ツ の 第24半 期 の 製 油 高 西 ド イ ツ の 本 年 第2.4半 期 の 製 油 高 は 第1.4半 期 に 比 し14%の 増 加 を示 し た 。4-6月 間 の 全 製 油 所 の 製 油 高 は 第1.4半 期 の1,014,676tに 比 し1,154,818tで あ つ た 。 之 は1950年 同 期 よ り63%の 増 加 で あ つ た 。 此 の 期 間 に 増 加 し た の は ル ー ル のMuelheimの 新 し 々 い2,000bblの 製 油 所 が 運 転 を 始 め た か ら で あ る。 又 第2,4半 期 の 処 理 高 は 輸 入 原 油890,690t,国 内 原 油 296,462t.及 び 輸 入 半 製 品31,008tで あ つ た 。 (Oil Gas J.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 64.0,\n \"width\": 72.98,\n \"height\": 420.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_051c2736\",\n \"text\": \"(森 田) ブ ラ ジ ル の シ エ ー ル オ イ ル の 開 発 ブ ラ ジ ル はSao Paulo州 の 豊 富 な シ エ ー ル オ イ ル 層 の 開 発 計 画 を 進 め て い る。 リオ デ ジ ヤ ネ イ ロ か ら の 報 告 に 依 る と 政 府 は 目 下 試 験 的 に10,000bblの 製 油 所 の 建 設 計 画 を た て い る 。 最 も良 い 製 造 方 法 を 研 究 す る た め に.オ イ ル シ エ ー ル の 試 料 が 米 国 と ス ェ ー デ ン に 送 られ た 。 オ イ ル シ エ ー ル の 広 大 な 層 がSao Paulo に 在 り,そ の 地 方 の 探 査 は 政 府 の 監 督 の 下 にCompa- nhia Nacional de Oleos Mineraesに 依 つ て 行 わ れ た 。Paraiba River Valleyで 発 見 され たTremembe- Taubate層 の 試 料 の 分 析 は 一 年 前 に 行 わ れ,そ の 有 望 な 層 は ブ ラ ジ ル の 永 続 的 な 燃 料 不 足 に 一 部 の 解 決 を 与 え るだ ろ う と 云 わ れ て い る 。 オ イ ル シ エ ー ル及 び 他 の 含 油 岩 石 は ブ ラ ジ ル の10州 に 産 出 す る が,そ の 開 発 は 主 にTremembe-Taubate地 区 に 集 中 さ れ て い る 。 此 の 地 区 の シ エ ー ル は1881年 に 灯 油 を 製 造 し た と報 告 ざれ て い る。 1950年9月 ブ ラ ジ ル の ス タ ン ダ ー ド石 油 会 杜 は シ エ ー ル の 開 発 は 経 済 的 に 成 立 す る と思 わ な い,又 そ の 開 発 に 参 加 す る 関 心 を持 た な い と発 表 し た 。\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 280.0,\n \"width\": 333.84,\n \"height\": 191.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_ffd97460\",\n \"text\": \"(森 田) イ ン ドの 合 成 石 油 製 造 計 画 イ ン ドの1950年 度 の 原 油 産 出 量 は1日 平 均5,000 bbl以 下 で 全 需 要 量 の 一 部 分 を 満 し て い る に す ぎ な い く イ ン ド政 府 は 長 い 間 石 炭 よ り液 体 燃 料 を 製 造 す る こ と に 関 心 を 持 つ て い た が,コ ッ パ ー ス 会 社(Koppers Co.,Inc)は 合 計 約110,000,000弗 の 二 つ の 合 成 石 油 工 場 の 建 設 計 画 を政 府 に 提 出 し た 。 之 の 計 画 は 計 画 委 員 会(National planning Commission)と 科 学 工 業 研 究 協 議 会(Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)の 特 別 委 員 会 に て 目 下 研 究 中 で あ る。 こ の プ ラ ン トの 能 力 は 大 き い プ ラ ン ト は 日 産 約2,200 bbl の 航 空 機 用 ガ ソ リン,2,000bblの 自 動 車 燃 料 約 3,000tの コ ー ク ス,其 の他 を,又 小 さ い プ ラ ン ト は 日 産 約1,400bblの 航 空 機 用 ガ ソ リ ン,550bd1の 自 動 車 燃 料,1,250tの コ ー ク ス,其 の 他 を生 産 す る 。 1年 間 の 利 益 は 大 き い プ ラ ン ト は 約7,560,000弗,小 さ い プ ラ ン トは3,164,000弗 と見 積 つ て い る 。 又 こ の 会 社 は 輸 入 原 油 を 処 理 す る た め ボ ン ベ イ に20,000bbl の 製 油 所 を 設 立 す る よ うす す め て い るが 具 体 的 な 問 題 で あ る 合 成 石 油 プ ラ ン トに つ い て 目 下 研 究 中 で あ る の で こ の 計 画 は 政 府 の 発 表 に は 含 ま れ て い な い 。 一 方 イ ン ドは 未 だ 高度 に機 械 化 され て い な いの で 石油 の必 要 量 は 少 く,主 に輸 入 に頼 つて い る。 そ の主 な輸 入先 は イ ラ ンで あ る。 1950年3月31日 に 終 る 会 計 年 度 の 石 油 製 品 の 輸 入 は 日平 均60,000bblよ り僅 か 少 く,そ の 主 な も の は 燃 料 油 で1年 間 に9,667,000bblと な り,他 は5,680,000 bbl の 灯 油 と5,069,000bblの ガ ソ リ ン で あ つ た 。 (Oil Gas J.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 331.0,\n \"width\": 618.84,\n \"height\": 139.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_97318087\",\n \"text\": \"(森 田) フ ラ ンス に 於 け る 石 油工 業 の発 展 フ ラン スに於 け る石 油 の年 間精 製 量 は次 の通 りで あ つ た。 尚,種 目別 の年 間生 産 量 は次 の 如 くで あ っ た。 (Nachr.f.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 42.0,\n \"width\": 420.7,\n \"height\": 191.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_9346e12b\",\n \"text\": \"(八 田) 1951年 上 半期 に於 け る カナ ダの 石炭 産 出高 1951年 上 半 期 に お け る カ ナ ダ の 石 炭 産 出 高 は 義950 年 同 期 よ り6%下 落 し た が 輸 入 高 は11%増 加 し た 。 