source stringlengths 14 14 | page_title stringlengths 1 124 | breadcrumb stringlengths 1 465 | text stringlengths 20 3.55k | __index_level_0__ int64 0 4.13M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
c_kbhf1zvm1cz7 | Guyot | Guyot | In marine geology, a guyot (), also called a tablemount, is an isolated underwater volcanic mountain (seamount) with a flat top more than 200 m (660 ft) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat summits can exceed 10 km (6.2 mi). Guyots are most commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, but they have been id... | 0 |
c_282jmvmf09cn | Online lead generation | Lead_generation | In 2018, Chief Marketer found that B2B marketers favored email, live events, and content marketing as their top three. After the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Gartner identified increases in social and search engine optimization for B2B marketers, while B2C marketers favored digital advertising.Lead generation is often pa... | 108 |
c_4blw5zw3x1nw | Multivariate testing in marketing | Multivariate_testing_in_marketing | In marketing, multivariate testing or multi-variable testing techniques apply statistical hypothesis testing on multi-variable systems, typically consumers on websites. Techniques of multivariate statistics are used. | 116 |
c_uhcwuandnhtm | Émery topology | Émery_topology | In martingale theory, Émery topology is a topology on the space of semimartingales. The topology is used in financial mathematics. The class of stochastic integrals with general predictable integrands coincides with the closure of the set of all simple integrals.The topology was introduced in 1979 by the french mathema... | 154 |
c_bjhy4onbdzx2 | Proteinogenic amino acids | Proteinogenic_amino_acid > Chemical properties > Mass spectrometry | In mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins, knowledge of the masses of the residues is useful. The mass of the peptide or protein is the sum of the residue masses plus the mass of water (Monoisotopic mass = 18.01056 Da; average mass = 18.0153 Da). The residue masses are calculated from the tabulated chemical formula... | 164 |
c_gltwq2t91ouc | Single-Cell Analysis | Single_cell_analysis > Proteomics > Techniques > Mass spectroscopy–based methods | In mass spectroscopy based proteomics there are three major steps needed for peptide identification: sample preparation, separation of peptides, and identification of peptides. Several groups have focused on oocytes or very early cleavage-stage cells since these cells are unusually large and provide enough material for... | 188 |
c_twex9y00xti3 | Binary phase | Binary_compound | In materials chemistry, a binary phase or binary compound is a chemical compound containing two different elements. Some binary phase compounds are molecular, e.g. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). More typically binary phase refers to extended solids. Famous examples zinc sulfide, which contains zinc and sulfur, and tungst... | 228 |
c_dazhe203a5jh | Quaternary phase | Quaternary_phase | In materials chemistry, a quaternary phase is a chemical compound containing four elements. Some compounds can be molecular or ionic, examples being chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2) sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3H). More typically quaternary phase refers to extended solids. A famous example are the yttrium barium copper oxide... | 229 |
c_cr3ogaglbdlq | Cocrystal | Cocrystal | In materials science (specifically crystallography), cocrystals are "solids that are crystalline, single-phase materials composed of two or more different molecular or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts." A broader definition is that cocrystals "consist of tw... | 241 |
c_mpyuu49zoh4r | Functionally graded material | Functionally_graded_material | In materials science Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) may be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. The materials can be designed for specific function and applications. Various approaches based on the ... | 242 |
c_ahf8pa0jrnzo | Giant magnetoimpedance | Giant_magnetoimpedance | In materials science Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) is the effect that occurs in some materials where an external magnetic field causes a large variation in the electrical impedance of the material. It should not be confused with the separate physical phenomenon of Giant Magnetoresistance. | 243 |
c_4v9a2zv1wpvg | Particle size | Colloidal_particle > International conventions > Colloidal particle | In materials science and colloidal chemistry, the term colloidal particle refers to a small amount of matter having a size typical for colloids and with a clear phase boundary. The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter between approximately 1 and 1000 nanometers. Colloids are heterogeneous in nature, invisible to t... | 244 |
c_y9vqnqmvkhl5 | Viscoelasticity | Viscoelasticity | In materials science and continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched a... | 245 |
c_p6i0qvppsk1t | Viscous forces | Inviscid_fluids > Definitions > Dynamic viscosity | In materials science and engineering, one is often interested in understanding the forces or stresses involved in the deformation of a material. For instance, if the material were a simple spring, the answer would be given by Hooke's law, which says that the force experienced by a spring is proportional to the distance... | 246 |
