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Beginning in 1860 and continuing for several years, Britain replaced its copper coinage with bronze pieces. The copper coins (principally the penny, halfpenny and farthing) had been struck since 1797 in various sizes, all of which were seen as too large. Over time the copper metal wore or oxidised, or had advertising p... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Introduction | {
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By the late 1850s it had become clear that the copper penny and its fractions were unacceptably large. Copper was an expensive metal to be used for small denominations. There were enough copper coins in circulation to satisfy demand in Great Britain, thanks in large part to the huge numbers of coins struck under contra... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Background | {
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what a bruised, battered, ill-matched, ill-conditioned lot are a shilling's worth of halfpence [24 pieces]: large and small, thick and thin, old and new, pierced with holes, dented and scarred by wanton ill-treatment, disfigured by advertising newspaper proprietors, or that numerous but disgusting class of people who p... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Background | {
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The poor state of the copper coinage was demonstrated by investigations carried out by the Royal Mint in 1856 and 1857 in connection with the Royal Commission on Decimal Coinage, for it was considered likely that if decimal coinage was adopted, the copper coinage would have to be replaced. That commission had been appo... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Background | {
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On 4 August 1859 Gladstone, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, succeeded in gaining a vote of £10,000 (equivalent to £1,265,000 in 2023) to be used to replace the copper coinage. The original request had been for £50,000, but Gladstone told the House of Commons that the lesser sum would be sufficient to call in the heavy ... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Preparation | {
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The new bronze coins were released beginning 26 November 1860, although they had not been made current by proclamation; this did not occur until 17 December. There was considerable reaction, much of it focused on the use of BRITT. There were rumours that this was an error and that the coins would soon be called in. BRI... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Release and reaction | {
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The Morning Post opined that the likeness of Victoria is "unsatisfactory, as, except on the halfpenny, it bears no resemblance whatever to the Queen". The Globe found that the new bronze coinage had "many advantages", including the hardness of the metal, but "as a work of art it hardly comes up to what might have been ... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Release and reaction | {
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Rapid, large-scale production of bronze coins was new to the Royal Mint. Accordingly, several difficulties were encountered at the start, resulting in broken or prematurely-worn coinage dies. Replacing the copper coinage with bronze was beyond the capacity of the Royal Mint, which was busy with the production of silver... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Production and aftermath | {
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Little was done in Cape Colony in South Africa or in New Zealand to call in the coppers, but £32,000 (equivalent to £3,800,000 in 2023) came from Ceylon (later Sri Lanka). A total of £580,000 (equivalent to £64,900,000 in 2023) in the old coppers was withdrawn from the United Kingdom, with £44,000 (equivalent to £5,200... | wikipedia | 1860s replacement of the British copper coinage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_replacement_of_the_British_copper_coinage | 77,170,269 | Production and aftermath | {
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During the 1905–06 English football season, New Brompton F.C. competed in the Southern League Division One. It was the 12th season in which the club competed in the Southern League and the 11th in Division One. The team began the season in poor form; they failed to score any goals in six of their first eight Southern L... | wikipedia | 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 71,871,554 | Introduction | {
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New Brompton, founded in 1893, had played in the Southern League since the competition's formation in 1894. The 1905–06 season was the club's 11th season in Division One, the league's top division, following promotion from Division Two at the first attempt in 1895. In the 1904–05 season New Brompton had finished 9th ou... | wikipedia | 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 71,871,554 | Background and pre-season | {
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The club's first match of the season, on 2 September, was away to Queens Park Rangers; Floyd, Phillips, Sheridan and Marriott all made their Southern League debuts for New Brompton. Queens Park Rangers scored two goals in each half to win 4–0; the correspondent for The Daily News stated that the home team were "the bet... | wikipedia | 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 71,871,554 | September–December | {
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New Brompton's first Southern League game of 1906 was away to Bristol Rovers, who were reduced to ten men before half-time when their goalkeeper went off injured. For the second time in three games, Campbell scored the winning goal with a penalty kick. The team next beat Northampton Town, the only time during the seaso... | wikipedia | 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 71,871,554 | January–April | {
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New Brompton entered the 1905–06 FA Cup at the first-round stage, where they played at home to fellow Southern League Division One club Northampton Town. New Brompton took the lead in the first half and, although their opponents equalised after the interval, Marriott scored a winning goal for the home team. In the seco... | wikipedia | 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 71,871,554 | FA Cup | {
