id stringlengths 1 192 | question stringlengths 8 1.77k | documents sequencelengths 1 29 | dataset_name stringclasses 12 values | documents_sentences sequencelengths 1 2.39k | all_relevant_sentence_keys sequencelengths 1 312 | relevance_score float64 0 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
358 | What role does T-cell count play in severe human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection? | [
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: Recent studies have shown that the immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance of HAdV viremia and survival of the host . Chen et al. report... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Recent studies have shown that the immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance of HAdV viremia and s... | [
"0d",
"0e",
"0f",
"1d",
"1e",
"1f"
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358 | What role does T-cell count play in severe human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection? | [
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: Recent studies have shown that the immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance of HAdV viremia and survival of the host . Chen et al. report... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Recent studies have shown that the immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance of HAdV viremia and s... | [
"0d",
"0e",
"0f",
"1d",
"1e",
"1f"
] | 0.315789 |
457 | What is MVO? | [
"Title: Gene Knockdowns in Adult Animals: PPMOs and Vivo-Morpholinos\nPassage: Global Therapeutics, the cardiology unit of Cook Medical , is developing PPMO-coated stents for balloon angioplasty using PPMOs from AVI BioPharma Inc. The Morpholino moiety targets c-myc to inhibit proliferation of the vascular endothel... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Antigen-specific oncolytic MV-based tumor vaccines through presentation of selected tumor-associated antigens on infected cells or virus-like particles"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: To assess the replication efficiency of the different vectors, multi-step growth kinetics of cell-associat... | [
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"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"2e",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c",
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457 | What is MVO? | [
"Title: Gene Knockdowns in Adult Animals: PPMOs and Vivo-Morpholinos\nPassage: Global Therapeutics, the cardiology unit of Cook Medical , is developing PPMO-coated stents for balloon angioplasty using PPMOs from AVI BioPharma Inc. The Morpholino moiety targets c-myc to inhibit proliferation of the vascular endothel... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Antigen-specific oncolytic MV-based tumor vaccines through presentation of selected tumor-associated antigens on infected cells or virus-like particles"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Generation and characterization of recombinant MV vac2 encoding different forms of the Ovaantigen."
],
... | [
"2a",
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"2e",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d",
"3e"
] | 0.588235 |
1172 | What have sero-surveys of MERS virus found? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: for human sero-surveys. These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodies in human samples . No sign of MERS-CoV antibodies was found am... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: for human sero-surveys."
],
[
"0c",
"These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodi... | [
"0d",
"0e",
"2d",
"3d"
] | 0.173913 |
1172 | What have sero-surveys of MERS virus found? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: for human sero-surveys. These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodies in human samples . No sign of MERS-CoV antibodies was found am... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: human sera, a tiered diagnostic process assigned both recombinant IFA and recombinant ELISA positive sera to 'stage 1' seropositivity."
],
[
"2c",
"A stage 2 seropositive result additio... | [
"0d",
"0e",
"2d",
"3d"
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1172 | What have sero-surveys of MERS virus found? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: for human sero-surveys. These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodies in human samples . No sign of MERS-CoV antibodies was found am... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: The first sero-survey of livestock living in the Middle East region was conducted during 2012-2013 ."
],
[
"3c",
"DCs were sampled from a mostly Canary Island-born herd and from Omani D... | [
"0d",
"0e",
"2d",
"3d"
] | 0.173913 |
470 | How were untreated MDA-MB-231 cells labeled? | [
"Title: Kinome-Wide siRNA Screening Identifies Src-Enhanced Resistance of Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells\nPassage: MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells were seeded at density of 2 × 10 4 in NanoCulture plates in the presence of 10 nM siRNA. The cells were cultured for 3 days until tumorsphere ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Kinome-Wide siRNA Screening Identifies Src-Enhanced Resistance of Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells were seeded at density of 2 × 10 4 in NanoCulture plates in the presence of 10 nM siRNA."