c_ijaze948pqlx | Yield (engineering) | Yield_Stress | In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yie... | 255 |
c_ejttcxg02urb | Uranium metallurgy | Uranium_metallurgy | In materials science and materials engineering, uranium metallurgy is the study of the physical and chemical behavior of uranium and its alloys.Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals. Uranium metal can also be made through electrolysis of K... | 258 |
c_3b1vn3avkyuv | Functionally graded element | Functionally_graded_element | In materials science and mathematics, functionally graded elements are elements used in finite element analysis. They can be used to describe a functionally graded material. | 260 |
c_f9s5le2iga5s | Toughness | Shock_resistance | In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before ruptur... | 261 |
c_8qkunl6r4ftc | Thermostability | Heat_stability | In materials science and molecular biology, thermostability is the ability of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure, often by resisting decomposition or polymerization, at a high relative temperature. Thermostable materials may be used industrially as fire retardants. A thermos... | 262 |
c_lo46a8chhh5y | Slip line field | Slip_line_field | In materials science and soil mechanics, a slip line field or slip line field theory is a technique often used to analyze the stresses and forces involved in the major deformation of metals or soils. In essence, in some problems including plane strain and plane stress elastic-plastic problems, elastic part of the mater... | 263 |
c_qyuobu389ojo | Poisson's Ratio | Poisson’s_ratio | In materials science and solid mechanics, Poisson's ratio ν {\displaystyle \nu } (nu) is a measure of the Poisson effect, the deformation (expansion or contraction) of a material in directions perpendicular to the specific direction of loading. The value of Poisson's ratio is the negative of the ratio of transverse str... | 264 |
c_ma8k99djtwlh | Biaxial tensile testing | Biaxial_tensile_testing | In materials science and solid mechanics, biaxial tensile testing is a versatile technique to address the mechanical characterization of planar materials. It is a generalized form of tensile testing in which the material sample is simultaneously stressed along two perpendicular axes. Typical materials tested in biaxial... | 266 |
c_ydax6w2lp3or | Residual stress | Residual_stress | In materials science and solid mechanics, residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed. Residual stress may be desirable or undesirable. For example, laser peening imparts deep beneficial compressive residual stresses into metal components such... | 267 |
c_hjs69pjlumlf | Work hardened | Work_hardened > Theory > Dislocations and lattice strain fields | In materials science parlance, dislocations are defined as line defects in a material's crystal structure. The bonds surrounding the dislocation are already elastically strained by the defect compared to the bonds between the constituents of the regular crystal lattice. Therefore, these bonds break at relatively lower ... | 269 |
c_f08ou81e6wkz | Flow stress | Flow_stress | In materials science the flow stress, typically denoted as Yf (or σ f {\displaystyle \sigma _{\text{f}}} ), is defined as the instantaneous value of stress required to continue plastically deforming a material - to keep it flowing. It is most commonly, though not exclusively, used in reference to metals. On a stress-st... | 272 |
c_atr27i44owh5 | MXenes | MXenes | In materials science, MXenes are a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds , that consist of atomically thin layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. MXenes accept a variety of hydrophilic terminations. MXenes were first reported in 2012. | 276 |
c_qk923btlx8nd | Ostwald's step rule | Ostwald's_rule | In materials science, Ostwald's rule or Ostwald's step rule, conceived by Wilhelm Ostwald, describes the formation of polymorphs. The rule states that usually the less stable polymorph crystallizes first. Ostwald's rule is not a universal law but a common tendency observed in nature.This can be explained on the basis o... | 277 |
c_g0ocinkmet3r | Schmid's law | Schmid's_law | In materials science, Schmid's law (also Schmid factor) describes the slip plane and the slip direction of a stressed material, which can resolve the most shear stress. Schmid's Law states that the critically resolved shear stress (τ) is equal to the stress applied to the material (σ) multiplied by the cosine of the an... | 280 |
c_6eyyzok7zwt3 | Bingham fluid | Bingham_plastic | In materials science, a Bingham plastic is a viscoplastic material that behaves as a rigid body at low stresses but flows as a viscous fluid at high stress. It is named after Eugene C. Bingham who proposed its mathematical form.It is used as a common mathematical model of mud flow in drilling engineering, and in the ha... | 281 |
c_awaeu29i7eae | Frank-Read source | Frank-Read_source | In materials science, a Frank–Read source is a mechanism explaining the generation of multiple dislocations in specific well-spaced slip planes in crystals when they are deformed. When a crystal is deformed, in order for slip to occur, dislocations must be generated in the material. This implies that, during deformatio... | 282 |
c_32vl16h6thvx | Lomer–Cottrell junction | Lomer–Cottrell_junction | In materials science, a Lomer–Cottrell junction is a particular configuration of dislocations. When two perfect dislocations encounter along a slip plane, each perfect dislocation can split into two Shockley partial dislocations: a leading dislocation and a trailing dislocation. When the two leading Shockley partials c... | 284 |