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During the season, 23 players made at least one appearance for New Brompton. Joe Walton made the most; he played in 36 of the team's 37 competitive games, missing only one league game. Travers and Joe Elliott also made 30 or more appearances and four others played more than 25 times. Two players made only one appearanc... | wikipedia | 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 71,871,554 | Players | {
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At the annual meeting of the Southern League, the member clubs voted unanimously to increase the number of teams in Division One and New Brompton were re-elected to the division for the subsequent season. The team's performance improved slightly in the following season, as New Brompton finished 16th in a 20-team divisi... | wikipedia | 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 71,871,554 | Aftermath | {
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During the 1906–07 English football season, New Brompton F.C. (named Gillingham F.C. since 1912) competed in the Southern League Division One. It was the 13th season in which the club competed in the Southern League and the 12th in Division One. The team started the season poorly, with only one win in the first four ga... | wikipedia | 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,126 | Introduction | {
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New Brompton, founded in 1893, had played in the Southern League since the competition's formation in 1894. The 1906–07 season was the club's 12th season in Division One, the league's top division, following promotion from Division Two at the first attempt in 1895. In the preceding seven seasons, the team had only fini... | wikipedia | 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,126 | Background and pre-season | {
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New Brompton's first game of the season was at their own ground, Priestfield Road, against Bristol Rovers. Cunliffe, Lee, Warrington, Smith, Walker and Morgan all made their debuts in a game which ended in a 1–0 defeat for the home team. A week later, Cunliffe scored the team's first goal of the season in a 2–1 defeat ... | wikipedia | 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,126 | September–December | {
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New Brompton began 1907 with a third consecutive defeat and a second in a row without scoring a goal, losing 2–0 to Plymouth at Priestfield Road on 5 January; Morgan missed a penalty kick. A forward named Daws made his debut in the next league game against Brighton and scored a goal, but New Brompton lost 4–1. In the t... | wikipedia | 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,126 | January–April | {
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As a Southern League Division One team, New Brompton were exempt from the qualifying rounds of the 1906–07 FA Cup and entered the competition in the first round proper in January; their opponents were Burton United of the Football League Second Division. The match at Burton's ground, Peel Croft, ended in a 0–0 draw, ne... | wikipedia | 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,126 | FA Cup | {
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During the season, 21 players made at least one appearance for New Brompton. Smith and Martin made the most, both appearing in all 42 of the team's competitive games. Cunliffe missed only two games and three other players made more than 35 appearances. Two players, Albert Webb and J. Brisley, played only once and four ... | wikipedia | 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,126 | Players | {
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Cunliffe, the team's top goalscorer, left the club after a single season and joined Millwall. In the following season, his replacement Charlie McGibbon scored 22 goals but New Brompton finished in last place in the league table. Despite this, they were again reprieved from relegation to Division Two. The club, which ch... | wikipedia | 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,126 | Aftermath | {
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During the 1911–12 English football season, New Brompton F.C. competed in the Southern League Division One. It was the 18th season in which the club competed in the Southern League and the 17th in Division One. The team lost their second game of the season 8–1 to Exeter City, and their results continued to be poor in t... | wikipedia | 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,132 | Introduction | {
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New Brompton, founded in 1893, had played in the Southern League since the competition's formation in 1894. At the time, only a small number of teams from the south of England had been elected into the ostensibly national Football League, with many of the south's leading teams playing in the Southern League. The 1911–1... | wikipedia | 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,132 | Background and pre-season | {
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The club's first match of the season was on 2 September at their own ground, Priestfield Road, against Luton Town; Kelly, Goffin, and Whiteside all made their debuts. Whiteside had several shots on goal for New Brompton but the match finished 0–0. New Brompton's first away game of the season came a week later against E... | wikipedia | 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,132 | September–December | {
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New Brompton's first game of 1912 was at home to Exeter City. The home team took a 3–0 lead in the first half; the Athletic News wrote that New Brompton "took a lot out of themselves by the fierceness of their onslaughts in the first half" and that in the second half Exeter began to dominate over their tiring opponents... | wikipedia | 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,132 | January–April | {
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As a Southern League Division One team, New Brompton entered the 1911–12 FA Cup in the fourth of the five qualifying rounds; their opponents were Croydon Common of the Southern League Division Two. New Brompton took a 2–0 lead but the referee abandoned the game due to heavy rainfall. The game was replayed four days lat... | wikipedia | 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,132 | FA Cup | {