],
[
... | [
"0a",
"0d"
] | 0.083333 |
518 | What is the number of inhabitants of Reunion Island? | [
"Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus: Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009\nPassage: the population of Reunion Island and a Chi2 test was used to analyse differences in age, sex and geographic location. Cumulative incidence rates of inf... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Réunion Island, a French overseas territory with 850,000 inhabitants, is located in the southern hemisphere between Madagascar and Mauritius in the Indian O... | [
"3b"
] | 0.055556 |
1685 | What genome sequence was available for this study? | [
"Title: Complete viral RNA genome sequencing of ultra-low copy samples by sequence-independent amplification\nPassage: All consensus genome assemblies generated as part of this project were submitted to NCBI's GenBank database . Illumina read data was submitted to NCBI's Short Read Archive under Trace Identifiers S... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Complete viral RNA genome sequencing of ultra-low copy samples by sequence-independent amplification"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: All consensus genome assemblies generated as part of this project were submitted to NCBI's GenBank database ."
],
[
"0c",
"Illumina read data was... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"1b",
"1d"
] | 0.166667 |
1685 | What genome sequence was available for this study? | [
"Title: Complete viral RNA genome sequencing of ultra-low copy samples by sequence-independent amplification\nPassage: All consensus genome assemblies generated as part of this project were submitted to NCBI's GenBank database . Illumina read data was submitted to NCBI's Short Read Archive under Trace Identifiers S... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Generation and comparative genomics of synthetic dengue viruses"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Three DENV cDNA samples were sequenced and analyzed: one of the samples was the wildtype strain, with the WT sequence used as a reference genome for NGS analysis."
],
[
"1c",
"The tw... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"1b",
"1d"
] | 0.166667 |
1432 | What is the destabilization is further compounded by? | [
"Title: Asymmetry in the Presence of Migration Stabilizes Multistrain Disease Outbreaks\nPassage: Finally, the work discussed here shows a potential effect of human movement between heterogeneous regions. As spatial effects are further studied in epidemic models, it remains to be seen how this phenomenon will exten... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Globalization and emerging governance modalities"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: cannot afford grain."
],
[
"3c",
"Structural inequalities coupled with civil unrest already produce widespread hunger, malnourishment and famine."
],
[
"3d",
"An environmental disaster ... | [
"3a",
"3c"
] | 0.095238 |
904 | How many amino acids are in the SARS-CoV E protein? | [
"Title: Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?\nPassage: The S protein of CoVs is inserted in the envelope of the virion mediating binding and fusion events necessary for infection, and it is the major target of the humoral protective immuni... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Previous studies demonstrated that the N-terminal 40 amino acids of the SARS-CoV E protein are important for ion channel formation, and that mutations N15A and V25F ]... | [
"1b"
] | 0.052632 |
1240 | What is the the rate of general transmission, even in outbreaks? | [
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II\nPassage: The median initial reproduction rate across all 51 outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 . About half had an initial R of 1 or less, and over two-thirds had an initial R of 3 ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The median initial reproduction rate across all 51 outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 ."
],
[
"0c",
"About half had an i... | [
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"0d",
"1b",
"1c",
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"1e",
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] | 0.45 |
1240 | What is the the rate of general transmission, even in outbreaks? | [
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II\nPassage: The median initial reproduction rate across all 51 outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 . About half had an initial R of 1 or less, and over two-thirds had an initial R of 3 ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: The median initial R across the 30 detailed outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 ."
],
[
"1c",
"About a third had an initi... | [
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1240 | What is the the rate of general transmission, even in outbreaks? | [
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II\nPassage: The median initial reproduction rate across all 51 outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 . About half had an initial R of 1 or less, and over two-thirds had an initial R of 3 ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Outbreaks with greater initial R-values tended to be larger and longer."
],
[
"2c",
"For example, in outbreaks with an initia... | [
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"0d",
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889 | What primer pairs were used for PCR? | [
"Title: Global Surveillance of Emerging Influenza Virus Genotypes by Mass Spectrometry\nPassage: primer pairs targeting NP and PB2 segments. All primers used in this study had a thymine nucleotide at the 59 end to minimize addition of non-templated adenosines during amplification using Taq polymerase . The sensitiv... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Global Surveillance of Emerging Influenza Virus Genotypes by Mass Spectrometry"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: primer pairs targeting NP and PB2 segments."
],
[
"0c",
"All primers used in this study had a thymine nucleotide at the 59 end to minimize addition of non-templated ad... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e"
] | 0.217391 |
547 | What are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. | [
"Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the n... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2."