6月 の 産 出 高 は4%減 少 し た が 輸 入 高 は1%増 加 し た 統 計 局 の 報 告 に 依 れ ば 本 年 上 半 期 の 総 産 出 高 は1950 年 同 期 の9,615,064tに 比 し9,081,344tで あ っ た 。 又6月 の 産 出 高 は 前 年 の1,363,135tよ り1,310,000t に 減 少 し た 。 上 半 期 の 輸 入 高 は1950年 の10,432,508t よ り11,537,325tに,又6月 は2,934,595tよ り 2,977,537tに 増 加 し た 。 上 半 期 の 生 産 高 は 次 の 如 く で あ っ た 。(前 年 同 期 を 示 す) ア ル バ ー タ3,530,973t(3,976,401),ノ ヴ ァ ス コ シ ァ3,383,385t(3,461,308),サ ス カ チ ェ ワ ン938,793t (964,314),英 領 コ ロ ン ビ ア921,491t(927,221),ニ ュ ー ブ ル ン ス ウ イ ツ ク306,226t(284,022),ユ ー コ ン476t(1,798) . (Coll\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 93.25,\n \"width\": 72.98,\n \"height\": 362.25\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\",\n \"label\": \"Coll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"f_1f726b65\",\n \"text\": \"(森 田) デ ン マー クの 燃 料輸 入 高 ス カ ン ヂ ナ ヴ ィ ア 船 舶 新 聞 紙 に 依 れ ば デ ン マ ー ク は 1951年1月 -5月 の5ヵ 月 間 に145万tの 石 炭 を海 外 よ り 輸 入 し た 。 国 に1950年 同 期 は158万tで あ っ た 。 ジ ェ ネ ヴ ァ 委 員 会 で 決 定 さ れ た デ ン マ ー グ の\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 2.0,\n \"y\": 258.0,\n \"width\": 289.7,\n \"height\": 189.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [],\n \"type\": \"formula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_601d78d8\",\n \"text\": \")(森 田)\",\n \"coords\": [],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [],\n \"references\": []\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":11478,"string":"11,478"}}},{"rowIdx":99,"cells":{"doc_id":{"kind":"string","value":"01e27ee6-310a-4355-bbd5-be49eb6f06ff.grobid"},"dir_id":{"kind":"string","value":"0000"},"relpath":{"kind":"string","value":"0000/01e27ee6-310a-4355-bbd5-be49eb6f06ff.grobid.json"},"content":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"level\": \"sentence\",\n \"biblio\": {\n \"title\": \"\",\n \"authors\": [],\n \"hash\": \"30AA2C32B3C337ED2F2CCC977441F08B\",\n \"publisher\": \"\",\n \"abstract\": [\n [\n {\n \"id\": 0,\n \"text\": \"mung des Molekulargewichtes ' ) wieder aufzunehmen.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 70.06,\n \"width\": 56.58,\n \"height\": 224.78\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"text\": \"Die so gefundenen Werte haben allerdings bisher kein eindeutiges Ergebnis ge-\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 305.56,\n \"width\": 57.2,\n \"height\": 57.11\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 69.56,\n \"width\": 68.66,\n \"height\": 293.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n }\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"body_text\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"p_8c98af46\",\n \"text\": \"' 1. Lichtpolymerer Zimtsiinre-methylester in 28.4 g Chloroform gel6st: 1. 0.1318 g Sbst.: t-t'=O.03Oo.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 86.66,\n \"width\": 229.2,\n \"height\": 275.44\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 69.56,\n \"width\": 240.0,\n \"height\": 117.49\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_b2e4767b\",\n \"text\": \"-11. 0.2598 g Sbet.: t-t'=0.076'.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 204.26,\n \"width\": 236.22,\n \"height\": 128.36\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a14a5801\",\n \"text\": \"-111.