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During the season, 23 players made at least one appearance for New Brompton. Mahon made the most, playing in all 39 of the team's games. Mosley was absent for only one game, and Bailey, Lee, and Taylor missed only two matches. At the other end of the scale, Charlie Frost and C. Gudgeon played only once; in Gudgeon's ca... | wikipedia | 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,132 | Players | {
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On 6 June, New Brompton's board of directors took the decision to change the club's name to Gillingham Football Club to reflect the fact that in the decades since the club's formation the previously small settlement of Gillingham had outgrown and absorbed New Brompton. The name change would not be formally approved by ... | wikipedia | 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_New_Brompton_F.C._season | 73,628,132 | Aftermath | {
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An unsuccessful attempt was made to pass an amendment to the Constitution of New Jersey in 1926 and 1927. The intent of the amendment was to have members of the New Jersey General Assembly serve two-year terms instead of one and lengthen the terms of state senators and the governor from three years to four. The propose... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | Introduction | {
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New Jersey's 1776 constitution was rewritten in 1844. That document, which remained in force until 1947, provided for annual elections for the New Jersey General Assembly, the lower house of the legislature, and for three-year terms for members of the state Senate. The governor of New Jersey was also to serve a three-y... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | Background | {
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Beginning in February 1926, the legislature's joint Republican conference committee, which steered policy for that majority party in the legislature, began to consider a constitutional amendment to increase the terms of Assembly members to two years, and of senators to four years; the legislature would meet every two y... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | 1926 passage | {
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In his annual message on January 11, 1927, Governor Moore stated his support for a constitutional convention to revise New Jersey's governing document. He opposed, though, the lengthening of the gubernatorial term and having the governor elected at the same time as the president, describing the effort to confuse state ... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | 1927 passage | {
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On April 5, 1927, it was reported in The Morning Call of Paterson that Jewish organizations were protesting against the election date, as September 27 was Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year and one of the High Holidays) in 1927. This would prevent many Jews from voting. The same day, Governor Moore announced he would m... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | Discovery and reaction | {
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Following the special session, state politicians began to endorse or oppose the proposed amendments. On May 14, 1927, former U.S. senator Joseph S. Frelinghuysen, a Republican, endorsed them, saying that the electorate should not base their votes on whether certain politicians supported them or not, but on whether they... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | Campaign | {
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Hague refused to regard 1927 as an off-year election, fearing passage of the amendment would cut into his power as boss of the party. Democratic State Chair Harry Heher called a meeting of the state party committee at the request of Hague, to meet in Trenton, Mercer County, on June 24. The state committee issued a reso... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | Campaign | {
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On August 1, Secretary of State Joseph Fitzpatrick, a Democrat, addressed Passaic County Democrats. He urged the defeat of all of the proposed amendments except the zoning one. U.S. Representative Mary T. Norton of New Jersey, the Democratic Party's only female member of the federal House of Representatives, spoke in H... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | Campaign | {
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Five proposed amendments were on the ballot on September 20, 1927. The first permitted the legislature to pass legislation allowing municipalities to enact zoning ordinances, the second allowed for the establishment of water supply and sewerage districts, while the third provided that future constitutional amendment pr... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | Election and aftermath | {
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The term extender amendment was defeated, 219,749 against to 153,960 for (41.2 percent), a margin of 65,789. Of the five amendments, only the zoning amendment passed; the term extender lost by the largest margin of the defeated amendments. Hudson County voted against it by 98,492 against to 28,338 for (22.3 percent), a... | wikipedia | New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal | 72,305,213 | Election and aftermath | {
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The U.S. state of Illinois held an election on November 3, 1964, for all 177 members of the state's House of Representatives for the 74th Illinois General Assembly, alongside other state and federal elections. Due to the state's failure to redistrict, all of the seats were elected at-large by plurality block voting, wi... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Introduction | {
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Prior to the 1960s, Illinois had redistricted its House of Representatives only once since 1901. While the Constitution of Illinois stated that the legislature was required to redistrict the state after each United States census, it did not provide any method of enforcement if the legislature did not. Population shifts... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Constitutional procedure | {
