text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 33 66 | page_title stringlengths 3 30 | section_title stringlengths 5 33 | context_page_description stringlengths 351 5.3k | context_section_description stringlengths 72 15.5k | media list | hierachy list | category list | source_id stringclasses 21
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projected-00000012-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Criticism | Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions they claim maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessarily limited to, governments, nation states, and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for... | The most common critique of anarchism is that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival. Philosopher Bertrand Russell supported this critique, stating that "[p]eace and war, tariffs, regulations of sanitary conditions and the sale of noxious drugs, the preservation of a just system of dis... | [] | [
"Criticism"
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"Anti-capitalism",
"Anti-fascism",
"Economic ideologies",
"Left-wing politics",
"Libertarian socialism",
"Libertarianism",
"Political culture",
"Political movements",
"Political ideologies",
"Social theories",
"Socialism",
"Far-left politics"
] | |
projected-00000569-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology | Anthropology | Etymology | Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and va... | The abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history. Its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. Their New Latin derived from the combining forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos (, "human") and lógos (, "study"). (Its adjectival form appeared i... | [] | [
"Etymology"
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"Anthropology",
"Behavioural sciences"
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projected-00000670-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet | Alphabet | Etymology | An alphabet is a standardized set of basic written symbols or graphemes (called letters) that represent the phonemes of certain spoken languages. Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syllable, for instance, and logographic systems use characters to represen... | The English word alphabet came into Middle English from the Late Latin word alphabetum, which in turn originated in the Greek ἀλφάβητος (alphabētos), was made from the first two letters, alpha (α) and beta (β). The names for the Greek letters came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet; aleph, which also... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Alphabets",
"Orthography"
] | |
projected-00000775-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Algorithm | History | In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can perform automated dedu... | The concept of algorithm has existed since antiquity. Arithmetic algorithms, such as a division algorithm, were used by ancient Babylonian mathematicians c. 2500 BC and Egyptian mathematicians c. 1550 BC. Greek mathematicians later used algorithms in 240 BC in the sieve of Eratosthenes for finding prime numbers, and th... | [] | [
"History"
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"Algorithms",
"Articles with example pseudocode",
"Mathematical logic",
"Theoretical computer science"
] | wit-train-topic-003731289 |
projected-00000775-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Algorithm | Design | In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can perform automated dedu... | Algorithm design refers to a method or a mathematical process for problem-solving and engineering algorithms. The design of algorithms is part of many solution theories, such as divide-and-conquer or dynamic programming within operation research. Techniques for designing and implementing algorithm designs are also call... | [] | [
"Design"
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"Algorithms",
"Articles with example pseudocode",
"Mathematical logic",
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projected-00000783-048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20the%20Great | Alexander the Great | Historiography | Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout ... | Apart from a few inscriptions and fragments, texts written by people who actually knew Alexander or who gathered information from men who served with Alexander were all lost. Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Ar... | [] | [
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"Ancient Macedonian generals",
"Ancient Pellaeans",
"Argead kings of Macedonia",
"City founders",
"LGBT military p... | |
projected-08569916-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20language | English language | Vocabulary | English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the island of Great Britain. English is genealogically West Germanic, closest related ... | It is generally stated that English has around 170,000 words, or 220,000 if obsolete words are counted; this estimate is based on the last full edition of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1989. Over half of these words are nouns, a quarter adjectives, and a seventh verbs. There is one count that puts the English voca... | [] | [
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"Stress-timed languages",
"Subject–verb–object languages",
"Cultural globalization",
"Sahitya Akademi recognised languages"
] | |
projected-00000849-041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft | Aircraft | History | An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including b... | The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA)
Virtual Museum
Smithsonian Air and Space Museum - online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft
Amazing Early Flying Machines slideshow by Life magazine | [] | [
"External links",
"History"
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"Aircraft"
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projected-00000874-040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Egypt | Ancient Egypt | Population | Ancient Egypt was a civilization in ancient Northeast Africa, situated in the Egyptian Nile Valley in Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often ide... | Estimates of the size of the population range from 1–1.5 million in the 3rd millennium BC to possibly 2–3 million by the 1st millennium BC, before growing significantly towards the end of that millennium. | [] | [
"Population"
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"Ancient Egypt",
"Civilizations",
"Former empires in Africa",
"Former empires in Asia",
"Ancient peoples",
"History of Egypt",
"History of the Mediterranean"
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projected-18963870-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature | Literature | Definitions | Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of ... | Definitions of literature have varied over time. In Western Europe, prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing literature can be seen as returning to older, more inclusive notions, so that cultural studies, for instance, include, in addition to canonical works, popular and minority genres. The ... | [] | [
"Definitions"
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"Literature"
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projected-00001130-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna | Avicenna | List of works | Ibn Sina (; 980 – June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna (), was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, philosophers, and writers of the Islamic Golden Age, and the father of early modern medicine. Sajjad H. Rizvi has called Avicenna "arguably the most ... | The treatises of Avicenna influenced later Muslim thinkers in many areas including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics and music. His works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 volumes of his surviving works concentrate on philos... | [] | [
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"Aristotelian philosophers",
"Burials in Iran",
"Buyid viziers",
"Classical h... | |
projected-00001178-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife | Afterlife | Different metaphysical models | The afterlife (also referred to as life after death) is a purported existence in which the essential part of an individual's identity or their stream of consciousness continues to live after the death of their physical body. The surviving essential aspect varies between belief systems; it may be some partial element, o... | Theists generally believe some afterlife awaits people when they die. Members of some generally non-theistic religions tend to believe in an afterlife but without reference to a deity. The Sadducees were an ancient Jewish sect that generally believed that there was a God but no existence after death.
Many religions, w... | [] | [
"Different metaphysical models"
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"Afterlife",
"Religious belief and doctrine",
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projected-00001354-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes | Andes | Etymology | The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south t... | The etymology of the word Andes has been debated. The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word 'east' as in Antisuyu (Quechua for 'east region'), one of the four regions of the Inca Empire.
The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word cordel 'rope' and is used as a descriptive name for several c... | [] | [
"Etymology"
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"Andes",
"Mountain ranges of South America",
"Ecology of the Andes",
"Regions of South America",
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projected-40017873-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Diabetes | Diagnosis | Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acu... | Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed with a test for the glucose content in the blood, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:
Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). For this test, blood is taken after a period of fasting, i.e. in the morning before breakfast, after the patient had suffic... | [] | [
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"Cardiovascular diseases",
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projected-40017873-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Diabetes | Management | Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acu... | Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal, without causing low blood sugar. This can usually be accomplished with dietary changes, exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate medications (insulin, oral medications).