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 354.96,\n \"width\": 234.07,\n \"height\": 9.96\n },\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 70.06,\n \"width\": 250.97,\n \"height\": 12.11\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a14a5801\",\n \"text\": \"0.39?0~; Sb8t.: t-t'=O.O76O.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 85.66,\n \"width\": 250.8,\n \"height\": 106.88\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73aeb098\",\n \"text\": \"-IV. 0.5233 g Sbst.: t-t'E0.076'. .\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 1.0,\n \"y\": 208.76,\n \"width\": 247.02,\n \"height\": 133.78\n },\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 104.42,\n \"width\": 390.37,\n \"height\": 6.0\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73aeb098\",\n \"text\": \"(CsIHls0,)3Ca.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 130.82,\n \"width\": 399.32,\n \"height\": 55.05\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73aeb098\",\n \"text\": \"Ber.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 195.82,\n \"width\": 399.46,\n \"height\": 15.64\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73aeb098\",\n \"text\": \"Ca 4.24.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 215.72,\n \"width\": 399.32,\n \"height\": 32.62\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73aeb098\",\n \"text\": \"Gef.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 255.32,\n \"width\": 399.21,\n \"height\": 16.7\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73aeb098\",\n \"text\": \"Ca 4.41.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 274.52,\n \"width\": 399.32,\n \"height\": 34.45\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_73aeb098\",\n \"text\": \"Hiihle.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 326.66,\n \"width\": 538.6,\n \"height\": 28.98\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"p_a90ed8f7\",\n \"text\": \"2) C. Liebernisnn und W. Schiller, B. 46, 1973[1913].\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 6.0,\n \"y\": 91.66,\n \"width\": 549.67,\n \"height\": 229.53\n }\n ],\n \"refs\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"Liebernisnn und W. Schiller, B. 46, 1973\",\n \"offset_start\": 6,\n \"offset_end\": 46\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"bibr\",\n \"target\": \"\",\n \"text\": \"[1913]\",\n \"offset_start\": 46,\n \"offset_end\": 52\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"figures_and_tables\": [\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_0\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"Gel. M I. 603, LI. 469, III.708, IV. 945.Kaiser-wilhelm-Institut fur Chemie in B e r l i n -D a h l e m .208. 0. Liebermann, B& Kardoe und Gc.Mbhle: tfber die llinwSrkung dea Oxalylohloridea auf Btanthryl.(Eingegangen am 24.Angnst 1915.)Die glatte Bildung des durch seine schanen Abkommlinge gekennzeichneten Aceanthrenchinons a) neben meeo-Antbroesiiure bei d e r Einwirkung von Oxalylchlorid auf Anthracen in Gegenwart VOD wasserlreiem Aluminiumchlorid v e r a n l d t e uns , dae Verhalten dee R i a n t h r y l s 3 unter den entsprechenden Bedingungen zu etudieren.Es zeigte sich, dal3 die die beiden Anthracenreste verkatipfeade meeo-Kohlenstoffbindung irn Bianthryl der Einwirkung des Oxalylcblarides ') Die Bestimmungen wurden gcm84 den Erfahrungen ansgefiihrt, wie sit?E. Beckmann speriell f i n Chlorolorm als Ltisungamittd angegeben hat.Die Konstante fiir Chloroform wiirde mit reinem Campher zn 39.0 bestimmt.3 C. L i e b e r m a n n nnd M. Zanffa, B. 44, 208, 852 [1911]; M. Kardoe, B.40, 2036 119131.3 Schulze, B. 18, 3035 [1885]: C. T,iebermann und A. Gimbel, 13. 