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Following the 1962 elections, Republicans controlled both chambers of the legislature, albeit with a one-seat majority in the House. Governor Otto Kerner Jr., however, was a Democrat, resulting in a divided government. Redistricting for the House was required to take place in 1963, in preparation for the 1964 elections... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | 1960 redistricting cycle | {
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Each party's state central committee nominated ten candidates for the redistricting commission. Kerner appointed five from each party on August 14, 1963. The five Democrats appointed were George Dunne, finance chairman (and future president) of the Cook County Board of Commissioners; Ivan Elliott, former Illinois Attor... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Special commission deadlock | {
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Before the commission's ultimate failure to create maps, Republican state representative Gale Williams sued to overturn Kerner's veto of the legislative map, arguing that the governor had no authority to veto a redistricting bill. Kerner's actions were defended by the Illinois Attorney General, William G. Clark. This l... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Court rulings and special legislative session | {
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Under the terms of the special session's emergency bill, each party could nominate up to 118 candidates at their party convention. Delegates to each party's convention were elected using the previous districts during the state's April primary. The House recommended that each party nominate 100 candidates, to protect in... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Election procedure and campaign | {
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Both the Democratic and Republican conventions were held on June 1 in Springfield. The Republican convention, held at a local Elks Club building, was controlled by delegates loyal to Charles H. Percy, the party's candidate for governor. Delegates loyal to Percy refused to renominate nine incumbent legislators from the ... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Candidate selection | {
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The ballot for the State House election was separate from the ballot for other concurrent elections. Voters were allowed to cast up to 177 votes, with a straight-ticket voting option available to vote for all 118 candidates of a party's slate. Voters who voted straight-ticket could also vote for up to 59 candidates fro... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Ballot | {
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Both parties encouraged a straight-ticket vote. Republicans explicitly discouraged voting for any Democratic candidates, arguing that voting for Democrats would cause the legislature to become controlled by Richard J. Daley, the mayor of Chicago. The Democratic campaign, run by the Democratic State Central Committee, a... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Campaigning and endorsements | {
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Results were not known immediately after the election; while the results in other statewide races were known on November 4, the statewide tally and canvass for the House elections took multiple weeks. Based on early reported returns in some downstate precincts, Democrats declared victory on November 4, predicting that ... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Reporting | {
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Straight-ticket votes elected Democrats to the majority, with every Democrat receiving more votes than any Republican, resulting in the election of all 118 Democratic candidates. The strong Democratic performance was attributed to coattails from Democratic president Lyndon B. Johnson's victory over Republican Barry Gol... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Analysis | {
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The results provided a significant shake-up of the balance of power in the state. While Republicans maintained control of the Illinois Senate, Democrats held the governorship and won a two-thirds supermajority in the State House. Democrats elected John P. Touhy as the speaker of the House. | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Aftermath | {
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The election of many "blue ribbon" candidates in both parties led to a focus on governmental reform, especially improvements to the operation of the legislature. The legislature formed the Illinois Commission on the Organization of the General Assembly, chaired by state representative Harold A. Katz. In 1967, the commi... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Governmental reform | {
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One of the first matters the newly elected legislature had to consider was redistricting. New maps for the State House had to be passed to avoid another at-large election, while new maps for the State Senate had to be passed to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Reynolds v. Sims, which required that state l... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Redistricting | {
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The 1964 election helped launch the political careers of certain Democrats, including Adlai E. Stevenson III, who later represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate, and Harold Washington, who eventually became mayor of Chicago. The last member elected in 1964 to leave the House was Edolo J. Giorgi, a Democrat from Rockford... | wikipedia | 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Illinois_House_of_Representatives_election | 73,418,002 | Members elected | {
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An earthquake struck Western Greece near the coastal city of Aigio at 03:15:48 local time on 15 June 1995. The second destructive earthquake to strike Greece in a month, it measured 6.4–6.5 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw ). It was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) and EMS-98 intensity o... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Introduction | {