Learning about the disease and actively participating in the ... | [] | [
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"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Endocrine diseases",
"Cardiovascular diseases",
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projected-40017873-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Diabetes | History | Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acu... | Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, with an Egyptian manuscript from 1500 BCE mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The Ebers papyrus includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases. The first described cases are believed to have been type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same... | [] | [
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"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate",
"Metabolic disorders",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Endocrine diseases",
"Cardiovascular diseases",
"Disability by type"
] | |
projected-00001805-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic | Antibiotic | Side effects | An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A lim... | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects before their approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a wide extent of adverse side effects ranging from mild to very severe depending on the type of antibiotic used, the microbes ... | [
"Choosing Wisely antibiotics poster small English.pdf"
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"Antibiotics",
"Anti-infective agents",
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projected-18993927-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20culture | Popular culture | History | Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time. Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a result of interaction wi... | In the past folk culture functioned analogously to the popular culture of the masses and of the nations.
The phrase "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier. Traditionally, popular culture was associated with poor education and with the lower classes, as opposed to the "official culture" and higher ... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Popular culture",
"Media studies",
"Youth"
] | |
projected-18994022-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory | Prehistory | Timeline | Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of symbols, marks, and images appears very early among humans, but the earliest ... | All dates are approximate and conjectural, obtained through research in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, genetics, geology, or linguistics. They are all subject to revision due to new discoveries or improved calculations. BP stands for "Before Present (1950)." BCE stands for "Before Common Era". | [] | [
"Timeline"
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"Prehistory",
"World history"
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projected-00043455-036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%20dynasty | Tang dynasty | Historiography | The Tang dynasty (, ; ), or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, a... | The first classic work about the Tang is the Old Book of Tang by Liu Xu (887–946) et al. of the Later Jin, who redacted it during the last years of his life. This was edited into another history (labeled the New Book of Tang) in order to distinguish it, which was a work by the Song historians Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072), So... | [] | [
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"10th-century disestablishments in China",
"10th century in China",
"618 establishments",
"907 disestablishments",
"Dynasties in Chinese history",
"Former countries in C... | |
projected-00043494-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy%20tale | Fairy tale | Interpretations | A fairy tale, fairytale, wonder tale, magic tale, fairy story or Märchen is an instance of folklore genre that takes the form of a short story. Such stories typically feature mythical entities such as dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies and Peris, giants, Divs, gnomes, goblins, griffins, mermaids, talking animals, trolls, ... | Many fairy tales have been interpreted for their (purported) significance. One mythological interpretation saw many fairy tales, including Hansel and Gretel, Sleeping Beauty, and The Frog King, as solar myths; this mode of interpretation subsequently became rather less popular. Freudian, Jungian, and other psychologica... | [] | [
"Interpretations"
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"Fairy tales",
"German folklore",
"German literature",
"Narrative techniques",
"Fantasy genres",
"Traditional stories"
] | |
projected-00044905-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Asthma | Causes | Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These may occur a few times a day... | Asthma is caused by a combination of complex and incompletely understood environmental and genetic interactions. These influence both its severity and its responsiveness to treatment. It is believed that the recent increased rates of asthma are due to changing epigenetics (heritable factors other than those related to ... | [] | [
"Causes"
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"Asthma",
"Chronic lower respiratory diseases",
"Human diseases and disorders",
"Respiratory therapy",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)"
] | |
projected-00002965-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism | Alcoholism | Society and culture | Alcoholism is, broadly, any drinking of alcohol that results in significant mental or physical health problems. Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word alcoholism, it is not a recognized diagnostic entity. Predominant diagnostic classifications are alcohol use disorder (DSM-5) or alcohol dependence ... | The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs due to injuries due to drunkenness and organ damage from long-term use, and secondary treatment costs, such as the costs of rehabilitatio... | [] | [
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"Alcohol abuse",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Drinking culture",
"Substance-related disorders",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate",
"Substance dependence"
] | |
projected-00003118-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic | Arithmetic | Fundamental theorem of arithmetic | Arithmetic () is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th century, Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano formalized arithmetic with his Pean... | The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that any integer greater than 1 has a unique prime factorization (a representation of a number as the product of prime factors), excluding the order of the factors. For example, 252 only has one prime factorization:
252 = 2 × 3 × 7
Euclid's Elements first introduced this t... | [] | [
"Fundamental theorem of arithmetic"
] | [
"Arithmetic",
"Mathematics education"
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projected-00003401-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board%20game | Board game | Categories | Board games are tabletop games that typically use . These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well.
Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (Br... | There are a number of ways in which board games can be classified, and considerable overlap may exist, so that a game belong in several categories.
H. J. R. Murray's A History of Board Games Other Than Chess (1952) has been called the first attempt to develop a "scheme for the classification of board games". David Par... | [] | [
"Categories"
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"Board games",
"History of board games",
"Egyptian inventions"
] | |
projected-00004502-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology | Biotechnology | Definition | Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts there of and molecular analogues for products and services. The term biotechnology was first used by Károly Ereky in 1919, meaning the production of products from raw materials wi... | The concept of biotechnology encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also i... | [] | [
"Definition"
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"Biotechnology",
"Life sciences industry"
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projected-11749910-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese | Cheese | Production | Cheese is a dairy product produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. During production, milk is usually acidified and the enzymes of either rennet or bacterial enzymes wit... | In 2014, world production of cheese from whole cow milk was 18.7 million tonnes, with the United States accounting for 29% (5.4 million tonnes) of the world total followed by Germany, France and Italy as major producers (table).