c_j33ili95wary | Composite laminate | Composite_laminate | In materials science, a composite laminate is an assembly of layers of fibrous composite materials which can be joined to provide required engineering properties, including in-plane stiffness, bending stiffness, strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The individual layers consist of high-modulus, high-strength... | 286 |
c_uxr3y093vmv1 | Dislocation | Dislocation_climb | In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure that contains an abrupt change in the arrangement of atoms. The movement of dislocations allow atoms to slide over each other at low stress levels and is known as glide or slip. The... | 288 |
c_4ji2mwly7rsu | Rule of mixtures | Rule_of_mixtures | In materials science, a general rule of mixtures is a weighted mean used to predict various properties of a composite material . It provides a theoretical upper- and lower-bound on properties such as the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. In general there are ... | 293 |
c_ap39dd5tc9tf | Grain boundary | Grain_boundary | In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for t... | 295 |
c_gzad7z232jon | Matrix (composite) | Matrix_(composite) | In materials science, a matrix is a constituent of a composite material. | 296 |
c_7seh4dowrbip | Sponge metal | Aluminum_foam | In materials science, a metal foam is a material or structure consisting of a solid metal (frequently aluminium) with gas-filled pores comprising a large portion of the volume. The pores can be sealed (closed-cell foam) or interconnected (open-cell foam). The defining characteristic of metal foams is a high porosity: t... | 297 |
c_s7fpivd2y251 | Metal matrix composite | Metal_matrix_composites | In materials science, a metal matrix composite (MMC) is a composite material with fibers or particles dispersed in a metallic matrix, such as copper, aluminum, or steel. The secondary phase is typically a ceramic (such as alumina or silicon carbide) or another metal (such as steel). They are typically classified accord... | 299 |
c_u4b317ftg0t7 | Partial dislocation | Partial_dislocation | In materials science, a partial dislocation is a decomposed form of dislocation that occurs within a crystalline material. An extended dislocation is a dislocation that has dissociated into a pair of partial dislocations. The vector sum of the Burgers vectors of the partial dislocations is the Burgers vector of the ext... | 301 |
c_8f4d6ebfddup | Polymer blend | Polymer_blend | In materials science, a polymer blend, or polymer mixture, is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. | 302 |
c_96r1cilho69z | Polymer matrix composite | Polymer_matrix_composite | In materials science, a polymer matrix composite (PMC) is a composite material composed of a variety of short or continuous fibers bound together by a matrix of organic polymers. PMCs are designed to transfer loads between fibers of a matrix. Some of the advantages with PMCs include their light weight, high resistance ... | 303 |
c_51tu1z1subgt | Porous media | Porous_medium | In materials science, a porous medium or a porous material is a material containing pores (voids). The skeletal portion of the material is often called the "matrix" or "frame". The pores are typically filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). The skeletal material is usually a solid, but structures like foams are often also... | 304 |
c_bnzgykpfx0aj | Porous media | Porous_medium | Many of their important properties can only be rationalized by considering them to be porous media. The concept of porous media is used in many areas of applied science and engineering: filtration, mechanics (acoustics, geomechanics, soil mechanics, rock mechanics), engineering (petroleum engineering, bioremediation, c... | 307 |
c_wcdee2ycfq4n | Precipitate-free zone | Precipitate-free_zone | In materials science, a precipitate-free zone (PFZ) refers to microscopic localized regions around grain boundaries that are free of precipitates (solid impurities forced outwards from the grain during crystallization). It is a common phenomenon that arises in polycrystalline materials (crystalline materials with stoch... | 308 |
c_ad0i48efsjl5 | Refractory lining | Refractory_materials | In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack, and retains strength and form at high temperatures. Refractories are polycrystalline, polyphase, inorganic, non-metallic, porous, and heterogeneous. They are typically comp... | 309 |
c_zm9739l85qt3 | Sandwich structured composite | Sandwich-structured_composite | In materials science, a sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin-but-stiff skins to a lightweight but thick core. The core material is normally low strength, but its higher thickness provides the sandwich composite with high bending stiffness with ... | 310 |
c_ak2uum6tzn69 | Mono-crystalline silicon | Single_Crystal | In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals uni... | 312 |
c_bp5pvzggkfjr | Thermosetting polymer | Thermosetting_polymers | In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer (resin). Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high pressure, or mixing with a catalyst. Heat is not nece... | 314 |