],
[
... | [
"0c",
"0d",
"1b",
"1d"
] | 0.222222 |
547 | What are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. | [
"Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the n... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Evolution is stepwise and accrues mutations gradually over time, whereas synthetic constructs would typically use a known backbone and introduce logical or targeted changes in... | [
"0c",
"0d",
"1b",
"1d"
] | 0.222222 |
1680 | What COVs were known to infect humans before December 2019? | [
"Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: Prior to December 2019, 6 CoVs were known to infect human, including 2 αCoV and 4 βCoV (HCoV-OC43 [",
"Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel hu... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Prior to December 2019, 6 CoVs were known to infect human, including 2 αCoV and 4 βCoV (HCoV-OC43 ["
]
] | [
"0b"
] | 0.052632 |
1170 | Where else MERS-COV has also been detected? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In 2015 two large outbreaks occurred. South Korea was the site of the first large scale outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula and produced the first cases in both South Korea and China, occurring between May and July 2015. This was clos... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome , associated with infection by a novel coronavirus , occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively."
],
[
... | [
"1d",
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"2c",
"2d",
"3b"
] | 0.263158 |
1170 | Where else MERS-COV has also been detected? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In 2015 two large outbreaks occurred. South Korea was the site of the first large scale outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula and produced the first cases in both South Korea and China, occurring between May and July 2015. This was clos... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Since that first report, a slow discovery process over the following two to three years revealed a virus that had infected over 90 % of adult dromedary camels in the KSA , also DCs across the Arabi... | [
"1d",
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"2c",
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1170 | Where else MERS-COV has also been detected? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In 2015 two large outbreaks occurred. South Korea was the site of the first large scale outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula and produced the first cases in both South Korea and China, occurring between May and July 2015. This was clos... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: MERS-CoV RNA has also been detected in DC samples, and recovery of infectious virus has also been achieved from DC samples ."
],
[
"3c",
"From some of these, full or majority length gen... | [
"1d",
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"3b"
] | 0.263158 |
1575 | What testing and detection are needed? | [
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?\nPassage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework. With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symptomatic. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as quarantine and conta... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework."
],
[
"0c",
"With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symp... | [
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"0d",
"1b",
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"1d",
"1e",
"2a",
"2b",
"3b"
] | 0.769231 |
1575 | What testing and detection are needed? | [
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?\nPassage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework. With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symptomatic. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as quarantine and conta... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Current influenza diagnostic tests, especially when the strains are evolving constantly, vary differently in terms of efficiency, specificity and sensitivity ."
],
[
"1c",
"These fac... | [
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"0d",
"1b",
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"3b"
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1575 | What testing and detection are needed? | [
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?\nPassage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework. With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symptomatic. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as quarantine and conta... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: underreporting as well as systematic and country-specific changes in testing."
]
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"0b",
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1575 | What testing and detection are needed? | [
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?\nPassage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework. With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symptomatic. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as quarantine and conta... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: both attack rates and costs through the implementation of policies involving full contact tracing and prophylaxis to the contacts will most probably be more significant."
]
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829 | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | [
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily ."
],
[
... | [
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"2b",
"2c",
"3b"
] | 0.294118 |
829 | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | [
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Is 2019-nCoV infection severe?"
],
[
"1c",
"To date approximately 14% of cases of 2019-nCoV have been described as severe by WHO, with a case-fatality rate of 2.1%.10 Estim... | [
"0e",
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"2b",
"2c",
"3b"
] | 0.294118 |
829 | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | [
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Note from the editors: novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: cases are being reported on a daily basis and there is evidence for some human-to-human transmission in China, a number of important questions remain unanswered."
],
[
"2c",
"For example, there... | [
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829 | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | [
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Similarly, MERS-CoV appears to have high severity and low transmissibility."
],
[
"3c",
"Since 2012, MERS-CoV has caused 2494 reported cases and 858 deaths in 27 countries.... | [
"0e",
"1c",
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293 | What do neuroaminidase inhibitors target? | [
"Title: Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection\nPassage: NS4B . It is thus conceivable that inhibitors targeting TMD of NS4B would perturb its function, leading to the suppression of viral RNA replication. In this study, the replacement of Q130 of NS4B with a basic a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: In silico modification of oseltamivir as neuraminidase inhibitor of influenza A virus subtype H1N1"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Neuraminidase has become the main target for drug design against influenza virus due to its highly conserved catalytic site and its essential role in influenza... | [
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d",
"3e"
] | 0.388889 |
293 | What do neuroaminidase inhibitors target? | [
"Title: Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection\nPassage: NS4B . It is thus conceivable that inhibitors targeting TMD of NS4B would perturb its function, leading to the suppression of viral RNA replication. In this study, the replacement of Q130 of NS4B with a basic a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: NA is a viral enzyme that is made up of four identical subunits and is anchored to the membrane of the virus ."