Other 2014 world totals for processed cheese include:
from skimmed cow milk, 2.4 million ... | [] | [
"Production"
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"Cheese",
"Ancient dishes",
"Condiments",
"Dairy products",
"Articles containing video clips",
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projected-00004620-043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze%20Age | Bronze Age | Americas | The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system proposed in 1836 by Christian Jürgensen Tho... | The Moche civilization of South America independently discovered and developed bronze smelting. Bronze technology was developed further by the Incas and used widely both for utilitarian objects and sculpture. A later appearance of limited bronze smelting in West Mexico suggests either contact of that region with Andean... | [] | [
"Americas"
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"Bronze Age",
"Articles which contain graphical timelines",
"Historical eras"
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projected-00005142-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Chaplin | Charlie Chaplin | Filmography | Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. (16 April 188925 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more ... | Directed features:
The Kid (1921)
A Woman of Paris (1923)
The Gold Rush (1925)
The Circus (1928)
City Lights (1931)
Modern Times (1936)
The Great Dictator (1940)
Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
Limelight (1952)
A King in New York (1957)
A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) | [] | [
"Filmography"
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"Charlie Chaplin",
"1889 births",
"1977 deaths",
"19th-century English people",
"20th-century British male musicians",
"20th-century English screenwriters",
"20th-century English businesspeople",
"20th-century English comedians",
"20th-century English male actors",
"Academy Honorary Award recipien... | |
projected-00005222-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia | Colombia | Etymology | Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with an insular region in North America. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and Panama to the northwest. Colombi... | The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus (, ). It was conceived as a reference to all of the New World. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819, formed from the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia, Panama, V... | [] | [
"Etymology"
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"Colombia",
"Andean Community",
"Countries in South America",
"Constitutional republics",
"Former Spanish colonies",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Republics",
"Spanish-speaking countries and territories",
"States and territories established in 1810",
"Transcontinental countries"
] | wit-train-topic-001134500 |
projected-00050521-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer | Sumer | Population | Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. It is one of the cradles of civilization in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civil... | Uruk, one of Sumer's largest cities, has been estimated to have had a population of 50,000–80,000 at its height; given the other cities in Sumer, and the large agricultural population, a rough estimate for Sumer's population might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million. The world population at this time has been estimated at 27... | [] | [
"Population"
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"Sumer",
"States and territories established in the 4th millennium BC",
"States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC",
"States and territories disestablished in the 20th century BC",
"Civilizations",
"Lists of coordinates",
"Archaeology of Iraq",
"Levant",
"Populated places establish... | wit-train-topic-004284151 |
projected-00005623-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal | Canal | Construction | Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flow under atmospheric pressure, and can be thought of as artificial rivers.
In most cases,... | Canals are built in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path:
Human made streams
A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making dykes or levees by piling dirt, stone, c... | [] | [
"Construction"
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"Canals",
"Coastal construction",
"Water transport infrastructure",
"Artificial bodies of water",
"Infrastructure"
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projected-00325329-050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20War | Cold War | In popular culture | The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the an... | During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence people around the world, especially using motion pictures. The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media, and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War... | [] | [
"In popular culture"
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"Cold War",
"20th-century conflicts",
"Global conflicts",
"History of international relations",
"Wars involving the Soviet Union",
"Wars involving the United States",
"Soviet Union–United States relations",
"Aftermath of World War II",
"Geopolitical rivalry",
"Wars involving NATO",
"Nuclear warf... | |
projected-00325329-051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20War | Cold War | Historiography | The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the an... | As soon as the term "Cold War" was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians, political scientists, and journalists. In particular, historians have sharply disagre... | [] | [
"Historiography"
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"Geopolitical rivalry",
"Wars involving NATO",
"Nuclear warf... | |
projected-00005826-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20number | Complex number | Notation | In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted , called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation ; every complex number can be expressed in the form , where and are real numbers. Because no real number satisfies the above equation,... | A real number can be regarded as a complex number , whose imaginary part is 0. A purely imaginary number is a complex number , whose real part is zero. As with polynomials, it is common to write for and for . Moreover, when the imaginary part is negative, that is, , it is common to write instead of ; for example,... | [] | [
"Notation"
] | [
"Composition algebras",
"Complex numbers"
] | |
projected-00005914-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis | Catalysis | History | Catalysis () is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice; mixing, surface area... | Generally speaking, anything that increases the rate of a process is a "catalyst", a term derived from Greek καταλύειν, meaning "to annul," or "to untie," or "to pick up." The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist Elizabeth Fulhame and described in a 1794 book, based on her novel work in oxidation-reduction exp... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Articles containing video clips"
] | |
projected-00005932-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate | Carbohydrate | Division | In organic chemistry, a carbohydrate () is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n). However, not all carbohydrates conform to this precise s... | Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, their simple derivatives and their polymers having linkages of the acetal type. They may be classified according to their degree of polymerization, and may be divided initially into three principal groups, namely sugars, oligosaccharides and polysacchar... | [] | [
"Division"
] | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Nutrition"
] | |
projected-00050896-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20station | Space station | Architecture | A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite (i.e. a type of orbital spaceflight). Stations mus... | Two types of space stations have been flown: monolithic and modular. Monolithic stations consist of a single vehicle and are launched by one rocket. Modular stations consist of two or more separate vehicles that are launched independently and docked on orbit. Modular stations are currently preferred due to lower costs ... | [] | [
"Architecture"
] | [
"Space stations",
"1971 introductions",
"Human habitats",
"Soviet inventions"
] | wit-train-topic-001251986 |
projected-00005962-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet | Comet | Observation | A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process that is called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucl... | A comet may be discovered photographically using a wide-field telescope or visually with binoculars. However, even without access to optical equipment, it is still possible for the amateur astronomer to discover a sungrazing comet online by downloading images accumulated by some satellite observatories such as SOHO. SO... | [] | [
"Observation"
] | [
"Comets",
"Astronomical objects",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Ice",
"Extraterrestrial water",
"Concepts in astronomy"
] | |
projected-00005993-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20bond | Chemical bond | Theories of chemical bonding | A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of molecules. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerabl... | In the (unrealistic) limit of "pure" ionic bonding, electrons are perfectly localized on one of the two atoms in the bond. Such bonds can be understood by classical physics. The forces between the atoms are characterized by isotropic continuum electrostatic potentials. Their magnitude is in simple proportion to the cha... | [] | [
"Theories of chemical bonding"
] | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Quantum chemistry"
] | |
projected-00005999-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate | Climate | Definition | Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric... | Climate () is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. The Intergovernmental Pa... | [] | [
"Definition"
] | [
"Climate",
"Meteorological concepts",
"Climatology"
] | |
projected-00006125-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss | Carl Friedrich Gauss | Anecdotes | Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; ; ; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science. Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum () and "the greatest mathematician since antiquity", Gauss had an exceptional inf... | There are several stories of his early genius. According to one, his gifts became very apparent at the age of three when he corrected, mentally and without fault in his calculations, an error his father had made on paper while calculating finances.