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Western Greece is affected by the ongoing back-arc extension within the Aegean Sea plate caused by the subduction of the African plate in the Hellenic subduction zone. Stresses in the region create normal faults to accommodate the 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in)/yr extensional strain. In the Gulf of Corinth, faults have formed... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Tectonic setting | {
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Before the earthquake struck, strange phenomena were reported in the region. Minutes before the Mw 6.4–6.5 earthquake struck, people from several areas near the epicenter claimed to have heard the sound of a strong wind in otherwise calm weather. There were also multiple reports of strange animal activity such as dogs... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Geology | {
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This earthquake struck only a few weeks after a devastating Ms 6.6 earthquake struck Greece. That event took place near Kozani on May 13, as the result of normal faulting. The Aigio earthquake a month later also took place as the result of normal faulting, on either the Aigion fault or an offshore fault. Studies disagr... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Strong ground motion | {
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The Aigion fault showed detectable surface rupturing of less than 4 cm (1.6 in). There are two main theories as to how the mainshock occurred. The first is that it occurred on the Aigion fault. The given length of rupture along the Aigion fault is 6.7–7.2 km (4.2–4.5 mi). The length of visible surface ruptures align wi... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Surface faulting | {
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The shallow depth and strong ground motion contributed to the death toll and monetary costs. The earthquake caused 26 deaths. Sources disagree on the number of injuries; reports soon after the earthquake claimed 60 injuries occurred, but papers published decades later report 200 injuries. The event also left 2,100 home... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Impact | {
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Many surface effects were attributed to this earthquake, including liquefaction, submarine landslides, coastal retreat, and ground fissures. East-west oriented scarp formed from this event in the vicinity of Aigio. Scarps measuring 0.5–1 m (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in) were observed near the Eliki River Delta. The main shock... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Geological effects | {
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Shortly after the earthquake struck, the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs sent a team of six rescue dogs along with an advanced rescue team from the Swiss Disaster Relief unit. A French team with dogs and medical supplies arrived to the scene to help out with search and rescue (SAR) operations. A secon... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Response | {
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Concern arose regarding the lack of an issued earthquake warning for the area by Greece's Earthquake Planning and Protection Agency. Panayiotis Varotsos, a University of Athens professor, employed his controversial VAN technique which he developed to forecast earthquakes. The system works by using electrical signals in... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Controversy | {
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The city of Aigio, and more broadly the Gulf of Corinth, lies atop a large seismogenic zone (100–130 km (62–81 mi) long and 20–40 km (12–25 mi) wide) that accommodates 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 in)/yr of north–south rifting within the Aegean Sea plate. A network of normal faults have developed to accommodate the deformation,... | wikipedia | 1995 Aigio earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Aigio_earthquake | 71,664,795 | Future hazard | {
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The Aineta aryballos is an ancient Greek aryballos (a small, spherical flask or vase), made between approximately 625 and 570 BCE in the city of Corinth in southern Greece. Approximately 6.35 centimetres (2.50 in) in both height and diameter, it was intended to contain perfumed oil or unguent, and is likely to have bee... | wikipedia | Aineta aryballos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aineta_aryballos | 73,749,568 | Introduction | {
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The Aineta aryballos is made from yellowish clay. It is a small vase, with a spherical body and a disc-shaped neck, connected by a handle. The entire aryballos is approximately 6.35 centimetres (2.50 in) in height and diameter. Its base is flat, allowing it to stand on its own. The opening of the jar is approximately 8... | wikipedia | Aineta aryballos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aineta_aryballos | 73,749,568 | Description | {
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The body and mouth of the vase are decorated with rosettes. Rhousopoulos considered the mouth, with its flower-like motif centred on the opening, as the finest part of the vase, writing "here we trace a fully Greek taste". He contrasted this with the decoration of the vase body, where, he judged, "we immediately find o... | wikipedia | Aineta aryballos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aineta_aryballos | 73,749,568 | Decoration and date | {
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The handle of the vase is inscribed with a drawing of the head of a woman, with a list of nine men's names on the vase body below it, separated from each other and the portrait by three dividing lines. Similar female portraits are common on other Corinthian vases of the type. All of the names, as well as the drawing, w... | wikipedia | Aineta aryballos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aineta_aryballos | 73,749,568 | Inscription | {
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The vase was first mentioned in scholarship by Rhousopoulos, in an 1862 article in the journal of the German Archaeological Institute at Rome. According to Rhousopoulos's publication, the vase had been discovered around 1852 in Corinth, and had "come into [his] possession" a few years later.