80, 1855 [1887].standhiilt, was nach der bei der Reduktion I) und besondere bei der Bromierung in Schwefelkohlenstofflosnng *) beobachteten Aufspaltung zii Anthracenderivaten nicht ohne weiteres zu erwarten war.Bei der Resktion entsteht in iiberwiegender Menge ein B i s a nt b r y l a c e d i c h i n o n (I.) neben efnem Gemiach von drei SHuren, deren Basizitiit von einer bis zu vier Carboxylgruppen ansteigt.Sie konnten durch die verschiedene Loelichkeit der freien Siiuren in Eiseasig und ihrer Calciumsalze in Wasser getrennt werden.Die vierbasische Siiure erwies sich ale eine B i s a n t h r y l -t e t r a c a r b o n -sHure (II.), wihrend sich die beiden anderen. in eine B i s a n t h r y la c e c hi n o nm o n o c a r b o n s ii 11 r e (111.)und -d i c a r b o n siiu re (Iv.)Verbindungen erwiesen sich durchweg tiefer gefarbt als die analogen Anthracenderivate; die Bisanthryl-tetracarbon-&re zejgt gegeniiber der gelben AnthrqesHure einen deutlichen Stich ins Orange, wiihrend sich i m Bisanthrylacedichinon das Orange des Aceanthrenchinons zu einem priichtigen Hochrot vertieft hat.Die Bieanthrylacechinon-mono-und -dicarbonsiiure weisen eine durch die Chioongriippe bedingte ziegelrote bezw.schokoladebraune Farbe auf.E x p e r i m e n t e l l e r T e il.Das zu den Versnchen beniitigte Bianthryl wurde durch Reduktioo von Anthracen mit Zinn und Salzsiiure-haltigem Eisessig I) in guter Ausbeute erhalten.Es erwies sich als frei von Anthracen und Anthranol.Die Analyse der reinen Substanz sowohl wie die einer Durchschnittsprobe hatte die richtigen Zahlen und in Summa l00Ol0 ergeben.Bianthryl wurde unter den beim Anthracen ' ) ermittelten Bedingungen rnit Oxalylchlorid in Reaktion gebracht.Nur erwies es sich als notwendig, die Meoge des angew andten Oxalylchlorides wie auch des Aluminiumchlorides zu erhiihen, um die Gesamtmenge des hianthryls mit ErFolg umsetzen zu kiinnen.In einem mit mechanischem Riihrwerk, QuecksilberverschluB und Kiibler versehenem Rundkolben wurden 5 g fein zerriebenes Bianthryl rnit 35 ccm Schwefelkohlenstoff und 20 g Oxalylchlorid nnter guter Eiskuhlung vermischt und 4 g gepulvertes Aluminiumchlorid zugeffigt.Nrch zweistundigem Ruhren wurden weitere 3.5 g Aluminiumchlorid und 35 ccm Schwefelkohlenstoff zugesetzt, liingere Zeit geriihrt und drnn iiber Nacht stehen gelassen.Das schwarze Reaktionsprodukt wurde mit Eiswasser zersetzt und nach dem Verjagen des Schwefelkohlenstoffs mit kochender verdiinnter Salzsiiure behandelt.Die Masse hatte dann eine braunrote Farbe angenommen und erwies sich so gut wie aschefrei.Sie wurde rnit etwa 400ccm 5-prozentiger Sodalosung gut ausgekocht und dann zur Isolierung des entstandeneo Chinons mit einer Miscbung von 200 ccm konzentrierter Bisulfitliisung uad 2 I Wasser zweimal heif3 ausgezogen, wobei fast alles in Losung geht.Beim Ansiiuern der heiI3en filtrierten Bisulfitlosung rnit Schwefelsiiure fie1 des Chinon in rotbraunen Flocken, verunreinigt durch etwas Bianthrylcarbonsiiure, nieder.Es wurde nach dem Trocknen