Another story has it that in primary school after the young Gauss misb... | [] | [
"Anecdotes"
] | [
"Carl Friedrich Gauss",
"1777 births",
"1855 deaths",
"18th-century German mathematicians",
"19th-century German mathematicians",
"Technical University of Braunschweig alumni",
"Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences",
"German deists",
"Differential geometers",
"Fellows ... | |
projected-00006678-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat | Cat | Taxonomy | The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat, or a feral cat; the latter r... | The scientific name Felis catus was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a domestic cat. Felis catus domesticus was proposed by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777. Felis daemon proposed by Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin in 1904 was a black cat from the Transcaucasus, later identified as a domestic cat.
In 200... | [] | [
"Taxonomy"
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"Cats",
"Mammals described in 1758",
"Animal models",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Felis",
"Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus",
"Cosmopolitan mammals"
] | |
projected-19167679-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus | Virus | Origins | A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the d... | Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved. The origin of viruses is unclear because they do not form fossils, so molecular techniques are used to investigate how they arose. In addition, viral genetic material occasionally integrates into the germline of the hos... | [] | [
"Origins"
] | [
"Virology",
"Viruses",
"1898 in biology",
"Medical tests",
"Epidemiology",
"Global health",
"Infectious diseases",
"Pandemics",
"Zoonoses"
] | |
projected-19179592-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea | Archaea | Morphology | Archaea ( ; singular archaeon ) constitute a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebacteria kingdom), but this term has fallen out of use.
Archaeal cells have... | Individual archaea range from 0.1 micrometers (μm) to over 15 μm in diameter, and occur in various shapes, commonly as spheres, rods, spirals or plates. Other morphologies in the Thermoproteota include irregularly shaped lobed cells in Sulfolobus, needle-like filaments that are less than half a micrometer in diameter i... | [] | [
"Morphology"
] | [
"Archaea",
"Extremophiles",
"Domains (biology)",
"Systems of bacterial taxonomy"
] | |
projected-00008072-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease | Disease | Treatments | A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by externa... | Medical therapies or treatments are efforts to cure or improve a disease or other health problems. In the medical field, therapy is synonymous with the word treatment. Among psychologists, the term may refer specifically to psychotherapy or "talk therapy". Common treatments include medications, surgery, medical devices... | [] | [
"Treatments"
] | [
"Diseases and disorders",
"Actuarial science",
"Medical terminology",
"Medicine in society"
] | |
projected-00008072-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease | Disease | Epidemiology | A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by externa... | Epidemiology is the study of the factors that cause or encourage diseases. Some diseases are more common in certain geographic areas, among people with certain genetic or socioeconomic characteristics, or at different times of the year.
Epidemiology is considered a cornerstone methodology of public health research and... | [] | [
"Epidemiology"
] | [
"Diseases and disorders",
"Actuarial science",
"Medical terminology",
"Medicine in society"
] | |
projected-00008376-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day | Day | Etymology | Generally, a day is roughly the time of one rotation of the Earth (about 24 hours) or one rotation of other large astronomical objects. In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two solar noons or times the Sun reaches the highest point. The word "day" may also refer to d... | The term comes from the Old English dæg, with its cognates such as dagur in Icelandic, Tag in German, and dag in Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Dutch – all stemming from a Proto-Germanic root *dagaz. , day is the 205th most common word in US English, and the 210th most common in UK English. | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Day",
"Orders of magnitude (time)",
"Units of time"
] | |
projected-00009033-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship | Dictatorship | Structure | A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader or a group of leaders which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Politics in a dictatorship take place between the dictator, the inner circle, and the opposition, which m... | The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Political scientists such as Juan José Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictat... | [] | [
"Structure"
] | [
"Dictatorship",
"Authoritarianism",
"Oligarchy"
] | |
projected-00055313-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy | Allergy | Cause | Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash,... | Risk factors for allergies can be placed in two broad categories, namely host and environmental factors. Host factors include heredity, sex, race, and age, with heredity being by far the most significant. However, there have been recent increases in the incidence of allergic disorders that cannot be explained by geneti... | [] | [
"Cause"
] | [
"Allergology",
"Effects of external causes",
"Immunology",
"Respiratory diseases",
"Immune system",
"Immune system disorders",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate"
] | |
projected-00009251-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering | Engineering | Definition | Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas... | The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET) has defined "engineering" as:
The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct... | [] | [
"Definition"
] | [
"Engineering",
"Engineering occupations",
"Ethics",
"Philosophy of science",
"Main topic articles"
] | |
projected-00009252-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education | Education | Types | Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Various researchers emphasize the role of critical thinking in order to distinguish... | There are various ways how forms of education are commonly subdivided into different types. The most common subdivision is between formal, non-formal, and informal education. However, some theorists only distinguish between formal and informal education. A process of teaching constitutes formal education if it happens ... | [] | [
"Types"
] | [
"Education",
"Main topic articles"
] | |
projected-00056435-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity | Obesity | Management | Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which abnormal or excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are classified as obese when their body mass index (BMI)—a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the p... | The main treatment for obesity consists of weight loss via lifestyle interventions, including prescribed diets and physical exercise. Although it is unclear what diets might support long-term weight loss, and although the effectiveness of low-calorie diets is debated, lifestyle changes that reduce calorie consumption o... | [] | [
"Management"
] | [
"Obesity",
"Bariatrics",
"Body shape",
"Nutrition"
] | |
projected-27406894-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical%20instrument | Musical instrument | Classification | A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an instrumentalist. The history of music... | There are many different methods of classifying musical instruments. Various methods examine aspects such as the physical properties of the instrument (material, color, shape, etc.), the use for the instrument, the means by which music is produced with the instrument, the range of the instrument, and the instrument's p... | [] | [
"Classification"
] | [
"Musical instruments"
] | |
projected-20903754-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics | Robotics | Etymology | Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of computer science and engineering. Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to design machines that can help and assist humans. Robotics integrates fields of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, information enginee... | The word robotics was derived from the word robot, which was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), which was published in 1920. The word robot comes from the Slavic word robota, which means work/job. The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Robotics"
] | |
projected-00010406-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion | Emotion | Definitions | Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure. There is currently no scientific consensus on a definition. Emotions are often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, ... | The Lexico definition of emotion is "A strong feeling deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others." Emotions are responses to significant internal and external events.