Rhousopoulos was a part of ... | wikipedia | Aineta aryballos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aineta_aryballos | 73,749,568 | Discovery | {
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In 1865, Panagiotis Efstratiadis, the Ephor General in charge of the Greek Archaeological Service, wrote in his diary of the size and richness of Rhousopoulos's antiquities collection, marking the first time that Rhousopoulos's activities had come to official attention. Rhousopoulos sold the aryballos to the British Mu... | wikipedia | Aineta aryballos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aineta_aryballos | 73,749,568 | Sale to the British Museum | {
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American Writers is a work of literary criticism by American writer and critic John Neal. Published by Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine in five installments between September 1824 and February 1825, it is recognized by scholars as the first history of American literature and the first substantial work of criticism concer... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Introduction | {
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After eight years in Baltimore, John Neal sailed to England in late 1823. He pursued three primary goals: supersede Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper as the leading US literary figure, usher into existence a new uniquely American literary style, and reverse British disdain for American literature. To accompli... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Blackwood engages Neal | {
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Neal's resources were running low after three months in England with no income. Capitalizing on Europeans' interest in US politics sparked by recent news of the Monroe Doctrine, he wrote an article on the five US presidents and current presidential candidates and submitted it to Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. His lett... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Blackwood engages Neal | {
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During his three years in England, Neal contributed articles to eight other British periodicals, including The European Magazine, The London Magazine, Monthly Magazine, The New Monthly Magazine, and The Westminster Review. He had an article in the European Review's inaugural (June 1824) issue, and editor Alexander Walk... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Steady contributorship | {
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Neal was convinced that anything submitted by an American to any British periodical would be rejected if it did not disparage the US. For his writing to be accepted, "Neal treated the venture as an undercover operation", according to literature scholar Ellen Bufford Welch. Pattee said, "he considered [it] an impenetrab... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Anonymity | {
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American Writers comprises about 50,000 words over 80 magazine pages. Literature scholars Alfred Fiorelli, Benjamin Lease, and Hans-Joachim Lang counted 120 names among the authors covered by Neal. Both biographer Irving T. Richards and scholar Alberta Fabris put the number at 135. Those figures, both living and dead a... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Content | {
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American Writers exerted influence over British periodicals and the way they treated literature from the US; many used quotes from the series to substantiate their own work, including multiple instances of misinformation unwittingly copied from Neal. For instance, the Quarterly Review's March 1825 review of Irving was ... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | United Kingdom | {
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Neal had written five novels in Baltimore and published extensively in periodicals throughout the US before moving to London, but by mid-1825, American readers generally associated his name with American Writers more than any of his previous works. At the same time, the reception there was much worse than in the UK. Am... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | United States | {
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Neal left England and returned to his hometown of Portland, Maine, in July 1827, probably expecting the ire sparked by his British publications to have died down and for a warm welcome to be in its place. He instead found hostility in Portland to be greater than the nation as a whole. Many still resented him for not on... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Portland, Maine | {
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Along with Neal's essays on drama in The Yankee and the preface to his poem The Battle of Niagara (1818), American Writers was likely a primary influence on Edgar Allan Poe's theory of poetry. Poe's own involvement with Blackwood's supports this theory among scholars. Neal said: "The day is rapidly approaching, when th... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Influence on American writers | {
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Scholars have called American Writers the first history of US literature and the first substantial criticism of American literature. Some contend it is the work for which Neal is best known, at least among his British publications, or for that period of his life. Of all Neal's works of literary criticism, it is the mos... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Scholarship | {
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Referred to by Neal as a book, American Writers was originally published as five successively-numbered installments between September 1824 and February 1825. Their first collection in one publication was American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824–1825), edited by Fred Lewis Pattee in... | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Publication history | {
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The following authors are critiqued in American Writers: | wikipedia | American Writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Writers | 77,889,882 | Authors covered | {
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Bæddel and bædling are Old English (Anglo-Saxon) terms theorised to refer to non-normative sexual or gender categories. They occur in only five medieval glossaries and penitentials (guides for religious penance). Scholars debate their exact meanings (and their distinction, if any), but both are linked to effeminacy and... | wikipedia | Bæddel and bædling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6ddel_and_b%C3%A6dling | 78,462,563 | Introduction | {
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Bæddel and bædling are Old English terms referring to some category of gender, sex, or sexuality outside the norm of Anglo-Saxon England, although their precise meaning and scope are debated by scholars. The terms are quite obscure; bædling is attested in a small number of sources, including two glossaries and two peni... | wikipedia | Bæddel and bædling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6ddel_and_b%C3%A6dling | 78,462,563 | Definition | {
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