c_40u7zaxd657w | Advanced composite materials (engineering) | Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) | In materials science, advanced composite materials (ACMs) are materials that are generally characterized by unusually high strength fibres with unusually high stiffness, or modulus of elasticity characteristics, compared to other materials, while bound together by weaker matrices. These are termed "advanced composite m... | 316 |
c_rtib2ea2o48d | Interstitial defect | Interstitial_element | In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect. Alternatively, small ... | 320 |
c_e0xd77hfutfu | Intrinsic properties | Intrinsic_property > Applications in science and engineering | In materials science, an intrinsic property is independent of how much of a material is present and is independent of the form of the material, e.g., one large piece or a collection of small particles. Intrinsic properties are dependent mainly on the fundamental chemical composition and structure of the material. Extri... | 321 |
c_a3x6tnikqad8 | Torsion tensor | Torsion_form > Characterizations and interpretations > The torsion of a filament | In materials science, and especially elasticity theory, ideas of torsion also play an important role. One problem models the growth of vines, focusing on the question of how vines manage to twist around objects. The vine itself is modeled as a pair of elastic filaments twisted around one another. In its energy-minimizi... | 322 |
c_hsygco26v77z | Asperity (material science) | Asperity_(materials_science) | In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough"), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale. They are rough, with sharp, rough or r... | 323 |
c_k4dx0rdl37kb | Asperity (material science) | Asperity_(materials_science) | Friction and wear originate at these points, and thus understanding their behavior becomes important when studying materials in contact. When the surfaces are subjected to a compressive load, the asperities deform through elastic and plastic modes, increasing the contact area between the two surfaces until the contact ... | 325 |
c_a75gn71w5f7c | Bulk density | Bulk_density | In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density or volumetric density, is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or par... | 326 |
c_x5joemf2iwp0 | Ceramic Matrix Composite | Ceramic_Matrix_Composite | In materials science, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. The fibers and the matrix both can consist of any ceramic material, whereby carbon and carbon fibers can also be regarded as a ceramic mat... | 327 |
c_2ig0bptrnigt | Friction force microscopy | Friction_force_microscopy | In materials science, chemical force microscopy (CFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization of materials surfaces. With AFM, structural morphology is probed using simple tapping or contact modes that utilize van der Waals interactions between tip and samp... | 328 |
c_18weafanflo7 | Creep (deformation) | Creep_(deformation) | In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to undergo slow deformation while subject to persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material. Creep is more severe ... | 330 |
c_tiiyrzhekdxb | Critical resolved shear stress | Critical_resolved_shear_stress | In materials science, critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the component of shear stress, resolved in the direction of slip, necessary to initiate slip in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the shear component of an applied tensile or compressive stress resolved along a slip plane that is other than perpendicu... | 333 |
c_v02rdfkm7o3s | Cross Slip | Cross_Slip | In materials science, cross slip is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. It allows non-planar movement of screw dislocations. Non-planar movement of edge dislocations is achieved through climb. Since the Burgers vector of a perfect screw dislocation is par... | 335 |
c_9sr92sq41td5 | Euler angle | Euler_Angles > Applications > Crystallographic texture | In materials science, crystallographic texture (or preferred orientation) can be described using Euler angles. In texture analysis, the Euler angles provide a mathematical depiction of the orientation of individual crystallites within a polycrystalline material, allowing for the quantitative description of the macrosco... | 337 |
c_p1o2ryiyc8y5 | Direct laser interference patterning | Direct_laser_interference_patterning | In materials science, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a laser-based technology that uses the physical principle of interference of high-intensity coherent laser beams to produce functional periodic microstructures. In order to obtain interference, the beam is divided by a beam splitter, special prisms, o... | 338 |
c_rw1nir3lr1lz | Disappearing polymorphs | Disappearing_polymorphs | In materials science, disappearing polymorphs (or perverse polymorphism) describes a phenomenon in which a seemingly stable crystal structure is suddenly unable to be produced, instead transforming into a polymorph, or differing crystal structure with the same chemical composition, during nucleation. Sometimes the resu... | 340 |
c_5c1eqay1lkk8 | Dispersion (materials science) | Dispersion_(materials_science) | In materials science, dispersion is the fraction of atoms of a material exposed to the surface. In general, D = NS/N, where D is the dispersion, NS is the number of surface atoms and NT is the total number of atoms of the material. It is an important concept in heterogeneous catalysis, since only atoms exposed to the s... | 343 |