Emotions can be occurrences (e.g., panic) or dispositions (e.g., hostility), and short-lived (e.g., anger) or long-lived (e.g... | [] | [
"Definitions"
] | [
"Emotion",
"Limbic system",
"Subjective experience"
] | |
projected-14640471-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars | Mars | Historical observations | Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, being larger than only Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere (less than 1% that of Earth's), and has a crust primarily composed of elements s... | The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible, which occur every couple of years. Even more notable are the perihelic oppositions of Mars, which are distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion, making it even closer to... | [] | [
"Historical observations"
] | [
"Mars",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Astronomical objects known since antiquity",
"Planets of the Solar System",
"Terrestrial planets"
] | |
projected-00010597-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20language | French language | Grammar | French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages histor... | French is a moderately inflected language. Nouns and most pronouns are inflected for number (singular or plural, though in most nouns the plural is pronounced the same as the singular even if spelled differently); adjectives, for number and gender (masculine or feminine) of their nouns; personal pronouns and a few othe... | [] | [
"Grammar"
] | [
"French language",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Fusional languages",
"Languages attested from the 9th century",
"Languages of France",
"Languages of Algeria",
"Languages of Belgium",
"Languages of Benin",
"Languages of Burkina Faso",
"Languages of Burundi",
"Languages of Cambodia",
"Lan... | |
projected-00010597-040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20language | French language | Vocabulary | French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages histor... | The majority of French words derive from Vulgar Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. In many cases, a single etymological root appears in French in a "popular" or native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from Classical Latin. The following pairs consist of a native no... | [] | [
"Vocabulary"
] | [
"French language",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Fusional languages",
"Languages attested from the 9th century",
"Languages of France",
"Languages of Algeria",
"Languages of Belgium",
"Languages of Benin",
"Languages of Burkina Faso",
"Languages of Burundi",
"Languages of Cambodia",
"Lan... | |
projected-00010783-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20film | History of film | 1960s | The history of film chronicles the development of a visual art form created using film technologies that began in the late 19th century.
Although the advent of film as an artistic medium is not clearly defined, the commercial, public screening of ten of the Lumière brothers' short films in Paris on 28 December 1895 ca... | During the 1960s, the studio system in Hollywood declined, because many films were now being made on location in other countries, or using studio facilities abroad, such as Pinewood in the UK and Cinecittà in Rome. "Hollywood" films were still largely aimed at family audiences, and it was often the more old-fashioned f... | [] | [
"1960s"
] | [
"History of film",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Film theory",
"Art history by medium",
"Cinematography",
"Film and video technology",
"Film production"
] | |
projected-00010783-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20film | History of film | 1980s | The history of film chronicles the development of a visual art form created using film technologies that began in the late 19th century.
Although the advent of film as an artistic medium is not clearly defined, the commercial, public screening of ten of the Lumière brothers' short films in Paris on 28 December 1895 ca... | During the 1980s, audiences began increasingly watching films on their home VCRs. In the early part of that decade, the film studios tried legal action to ban home ownership of VCRs as a violation of copyright, which proved unsuccessful. Eventually, the sale and rental of films on home video became a significant "secon... | [] | [
"1980s"
] | [
"History of film",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Film theory",
"Art history by medium",
"Cinematography",
"Film and video technology",
"Film production"
] | wit-train-topic-001685177 |
projected-00011185-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism | Feminism | Demographics | Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male point of view and that women are treated unjustly in these societies. Efforts to chan... | According to 2014 Ipsos poll covering 15 developed countries, 53 percent of respondents identified as feminists, and 87 percent agreed that "women should be treated equally to men in all areas based on their competency, not their gender". However, only 55 percent of women agreed that they have "full equality with men a... | [] | [
"Demographics"
] | [
"Feminism",
"1830s neologisms",
"Social theories"
] | |
projected-00011185-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism | Feminism | Sexuality | Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male point of view and that women are treated unjustly in these societies. Efforts to chan... | Feminist views on sexuality vary, and have differed by historical period and by cultural context. Feminist attitudes to female sexuality have taken a few different directions. Matters such as the sex industry, sexual representation in the media, and issues regarding consent to sex under conditions of male dominance hav... | [] | [
"Sexuality"
] | [
"Feminism",
"1830s neologisms",
"Social theories"
] | |
projected-00012240-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold | Gold | Occurrence | Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from ) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in a pure form. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is ... | On Earth, gold is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward. It most often occurs as a native metal, typically in a metal solid solution with silver (i.e. as a gold/silver alloy). Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20% silver, and is commonl... | [] | [
"Occurrence"
] | [
"Gold",
"Chemical elements",
"Transition metals",
"Noble metals",
"Precious metals",
"Cubic minerals",
"Minerals in space group 225",
"Dental materials",
"Electrical conductors",
"Native element minerals",
"E-number additives",
"Symbols of Alaska",
"Symbols of California",
"Chemical elemen... | |
projected-00012240-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold | Gold | Toxicity | Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from ) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in a pure form. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is ... | Pure metallic (elemental) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of gold leaf. Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks Goldschläger, Gold Strike, and Goldwasser. Metallic gold is approved as a food additive in the EU (E175 in the Codex... | [] | [
"Toxicity"
] | [
"Gold",
"Chemical elements",
"Transition metals",
"Noble metals",
"Precious metals",
"Cubic minerals",
"Minerals in space group 225",
"Dental materials",
"Electrical conductors",
"Native element minerals",
"E-number additives",
"Symbols of Alaska",
"Symbols of California",
"Chemical elemen... | |
projected-00012448-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges | Ganges | Geology | The Ganges ( ) (in India: Ganga ( ); in Bangladesh: Padma ( )) is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It flows south and east through the Gangetic plain of North India, receiving the right-bank tributary, ... | The Indian subcontinent lies atop the Indian tectonic plate, a minor plate within the Indo-Australian Plate. Its defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when, as a part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, it began a northeastwards drift—lasting fifty million years—across the then un... | [] | [
"Geology"
] | [
"Ganges",
"Ganges basin",
"International rivers of Asia",
"Rivers of Bangladesh",
"Rivers of India",
"Bangladesh–India border",
"Border rivers",
"Sacred rivers",
"Rivers of Bihar",
"Rivers of Jharkhand",
"Rivers of Delhi",
"Rivers of Uttarakhand",
"Rivers of Uttar Pradesh",
"Rivers of West... | |
projected-00012558-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy | Galaxy | Etymology | A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. The word is derived from the Greek (), literally 'milky', a reference to the Milky Way galaxy that contains the Solar System. Galaxies, averaging an estimated 100 million stars, range in size from dwarfs wit... | The word galaxy was borrowed via French and Medieval Latin from the Greek term for the Milky Way, () 'milky (circle)', named after its appearance as a milky band of light in the sky. In Greek mythology, Zeus places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant Heracles, on Hera's breast while she is asleep so the baby w... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Galaxies",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Articles containing video clips"
] | |
projected-00012569-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar | Grammar | Education | In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes domains such as phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, ... | Prescriptive grammar is taught in primary and secondary school. The term "grammar school" historically referred to a school (attached to a cathedral or monastery) that teaches Latin grammar to future priests and monks. It originally referred to a school that taught students how to read, scan, interpret, and declaim Gre... | [] | [
"Education"
] | [
"Grammar",
"Writing",
"Linguistics terminology"
] | |
projected-00012737-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder | Gunpowder | Chemistry | Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, carbon (in the form of charcoal) and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and carbon act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Gunpowde... | A simple, commonly cited, chemical equation for the combustion of gunpowder is:
2 KNO3 + S + 3 C → K2S + N2 + 3 CO2.
A balanced, but still simplified, equation is:
10 KNO3 + 3 S + 8 C → 2 K2CO3 + 3 K2SO4 + 6 CO2 + 5 N2.
The exact percentages of ingredients varied greatly through the medieval period as the recipes... | [] | [
"Chemistry"
] | [
"Gunpowder",
"Chinese inventions",
"Explosives",
"Firearm propellants",
"Pyrotechnic compositions",
"Rocket fuels",
"Solid fuels"
] | |
projected-19360669-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank | Bank | Capital and risk | A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets.
Because banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a countr... | Banks face a number of risks in order to conduct their business, and how well these risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much capital a bank is required to hold. Bank capital consists principally of equity, retained earnings and subordinated debt.
Some of the main risks faced ... | [] | [
"Capital and risk"
] | [
"Banks",
"Banking",
"Legal entities",
"Italian inventions",
"Economic history of Italy"
] | |
projected-00013255-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen | Hydrogen | Safety and precautions | Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula . It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the u... | Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals and i... | [] | [
"Safety and precautions"
] | [
"Hydrogen",
"Chemical elements",
"Reactive nonmetals",
"Diatomic nonmetals",
"Nuclear fusion fuels",
"Airship technology",
"Reducing agents",
"Refrigerants",
"Gaseous signaling molecules",
"E-number additives"
] | |
projected-00013371-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ford | Henry Ford | Early life | Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. By creating the first automobile that middle-class Americans could afford, he converted the automobile from an expensive l... | Henry Ford was born July 30, 1863, on a farm in Springwells Township, Michigan. His father, William Ford (1826–1905), was born in County Cork, Ireland, to a family that had emigrated from Somerset, England in the 16th century. His mother, Mary Ford (née Litogot; 1839–1876), was born in Michigan as the youngest child of... | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"Henry Ford",
"1863 births",
"1947 deaths",
"Candidates in the 1916 United States presidential election",
"19th-century American businesspeople",
"19th-century American engineers",
"19th-century American Episcopalians",
"20th-century American businesspeople",
"20th-century American engineers",
"20... | |
projected-00065119-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi | Laozi | Names | Laozi (, ; commonly translated as "Old Master"), also rendered as Lao Tzu (), or Lao-Tze (), proper name Li Er, courtesy name Boyang, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, the founder of philosophical Taoism, and a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese ... | Laozi itself is a Chinese honorific title: (Old *rˤu ʔ, "old, venerable") and (Old *tsəʔ, "master"). In traditional accounts, Laozi'''s actual personal name is given as Er Old * nəʔ, Mod. Ěr) and his courtesy name as Boyang Old *Pˤrak-lang, Mod. Bóyáng), with his surname being Li (; Lǐ). A prominent posthumous nam... | [
"Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg"
] | [
"Names"
] | [
"Laozi",
"6th-century BC deaths",
"6th-century BC Chinese philosophers",
"7th-century BC births",
"Founders of philosophical traditions",
"Founders of religions",
"Investiture of the Gods characters",
"Libertarian theorists",
"Moral philosophers",
"Metaphysicians",
"Ontologists",
"People whose... | wit-train-topic-000234583 |
projected-00014533-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India | India | Etymology | India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it... | According to the Oxford English Dictionary (third edition 2009), the name "India" is derived from the Classical Latin India, a reference to South Asia and an uncertain region to its east; and in turn derived successively from: Hellenistic Greek India ( Ἰνδία); ancient Greek Indos ( Ἰνδός); Old Persian Hindush, an easte... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"India",
"Articles containing video clips",
"BRICS nations",
"Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations",
"English-speaking countries and territories",
"Federal republics",
"Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia",
"E7 nations",
"G15 nations",
"G20 nations",
"Hindi-speaking countries a... | |
projected-00014580-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Ocean | Indian Ocean | Oceanography | The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica, depending on the definition in use. Along it... | 40% of the sediment of the Indian Ocean is found in the Indus and Ganges fans. The oceanic basins adjacent to the continental slopes mostly contain terrigenous sediments. The ocean south of the polar front (roughly 50° south latitude) is high in biologic productivity and dominated by non-stratified sediment composed mo... | [] | [
"Oceanography"
] | [
"Indian Ocean",
"Oceans",
"East Africa",
"South Asia",
"Western Asia",
"Landforms of the Indian Ocean",
"Oceans surrounding Antarctica"
] | |
projected-00066715-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani%20language | Hindustani language | History | Hindustani (; Devanagari: , ; Perso-Arabic: , , ) is the lingua franca of Northern & Central India and Pakistan. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi and Urdu. Thus, the language is sometimes called Hindi–Urdu. Despite these standard registers, colloquial speech in Hindusta... | Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries, chiefly the Dehlavi dialect of the Western Hindi category of Indo-Aryan languages that is known as Old Hindi. Hindustani emerged as a contact language around Delhi, a r... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Hindustani language",
"Languages attested from the 8th century",
"Lingua francas",
"Indo-Aryan languages"
] | wit-train-topic-000710628 |
projected-00014627-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Newton | Isaac Newton | Alchemy | Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time.... | – Preface by Albert Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York (1972)
Keynes took a close interest in Newton and owned many of Newton's private papers.