rnit Benzol erschijpfend extrahiert und so von der anhgngenden Carbonsaure xum griiDten Teile befreit.Die letzten Spuren Siiure konnten durch kochende Sodaliisung entfernk werden.Die entstandenen Bianthrylcarbonsauren finden sich in den Auskochungen rnit Sodalosung.Sie wurden beim An&uern als gelbbraune Flocken erhalten.B is a n t h r y 1 aced i c h i n o n (10.10'-B i s a c e an t h r e n chi n o n ) , C : 8 HI r (C 0) r .Das fiber seine Bisulfitverbindung gereinigte Dicbinon (3.1 g) Beim Einengen kommt es als wurde in vie1 heil3em Benzol gelost.1) 1. e.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_1\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"3\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"B. 44, 208 [1911].\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_2\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"€3 i s a n t h r y 1t e t r a c a r b o n 8 % u r e ( D i an t h r y 1-tetr a c a r b on a ii u r e),G.9 & 4 fC& E)'-Da diese Siiure ein in Wasser leicht loslicbes Calciumsalz bildet, so laat sie sich auf diesem Wege von den bei der Oxalylcbloridkondensation nebenher gebildeten Di-und Monocarbomiiuren, deren Calciumsalze wasserunlijslich sind, trennen.Die beim AnslLuern der w&Prigea Sodaauszuge (8.0.) erhaltene gelbbraune Fiillung (1.5g) wurde in noch feuchtem Zustande mit in reichlich Waeser euspendiertem Calciumcarbonat mehrere Mal? in der Hitze behandelt.Das erhaltene Iosliche Calciumsalz gab beim Zersetzen einen Niederschlag, weloher nach dem Auswaschen und Trocknen aus siedendem Eiseesig umgeschiedsn -und so als feines Pulver YOU oranger Farbe erhalten wurde.Zur Analyee wurde die Substanz bei l l O o getrocknet.Es zeigte sicb, daB sie bereits bei dieaer Temperatur unter Anhgdridbildung Wasser verliert, wesbalb antiinglich stete zu hohe Kohlenstoffzahlen gefunden wurden.Wir habea nun nrch kurzem Trocknen bei 1 0 0 0 den Wmserverlust bestimmt, welchen die SBure durch anhsltendss Erhitzen auf 160° erleidet.D I. 3.64, II.3.86.0.1840 g Sbst.verloren 0.0060 g H90.CalHl*Os.Ber.BzO 3.39.Gef.H,O 3.25.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_3\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"B\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"i s a n t h r y 1 a c e c h i u o n-m o n o c a r b o n sii u re, C,, Hls(C0)s.CO%H, in Losung.Beim Erkalten kommt sie als s c b h ziegelrotes Pulver heraus.Die Siiure wurde durch mehr€aches UrnlBeen aus Eisessig rein erhalten.0.1801 g Sbst.: 0.5416 g CO,, 0.0637 g HoO.C3,H16O4.Ber.C 82.30, H 3.54.Gef.B 82.01, 3.87.Calciumsalz: 0.2007 g Sbat.: 0.0301 g CaSO,.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"fig_4\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"B i s a\",\n \"type\": \"figure\",\n \"desc\": \"n t h r y 1 a c e c h i o o nd i c a r b on siiu r e, CW HI, (CO), .(CO,H)s.Der in Eisessig unlosliche Riickstand von der Extrattion der Bisanthrylacechinon-monocarbonsiiure konnte durch Liisen in Pyridin und Fiillen mit verdiinnter Salzsiiure gereinigt werden.Es wurde eine Dicarbonsaure in hellbraunen Flocken erhalten, welche nach dem Trooknen zu einem schokoladebrauneu Pulver zusammengingen.Infolge seiner ausersten Schwwverbreonlichkeit hat die Elementaranalyse nur schlecht stimmeode Zablen ergeben.0.1779 g Sbst.: 0.5109 g COs, 0.0623 g HsO.Ca?HlfiOs.Ber.C 77.41, H 3.22.Gd.D 78.31, B 3.90.Die Substanz enthPLt gewiB noch etwas Monocarbondure.Calciumsalz: 0.1721 g Sbst.: 0.0415g CaSO4.Kaiser-Wilhelm-lnstitut fiir Chemie in Berlin-Dahlem.C3alil10sCa.Ber.C+ 7.49.Gef.Ca 7.09.204.0. Liebermann und 8. Ytihle: tfberAzah.in(III.)l).