c_ox85u72ul6l2 | Effective medium | Effective_permittivity_and_permeability | In materials science, effective medium approximations (EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the multiple values of the constituents that directly make up the composi... | 344 |
c_n4sk1ke7unhq | Environmental stress fracture | Environmental_stress_fracture | In materials science, environmental stress fracture or environment assisted fracture is the generic name given to premature failure under the influence of tensile stresses and harmful environments of materials such as metals and alloys, composites, plastics and ceramics. Metals and alloys exhibit phenomena such as stre... | 347 |
c_ft528bu363si | Fast ion conductor | Solid_electrolytes | In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. | 350 |
c_6sbp4o73ob4y | Material fatigue | Metal_fatigue | In materials science, fatigue is the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, it grows a small amount with each loading cycle, typically producing striations on some parts of the fracture surface. The crack will continue to grow until it reaches a cri... | 352 |
c_momczbpchs2l | Fracture toughening mechanisms | Fracture_toughness | In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin components having plane stress conditions and thick components ... | 355 |
c_7rjtdrk6q0ge | Fragile matter | Fragile_matter | In materials science, fragile matter is a granular material that is jammed solid. Everyday examples include beans getting stuck in a hopper in a whole food shop, or milk powder getting jammed in an upside-down bottle. The term was coined by physicist Michael Cates, who asserts that such circumstances warrant a new clas... | 357 |
c_ycig73mvowdi | Friability | Friability | In materials science, friability ( FRY-ə-BIL-ə-tee), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under duress or contact, especially by rubbing. The opposite of friable is indurate. Substances that are designated hazardous, such as asbestos or crystalline sil... | 361 |
c_b9nwx65gpusa | Galfenol | Galfenol | In materials science, galfenol is the general term for an alloy of iron and gallium. The name was first given to iron-gallium alloys by United States Navy researchers in 1998 when they discovered that adding gallium to iron could amplify iron's magnetostrictive effect up to tenfold. Galfenol is of interest to sonar res... | 363 |
c_2nyerch6v99f | Grain growth | Grain_growth | In materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in... | 366 |
c_3kedh42o455y | Grain refining | Grain_refining | In materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain ... | 367 |
c_5narggnme3rm | Hardness tester | Hardness_tests | In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium are harder than soft metals such as so... | 368 |
c_vxrgt43ar50j | Intergranular corrosion | Sensitization_effect | In materials science, intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf. transgranular corrosion.) | 369 |
c_wqrogawhvaqf | Lamellar structure | Lamellar_structure | In materials science, lamellar structures or microstructures are composed of fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae. They are often observed in cases where a phase transition front moves quickly, leaving behind two solid products, as in rapid cooling of eutectic (such as solder) or eute... | 370 |
c_1eypuuoslx94 | Lamellar structure | Lamellar_structure | A deeper eutectic or more rapid cooling will result in finer lamellae; as the size of an individual lamellum approaches zero, the system will instead retain its high-temperature structure. Two common cases of this include cooling a liquid to form an amorphous solid, and cooling eutectoid austenite to form martensite. I... | 371 |
c_fj6jqqd3rg0t | Liquefaction | Liquefaction | In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction ... | 372 |
c_v4i4u87rzmfb | Material failure theory | Material_failure_theory > Material failure | In materials science, material failure is the loss of load carrying capacity of a material unit. This definition introduces to the fact that material failure can be examined in different scales, from microscopic, to macroscopic. In structural problems, where the structural response may be beyond the initiation of nonli... | 373 |
c_jb1lnwf3ce1p | Metallic elements | Metal_manufacturing > Categories > Refractory metal | In materials science, metallurgy, and engineering, a refractory metal is a metal that is extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium. They all have melting points above 2000 °C, and a hi... | 374 |
c_2qodeogupy2i | Misorientation | Misorientation | In materials science, misorientation is the difference in crystallographic orientation between two crystallites in a polycrystalline material. In crystalline materials, the orientation of a crystallite is defined by a transformation from a sample reference frame (i.e. defined by the direction of a rolling or extrusion ... | 375 |
c_bok4fwdvuqfk | Paracrystallinity | Paracrystallinity | In materials science, paracrystalline materials are defined as having short- and medium-range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction. | 377 |
c_qhk1n9anhal8 | Permeance | Permeance > Materials science | In materials science, permeance is the degree to which a material transmits another substance. | 378 |