],
[
"3c",
"NA plays a key role in the spread... | [
"2b",
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"2d",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d",
"3e"
] | 0.388889 |
203 | What was the purpose of this study? | [
"Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors\nPassage: The general objective of this work is to utilize radio frequency close-proximity sensors to describe and understand the natur... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The general objective of this work is to utilize radio frequency close-proximity sens... | [
"0a",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.333333 |
203 | What was the purpose of this study? | [
"Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors\nPassage: The general objective of this work is to utilize radio frequency close-proximity sensors to describe and understand the natur... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Significance and potential impact of the study To provide greater insight into social... | [
"0a",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.333333 |
630 | What do those abnormalities sometimes culminate in? | [
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype\nPassage: meiosis I or II. Aneuploidies and other chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of birth defects and are associated w... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: An example could be Turner syndrome, which is the only whole chromosome monosomy t... | [
"1c",
"2d",
"3b"
] | 0.157895 |
630 | What do those abnormalities sometimes culminate in? | [
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype\nPassage: meiosis I or II. Aneuploidies and other chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of birth defects and are associated w... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Using Down's Syndrome as an example, an extra copy of chromosome 21 is not suffici... | [
"1c",
"2d",
"3b"
] | 0.157895 |
630 | What do those abnormalities sometimes culminate in? | [
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype\nPassage: meiosis I or II. Aneuploidies and other chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of birth defects and are associated w... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: an *20% increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia , and transient myeloproli... | [
"1c",
"2d",
"3b"
] | 0.157895 |
15 | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein ."
],
[
"0c",
"Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique."
],
... | [
"0f",
"1f",
"2d",
"3d"
] | 0.133333 |
15 | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein ."
],
[
"1c",
"Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique."
],
... | [
"0f",
"1f",
"2d",
"3d"
] | 0.133333 |
15 | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Amino-acid sequence alignment of IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 derived from mice."
],
[
"2c",
"The conserved residues are highlighted in black."
],
[
... | [
"0f",
"1f",
"2d",
"3d"
] | 0.133333 |
15 | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Amino-acid sequence alignment of IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 derived from mice."
],
[
"3c",
"The conserved residues are highlighted in black."
],
[
... | [
"0f",
"1f",
"2d",
"3d"
] | 0.133333 |
416 | What are the conclusions of this study? | [
"Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: the appendix, and general limitations presented below in the conclusions.",
"Title: Outcome of paediatric intensive care survivors\nPassage: and, therefore, strong conclusive statements difficult.",
"Title: Community responses to commu... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Any conclusions drawn from this study should be considered tentative as the findings cannot be generalised to the population at large."
],
[
"2c",
"It is n... | [
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"2e"
] | 0.363636 |
1567 | What happened to the case who died? | [
"Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case\nPassage: temperature of 40.3uC, had infiltration of lower left lung lobe based on chest radiography, bilateral lower lung moist rales, and substantially reduced oxygen saturation. He was placed on a ventilator and treated with... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: temperature of 40.3uC, had infiltration of lower left lung lobe based on chest radiography, bilateral lower lung moist rales, and substantially reduced oxygen saturation."
],
... | [
"0c",
"0d",
"0f"
] | 0.2 |
243 | What are the most common viruses? | [
"Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards\nPassage: Viral infections of the respiratory system are very common. In Taiwan, the predominant viruses isolated from patients with respiratory infections are enterovirus, respiratory syncytial vi... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Viral infections of the respiratory system are very common."
],
[
"0c",
"In Taiwan, the predominant viruses isolated from patients with... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"0c",
"0e",
"0f",
"0g",
"1c",
"1f",
"3b",
"3d"
] | 0.454545 |
243 | What are the most common viruses? | [
"Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards\nPassage: Viral infections of the respiratory system are very common. In Taiwan, the predominant viruses isolated from patients with respiratory infections are enterovirus, respiratory syncytial vi... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: We also compared and contrasted the clinical and community results."