(Eingegangen am 24.Augnst 1915.)In der letzten Mitteilung uber Azafrins) ist eine Reihe tiefgefiirbter Verbindungen beschrieben worden, welche der in Eisessig oder Chloroform geloste Farbstoff bei der Einwrirkung starker mineralischer und orgaoischer Siiuren liefert.Obgleich die entetandenen Produkte mit Ausnahme der fjbercbloreiiure-Verbindung, welche in Niidelchen krystallisiert, nur a h amorphe , wenig bestiindige FHllungen erhalten werden konnten, so erlaubte doch das aus ihnen gewonnene analytische Material im Zusammenhange mit den bei der Elementaranalyse und der .Molekulargewichtsbestimmung des Azafrins selbat gefundenen Zahlen, fiir seine empirische Zusammensetzung einen bestimmten Ausdruck zu geben ( C I I H ~~O ~) .Diese Formel wurde no& gestiitzt durch den Befund, daB Azafrin bei der erschopfenden Methylierung ein gut krystallisierendes Methylazafrin c S 3 H44 0, gibt, welchds mit starken Siiuren eine der obigen parallele Verbindungsreihe bildet.Trotz der Ausdehnudg der Ergebnisse haben wir nicht verkannt, dal3 diese salzartigen Verbindungen infolge ihrer Unbestiindigkeit und ihres amorphen Zustandes nur eine begrenzte Sicherheit ftir die Featstellung der geneuen Formel und MolekulargroBe des Azafrins bieten konnten.Wir glaubten es deshalb als einen Fortschritt begritBen zu kiihnen, ale es uns gelang, das Azafrin durch Addition von Jod in kalter benzolischer LB~ung in ein J o d i d uberzuftibreo, welches priichtig krystallisierte und sich als sehr bestiindig erwies.Leidek hat die Analyse desselben bisher zu keinem eindeutigen Ergebniese gefuhrt, da ftir die angenorumene Formel des Azafrins die gefundenen Zahlen zwiechen den fur eine Aufoahme yon drei und vier Atomen Jod berechneten liegen. 1 ) Infolge des g m z unerwarteten Hinschaidens von Hrn.Geheirui? 1, i e b ernisn n zn Weihnacbten vorigen Jabres war ich gezwungen, die im guten Gmge befindliehe Arbeit abxubrechen und die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zu verfiffentlichen, olina daB ein endgiiltiger AbscliluO gewonnen worden ist.\",\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": []\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_0\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"issi prachtig\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"hochrotes, krystallinischea Pulver heraus, welches dem Aceanthrenchinon iiuSerlioh eehr a n l i c h ist.Es unterscheidet sich aber von diesem (Schmp.2670) durch seiaen iiber 350° liegeaden Schmelzpunh, sowie durch die derordentlich qerminderte Loslichkeit in organischen L6sungsmitteln, a u h r in Chloroform, welches recbt leiclit 16st.In konzentrierter Schwefelsiiure ist es wie Aceanthrenchinon mit rein griiner Farbe 16slicb.Bisanthrylacedichinon ist kein Ktipenfarbstolf.\",\n \"content\": null,\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 69.56,\n \"width\": 30.42,\n \"height\": 293.57\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_1\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"COO, 0.0613 g H20. -0.2033 g SbsL: in 14.137 g Phenol: t-t'= 0.234O.