c_5zetk9bdmk95 | Polymorphism (crystallography) | Polymorph_(mineralogy) | In materials science, polymorphism describes the existence of a solid material in more than one form or crystal structure. Polymorphism is a form of isomerism. Any crystalline material can exhibit the phenomenon. Allotropy refers to polymorphism for chemical elements. | 379 |
c_wnim5sel61tm | Quenching | Quenching | In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil, polymer, air, or other fluids to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring. It does this by reducing the window of t... | 381 |
c_lncffwrhxz5n | Radar absorbent material | Radar-absorbent_material | In materials science, radiation-absorbent material (RAM) is a material which has been specially designed and shaped to absorb incident RF radiation (also known as non-ionising radiation), as effectively as possible, from as many incident directions as possible. The more effective the RAM, the lower the resulting level ... | 383 |
c_1e9o61ruheje | Recrystallization temperature | Recrystallization_temperature | In materials science, recrystallization is a process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of defect-free grains that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed. Recrystallization is usually accompanied by a reduction in the strength and hardness of a material and a simultaneou... | 384 |
c_srcjs3hhf1cr | Reinforcement (composite) | Reinforcement_(composite) | In materials science, reinforcement is a constituent of a composite material which increases the composite's stiffness and tensile strength. | 385 |
c_18idd1opcosu | Segregation in materials | Segregation_in_materials | In materials science, segregation is the enrichment of atoms, ions, or molecules at a microscopic region in a materials system. While the terms segregation and adsorption are essentially synonymous, in practice, segregation is often used to describe the partitioning of molecular constituents to defects from solid solut... | 386 |
c_b580hxt3vsmg | Modulus of rigidity | Modulus_of_rigidity | In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: G = d e f τ x y γ x y = F / A Δ x / l = F l A Δ x {\displaystyle G\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {... | 388 |
c_oicgefilxbsc | Slip (materials science) | Slip_(materials_science) | In materials science, slip is the large displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another part along crystallographic planes and directions. Slip occurs by the passage of dislocations on close/packed planes, which are planes containing the greatest number of atoms per area and in close-packed directions (most a... | 389 |
c_h6lqfwoyftsb | Slip (materials science) | Slip_(materials_science) | A slip system describes the set of symmetrically identical slip planes and associated family of slip directions for which dislocation motion can easily occur and lead to plastic deformation. The magnitude and direction of slip are represented by the Burgers vector, b. An external force makes parts of the crystal lattic... | 390 |
c_bknllzmzmyzn | Stress relaxation | Stress_relaxation | In materials science, stress relaxation is the observed decrease in stress in response to strain generated in the structure. This is primarily due to keeping the structure in a strained condition for some finite interval of time hence causing some amount of plastic strain. This should not be confused with creep, which ... | 391 |
c_uxbfk3wstu91 | Superplastic deformation | Superplasticity | In materials science, superplasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well beyond its usual breaking point, usually over about 400% during tensile deformation. Such a state is usually achieved at high homologous temperature. Examples of superplastic materials are some fine-grained metals and ... | 396 |
c_4s95ktme8r12 | Burgers vector | Burgers_vector | In materials science, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as b, that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice. The vector's magnitude and direction is best understood when the dislocation-bearin... | 398 |
c_kcxl9bwvix8g | Charpy test | Charpy_test | In materials science, the Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a measure of the material's notch toughness. It is widely used in industry, since it is easy to pr... | 402 |
c_yvb5so5ecui3 | Zener–Hollomon parameter | Zener–Hollomon_parameter | In materials science, the Zener–Hollomon parameter, typically denoted as Z, is used to relate changes in temperature or strain-rate to the stress-strain behavior of a material. It has been most extensively applied to the forming of steels at increased temperature, when creep is active. It is given by Z = ε ˙ exp ( Q ... | 404 |
c_eccr9w48ehk1 | Cottrell atmosphere | Cottrell_atmosphere | In materials science, the concept of the Cottrell atmosphere was introduced by A. H. Cottrell and B. A. Bilby in 1949 to explain how dislocations are pinned in some metals by boron, carbon, or nitrogen interstitials. Cottrell atmospheres occur in body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) materials, such a... | 407 |
c_66b6yencpmuk | Sessile drop technique | Sessile_drop_technique | In materials science, the sessile drop technique is a method used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies. The main premise of the method is that by placing a droplet of liquid with a known surface energy and contact angle, the surface energy of the soli... | 409 |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
README.md exists but content is empty.
- Downloads last month
- 8