],
[
"1c",
"Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"0c",
"0e",
"0f",
"0g",
"1c",
"1f",
"3b",
"3d"
] | 0.454545 |
243 | What are the most common viruses? | [
"Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards\nPassage: Viral infections of the respiratory system are very common. In Taiwan, the predominant viruses isolated from patients with respiratory infections are enterovirus, respiratory syncytial vi... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis among children; however, parents of infected children also often become ill and as a result rotavirus is the second mos... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"0c",
"0e",
"0f",
"0g",
"1c",
"1f",
"3b",
"3d"
] | 0.454545 |
1419 | What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? | [
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia\nPassage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia . As well as these side effects, corticosteroids have strong immunosuppressive effects, raising concer... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia ."
],
[
"0c",
"As well as these side effects, cort... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"1b",
"1c",
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.647059 |
1419 | What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? | [
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia\nPassage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia . As well as these side effects, corticosteroids have strong immunosuppressive effects, raising concer... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Glucocorticosteroid drugs reproduce effects similar to endogenous cortisol: they have anti-inflammatory activity by switching genes on and off, resulting in a reduction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines."
]... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"1b",
"1c",
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.647059 |
1419 | What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? | [
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia\nPassage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia . As well as these side effects, corticosteroids have strong immunosuppressive effects, raising concer... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Key mechanisms governing resolution of lung inflammation"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Despite ongoing controversy, glucocorticoids remain the best studied anti-inflammatory strategy in ARDS."
],
[
"2c",
"There is some evidence to suggest that given early in disease course, i... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"1b",
"1c",
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.647059 |
1419 | What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? | [
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia\nPassage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia . As well as these side effects, corticosteroids have strong immunosuppressive effects, raising concer... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: may be useful for reducing inflammation and may not cause so much harm by producing immunosuppression."
],
[
"3c",
"Moreover, a short period of corticosteroid treatment may reduce the risk for side effec... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"1b",
"1c",
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.647059 |
96 | How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | [
"Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: . Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 . These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease Passage: ."
],
[
"0b",
"Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 ."
],
[
"0c",
"These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumoco... | [
"0b",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d"
] | 0.266667 |
96 | How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | [
"Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: . Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 . These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: The overall burden of childhood pneumonia has been reduced substantially over the last decade, despite an increase in the global childhood population from 605 million in 2000 to 664 mi... | [
"0b",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d"
] | 0.266667 |
846 | Which four studies were included? | [
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types o... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-cont... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"1a",
"1b",
"1c",
"2a",
"2b",
"2c",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d"
] | 0.666667 |
846 | Which four studies were included? | [
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types o... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: literature of NRSI is difficult ."
],
[
"1c",
"However, a recent study found that for 32 % of the observational studies registered at ClinicalTri... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"1a",
"1b",
"1c",
"2a",
"2b",
"2c",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d"
] | 0.666667 |
846 | Which four studies were included? | [
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types o... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Comparing the outcomes of different postgraduate year training programs in Taiwan"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: All of the 314 trainees participated in the MCQ exam."
],
[
"2c",
"They were divided into four groups according to their training program."
]
] | [
"0a",
"0b",
"1a",
"1b",
"1c",
"2a",
"2b",
"2c",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d"
] | 0.666667 |
846 | Which four studies were included? | [
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types o... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: A Literature Review and Survey of Childhood Pneumonia Etiology Studies: 2000–2010"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: We received 81 responses to the survey."
],
[
"3c",
"A total of 65 studies were identified once we removed responses that did not meet our study criteria."
],
[... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"1a",
"1b",
"1c",
"2a",
"2b",
"2c",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d"
] | 0.666667 |
289 | What type of vaccine is used to protect against FIPV infection? | [
"Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication\nPassage: Vaccination against FIPV with an attenuated, temperature-sensitive strain of type II FIPV induces low antibody titre in kittens that have not been exposed to FCo... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Vaccination against FIPV with an attenuated, temperature-sensitive strain of type II FIPV induces low antibody titre in k... | [
"0a",
"0b"
] | 0.1 |
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