\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Fur Analyse I1 war die Substanz durch Umlosen aus Pyridin vorbereitet worden.Die Verbindung ist, wie auch die weiter untan beechnebenen, sehr schwer verbrennlich und gibt deshalb leicht zu n iedrige Koblen stolbhlen.Vom Bisantbrylrcedicbinon wurde ein gelbes Oxim und ein dunkelrotes P h e n p l h y d r a z o n erhalten, doch konnten diese Derivate noch nicht in ehe far die Analyse geeignete Form gebracht warden.\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"I. 0.1668g Sbst.: 0.505Sg CO,, 0.OM3g H90. -II.0.1773g Sbst.: 0.5350g\"\n ],\n [\n \"CssH1*04. Ber.\",\n \"C 83.11,\",\n \"H 3.03.\",\n \"M 462.\"\n ],\n [\n \"Gef. I. D 82.70, IT. 82.28,\",\n \"\",\n \"* 486.\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 3,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 4.0,\n \"y\": 70.36,\n \"width\": 151.05,\n \"height\": 293.96\n }\n ]\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"tab_2\",\n \"label\": \"\",\n \"head\": \"\",\n \"type\": \"table\",\n \"desc\": \"Die Bisanthryl-tetracarbonsiiure zeigt beim Verschmelzen mit Resorcin (ohne Zinkcblorid) keine Flaoresceinbilduog.Das Calciumsalz wurdo durch Digcrieren der SHure mit in Waseer suspendiertem Calciumcarbonat hergestellt.Es f&llt beim Zusatz von Alkohol in hellgelben Flocken BUS, welche mit Alkohol und .%thertrocken gewaschen Gef.Ca 12.00.D e r beim Behandeln des Sauregemisches mit wa6riger Calciumcarbonat-Aufschlemmung verbleibende Rackstand erwies sich a h ein Gemisch der Calciumsalze zweier Sauren, die auf die folgende Weise getrennt werden konnten, Extrabiert man das Gemeoge der aus ihren Calciurnsalzen freigemachten Siiuren erschapfeod mit siedendem Eisessig, so geht eine\",\n \"content\": {\n \"headers\": [],\n \"rows\": [\n [\n \"Gef. n 74.35, 3.64.\"\n ],\n [\n \"wurden.\"\n ],\n [\n \"0.1685 g Sbst.: 0.0689 g CaSO4.\"\n ],\n [\n \"GsH1,OBCas. 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Ca 12.39.\"\n ]\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"row_count\": 4,\n \"column_count\": 1,\n \"has_headers\": false\n }\n },\n \"note\": \"Das so erhaltene Monoanhydrid gab dann anniihernd stirhmende Zahlen.0.1703 g Sbst.: 0.4643 g CO,, 0.0554 g HsO.C&HI~OT.Ber.C 75.00, H 3.12.\",\n \"coords\": [\n {\n \"x\": 5.0,\n \"y\": 70.12,\n \"width\": 57.55,\n \"height\": 293.94\n }\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"references\": []\n}"},"size_bytes":{"kind":"number","value":18120,"string":"18,120"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":0,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":19178297,"offset":0,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImtpZCI6IjVHZDBvd0g5MTM2eDZjc1FvbE1zcktNWUZoRVFoUm5PVVVybEpjOUhaUEEifQ.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc4OTg2MDQ3MywianRpIjoiYzg3ZmEwZTEtNGFlZS00YmZkLTlkODktZDk2ZTViMzFhYjIzIiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL3NjaWxvbnMvU2NpTGFELWFsbC1qc29uLXYxIiwiZXhwIjoxNzg5ODY0MDczLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.NfT6A2Uo64EkMLtgAAeplDiQW7IKq95N5ljSMIsqYeXtzPioJeuiSrsfPYjZdXYx_J2s6P0g4fNRgRPdcrLOAA","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":19178297,"numBytesParquet":342272143981}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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