(edited by A.H. White; originally published in 1752)
Trabue, J. "Ann and Arthur Storer of Calvert County, Maryland, Friends of Sir Isaac Newton... | [] | [
"Further reading",
"Alchemy"
] | [
"Isaac Newton",
"1642 births",
"1727 deaths",
"17th-century alchemists",
"17th-century apocalypticists",
"17th-century English astronomers",
"17th-century English mathematicians",
"17th-century English male writers",
"17th-century English writers",
"17th-century Latin-language writers",
"18th-ce... | |
projected-00014711-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20Age | Iron Age | History of the concept | The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age (Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostly applied to Iron Age Europe and the Ancient Near East, but also, by analogy, to ot... | The three-age system was introduced in the first half of the 19th century for the archaeology of Europe in particular, and by the later 19th century expanded to the archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Its name harks back to the mythological "Ages of Man" of Hesiod. As an archaeological era, it was first introduced fo... | [] | [
"History of the concept"
] | [
"Iron Age",
"Articles which contain graphical timelines",
"2nd-millennium BC establishments",
"Historical eras"
] | |
projected-04269567-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog | Dog | Taxonomy | The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. The dog was the first species to be domesticated, by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ... | In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris... | [] | [
"Taxonomy"
] | [
"Dogs",
"Wolves",
"Scavengers",
"Cosmopolitan mammals",
"Animal models",
"Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances",
"Mammals described in 1758",
"Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus"
] | |
projected-04269567-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog | Dog | Behavior | The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. The dog was the first species to be domesticated, by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ... | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, do... | [] | [
"Behavior"
] | [
"Dogs",
"Wolves",
"Scavengers",
"Cosmopolitan mammals",
"Animal models",
"Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances",
"Mammals described in 1758",
"Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus"
] | wit-train-topic-003915434 |
projected-00014958-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune%20system | Immune system | Surface barriers | The immune system is a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as cancer cells and objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Many species ha... | Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of most leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infectio... | [] | [
"Surface barriers"
] | [
"Immune system"
] | |
projected-00015319-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca%20Empire | Inca Empire | Etymology | The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called Tawantinsuyu by its subjects, (Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts") was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilization arose fr... | The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu, "the four suyu". In Quechua, tawa is four and -ntin is a suffix naming a group, so that a tawantin is a quartet, a group of four things taken together, in this case the four suyu ("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital. The four suyu were: Chinchays... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Inca Empire",
"Indigenous culture of the Americas",
"Andean civilizations",
"Post-Classic period in the Americas",
"16th-century disestablishments in the Inca civilization",
"States and territories established in 1438",
"History of Ecuador",
"History of Peru",
"Inca states",
"History of indigenou... | |
projected-18006808-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play%20%28activity%29 | Play (activity) | Definitions | Play is a range of intrinsically motivated activities done for recreational pleasure and enjoyment. Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but may be engaged in at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably mammals and birds.
Many prominent resear... | The seminal text in the field of play studies is the book Homo Ludens first published in 1944 with several subsequent editions, in which Johan Huizinga defines play as follows:
This definition of play as constituting a separate and independent sphere of human activity is sometimes referred to as the "magic circle" not... | [] | [
"Definitions"
] | [
"Play (activity)",
"Behavior",
"Ethology",
"Learning",
"Childhood"
] | |
projected-00180121-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication | Medication | Classification | A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy fo... | One of the key classifications is between traditional small molecule drugs; usually derived from chemical synthesis, and biologic medical products; which include recombinant proteins, vaccines, blood products used therapeutically (such as IVIG), gene therapy, and cell therapy (for instance, stem cell therapies).
Pharm... | [] | [
"Classification"
] | [
"Drugs",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Pharmaceutical industry",
"Products of chemical industry"
] | |
projected-09028799-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria | Bacteria | Habitat | Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitat... | Bacteria are ubiquitous, living in every possible habitat on the planet including soil, underwater, deep in Earth's crust and even such extreme environments as acidic hot springs and radioactive waste. There are approximately 2×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass that is only exceeded by plants. They are abundant... | [] | [
"Habitat"
] | [
"Bacteria",
"Bacteriology",
"Domains (biology)"
] | |
projected-09028799-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria | Bacteria | Metabolism | Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitat... | Bacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on... | [] | [
"Metabolism"
] | [
"Bacteria",
"Bacteriology",
"Domains (biology)"
] | |
projected-00017727-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library | Library | Etymology | A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are accessible for use and not just for display purposes. A library provides physical (hard copies) or digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both. A library's collection can include printed materials and ... | The term library is based on the Latin word for 'book' or 'document', contained in Latin 'collection of books' and 'container for books'. Other modern languages use derivations from Ancient Greek (), originally meaning 'book container', via Latin (cf. French or German ). | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Libraries",
"Library science",
"Book promotion"
] | |
projected-00017730-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin | Latin | Grammar | Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian region and subs... | Latin is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. In more traditional terminology, it is an inflected language, but typologists are apt to say "inflecting". Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word. The fusion of root meaning and... | [] | [
"Grammar"
] | [
"Languages attested from the 7th century BC",
"Latin language",
"Forms of Latin",
"Fusional languages",
"Languages of Andorra",
"Languages of France",
"Languages of Italy",
"Languages of Portugal",
"Languages of Romania",
"Languages of Spain",
"Languages of Vatican City",
"Languages with own d... | |
projected-00017860-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm | Logarithm | History | In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. That means the logarithm of a number to the base is the exponent to which must be raised, to produce . For example, since , the logarithm base 10 of is , or . The logarithm of to base is denoted as , or without parentheses, , or even without... | The history of logarithms in seventeenth-century Europe is the discovery of a new function that extended the realm of analysis beyond the scope of algebraic methods. The method of logarithms was publicly propounded by John Napier in 1614, in a book titled Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio (Description of the Wo... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Logarithms",
"Elementary special functions",
"Scottish inventions",
"Additive functions"
] | |
projected-00017940-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid | Lipid | Metabolism | Lipids are a broad group of naturally-occurring molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.... | The major dietary lipids for humans and other animals are animal and plant triglycerides, sterols, and membrane phospholipids. The process of lipid metabolism synthesizes and degrades the lipid stores and produces the structural and functional lipids characteristic of individual tissues. | [] | [
"Metabolism"
] | [
"Lipids",
"Underwater diving physiology"
] | |
projected-19572217-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza | Influenza | Treatment | Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms begin from one to four days after exposure to the virus (typically two days) and... | Treatment of influenza in cases of mild or moderate illness is supportive and includes anti-fever medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen, adequate fluid intake to avoid dehydration, and resting at home. Cough drops and throat sprays may be beneficial for sore throat. It is recommended to avoid alcohol and toba... | [] | [
"Treatment"
] | [
"Influenza",
"Airborne diseases",
"Animal viral diseases",
"Healthcare-associated infections",
"Vaccine-preventable diseases",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate",
"Zoonoses"
] | |
projected-19572217-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza | Influenza | Prognosis | Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms begin from one to four days after exposure to the virus (typically two days) and... | In healthy individuals, influenza infection is usually self-limiting and rarely fatal. Symptoms usually last for 2–8 days. Influenza can cause people to miss work or school, and it is associated with decreased job performance and, in older adults, reduced independence. Fatigue and malaise may last for several weeks aft... | [] | [
"Prognosis"
] | [
"Influenza",
"Airborne diseases",
"Animal viral diseases",
"Healthcare-associated infections",
"Vaccine-preventable diseases",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate",
"Zoonoses"
] | |
projected-00076086-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20motor | Electric motor | Types | An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. An electric generator is... | Electric motors operate on one of three physical principles: magnetism, electrostatics and piezoelectricity.
In magnetic motors, magnetic fields are formed in both the rotor and the stator. The product between these two fields gives rise to a force, and thus a torque on the motor shaft. One, or both, of these fields m... | [] | [
"Types"
] | [
"Electric motors",
"Electromagnetic components",
"Energy conversion",
"British inventions",
"Magnetic propulsion devices",
"Hungarian inventions"
] | |
projected-00186184-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi%20Shankara | Adi Shankara | Works | Adi Shankara (8th cent. CE), also called Adi Shankaracharya (, ), was an Indian Vedic scholar and teacher (acharya), whose works present a harmonizing reading of the sastras, with liberating knowledge of the self at its core, synthesizing the Advaita Vedanta teachings of his time. The title of Shankracharya, used by he... | Adi Shankara's works are the foundation of Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism, and his doctrine, states Sengaku Mayeda, "has been the source from which the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived". Over 300 texts are attributed to his name, including commentaries (Bhāṣya), original philosophical expositions ... | [] | [
"Works"
] | [
"Adi Shankara",
"Indian monks",
"8th-century Indian philosophers",
"Indian writers",
"Advaitin philosophers",
"Ancient Indian writers",
"Epistemologists",
"Founders of religions",
"Indian Hindu spiritual teachers",
"Hindu mystics",
"Hindu reformers",
"Hindu philosophers and theologians",
"Hi... | |
projected-00018422-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20algebra | Linear algebra | History | Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as:
linear maps such as:
and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.
Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, includ... | Fearnley-Sander, Desmond, "Hermann Grassmann and the Creation of Linear Algebra", American Mathematical Monthly 86 (1979), pp. 809–817. | [] | [
"Further reading",
"History"
] | [
"Linear algebra",
"Numerical analysis"
] | |
projected-00187749-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia | Ethiopia | Etymology | Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area o... | The Greek name Αἰθιοπία (from , Aithiops, "an Ethiopian") is a compound word, derived from the two Greek words, from + (aithō "I burn" + ōps "face"). According to the Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon, the designation properly translates as burnt-face in noun form and red-brown in adjectival form. The histori... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Ethiopia",
"Countries in Africa",
"East African countries",
"Federal republics",
"Horn African countries",
"Landlocked countries",
"Least developed countries",
"Member states of the African Union",
"Member states of the United Nations"
] | |
projected-00018831-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics | Mathematics | Etymology | Mathematics () is an area of knowledge that includes such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and the spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (calculus and analysis).
Most mathematical activity involves the discov... | The word mathematics comes from Ancient Greek máthēma (), meaning "that which is learnt," "what one gets to know," hence also "study" and "science". The word for "mathematics" came to have the narrower and more technical meaning "mathematical study" even in Classical times. Its adjective is mathēmatikós (), meaning "re... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Mathematics",
"Formal sciences",
"Main topic articles"
] | |
projected-00188171-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya | Kenya | Etymology | Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya (), is a country in East Africa. At , Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by area. With a population of more than 47.6 million in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country in the world. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest, currently ... | The Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The earliest recorded version of the modern name was written by German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf in the 19th century. While travelling with a Kamba caravan led by the legendary long-distance trader Chief Kivoi, Krapf spotted the mountain peak and asked what it was ca... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Kenya",
"Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations",
"English-speaking countries and territories",
"G15 nations",
"Member states of the African Union",
"Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"East African countries",
"States and territories established... | |
projected-00019006-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20Sea | Mediterranean Sea | Biogeochemistry | The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The Sea has played a central role in the history of Western... | In spite of its great biodiversity, concentrations of chlorophyll and nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea are very low, making it one of the most oligotrophic ocean regions in the world. The Mediterranean Sea is commonly referred to as an LNLC (Low-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) area. The Mediterranean Sea fits the definiti... | [] | [
"Biogeochemistry"
] | [
"Mediterranean Sea",
"European seas",
"Geography of Central Europe",
"Geography of North Africa",
"Geography of Southern Europe",
"Geography of Western Asia",
"Geography of Western Europe",
"Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean",
"Marine ecoregions",
"Natural history of Europe",
"Articles contain... | |
projected-00649861-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20ibn%20Musa%20al-Khwarizmi | Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi | Honors | Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (; ), or al-Khwarizmi was a Persian polymath from Khwarazm, who produced vastly influential works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography. Around 820 CE, he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the library of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
Al-Khwarizmi's popularizing treatise on... | Al-Khwarizmi (crater) — A crater on the far side of the moon → NASA Portal: Apollo 11, Photography Index.
13498 Al Chwarizmi — Main-belt Asteroid, Discovered 1986 Aug 6 by E. W. Elst and V. G. Ivanova at Smolyan.
11156 Al-Khwarismi — Main-belt Asteroid, Discovered 1997 Dec 31 by P. G. Comba at Prescott. | [] | [
"Honors"
] | [
"780s births",
"850 deaths",
"8th-century Arabic writers",
"8th-century astrologers",
"8th-century Iranian astronomers",
"8th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate",
"9th-century Arabic writers",
"9th-century astrologers",
"9th-century geographers",
"9th-century inventors",
"9th-century Irania... |
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